Basil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Ocimum Species: O. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The order Lamiales is a Taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous Flowering plants. Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the mint family is a family of Plants comprising about 210 genera and some 3500 species Ocimum is a genus of about 35 species of aromatic annual and perennial herbs and shrubs in the family Lamiaceae, native to the tropical and warm temperate regions basilicum
Binomial name
Ocimum basilicum L.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) (IPA: /ˈbeɪzəl/ or /ˈbæzəl/), of the Family Lamiaceae. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In Biological classification, family ( Latin Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the mint family is a family of Plants comprising about 210 genera and some 3500 species Basil is a tender low-growing herb that is grown as a perennial in warm, tropical climates. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than Basil is originally native to India and other tropical regions of Asia, having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country There are many varieties of basil, that which is used in Italian food is typically called sweet basil, as opposed to Thai basil or holy basil, which are used in Asia. Thai basil is a Cultivar group of Basil. It has a more assertive taste than many other sweet basils Ocimum tenuiflorum (also known as Ocimum sanctum, Tulsi, Tulasī (तुलसी‌ in Sanskrit and Hindi, ( It is prominently featured in Italian cuisine, and also plays a major role in the Southeast Asian cuisines of Thai, Vietnamese and Laotian. Italian cuisine as a national Cuisine known today has evolved through centuries of social and political changes with its roots traced back to 4th century BC Lao cuisine is the Cuisine of the Lao ethnic group of Laos and Northeast Thailand ( Isan) It grows to between 30–130 cm tall, with opposite, light green, silky leaves 3–11 cm long and 1–6 cm broad. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The flowers are quite big, white in color and arranged in a terminal spike. A raceme is a type of Inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate Flowers &mdash flowers having short Unusual among Lamiaceae, the four stamens and the pistil are not pushed under the upper lip of the corolla, but lay over the inferior. Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the mint family is a family of Plants comprising about 210 genera and some 3500 species The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla After entomophilous pollination, the corolla falls off and four round achenes develop inside the bilabiate calyx. See also Pollination syndrome Entomophily is a form of pollination whereby Pollen is distributed by Insects particularly Bees An achene is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants Achenes are "monocarpellate" (formed from one Carpel A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants The plant tastes somewhat like anise, with a strong, pungent, sweet smell. '''Anise''' or Aniseed, less commonly anís (stressed on the second syllable ( Pimpinella anisum) is a Flowering plant in the family Apiaceae Basil is very sensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry conditions. While most common varieties are treated as annuals, some are perennial, including African Blue and Holy Thai basil. Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than African Blue basil ( Ocimum kilimandscharicum x basilicum ' Dark Opal ' is one of the most cold-tolerant breeds of Basil, leading

The word basil comes from the Greek βασιλεύς (basileus), meaning "king", as it is believed to have grown above the spot where St. Constantine and Helen discovered the Holy Cross. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly "Basilissa" redirects here For the saint of this name see Julian and Basilissa. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Saint Helena (Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta also known as Saint Helen, Helena Augusta or Helena of Constantinople (c The True Cross is the name for physical remnants which by a Christian tradition are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified The Oxford English Dictionary quotes speculations that basil may have been used in "some royal unguent, bath, or medicine". The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English Basil is still considered the "king of herbs" by many cookery authors. An alternative etymology has "basil" coming from the Latin word basilicus, meaning dragon and being the root for basilisk, but this likely was a linguistic reworking of the word as brought from Greece. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The dragon is a Legendary creature of which some interpretation or depiction appears in almost every culture worldwide In European bestiaries and Legends a basilisk ('bæzɪlɪsk from the Greek βασιλίσκος basilískos, "little king" Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Contents 1 Culinary use 1.1 Basil seeds 2 Other basils 3 Chemical components 4 Cultivation 4.1 Diseases 5 Health effects 6 Cultural aspects 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 8 External links

Culinary use

Basil is most commonly recommended to be used fresh; in cooked recipes it is generally added at the last moment, as cooking quickly destroys the flavour. The fresh herb can be kept for a short time in plastic bags in the refrigerator, or for a longer period in the freezer, after being blanched quickly in boiling water. Blanching (also spelled blenching) is a cooking term that describes a process of Food preparation wherein the food substance usually a vegetable or fruit is plunged The dried herb also loses most of its flavour, and what little flavour remains tastes very different, with a weak coumarin flavour, like hay. Coumarin is a Chemical compound ( Benzopyrone) a Toxin found in many Plants notably in high concentration in the Tonka bean, Hay is a generic term for grass or Legumes that have been cut dried and stored for use as animal feed, particularly for grazing animals like

Basil is one of the main ingredients in pesto—a green Italian oil-and-herb sauce from the city of Genoa, its other two main ingredients being olive oil and pine nuts. Pesto ( Italian, Genoese) is a Sauce that originates in the city of Genoa in the Liguria region of northern Italy ( Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English The most commonly used Mediterranean basil cultivars are "Genovese", "Purple Ruffles", "Mammoth", "Cinnamon", "Lemon", "Globe", and "African Blue". A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar African Blue basil ( Ocimum kilimandscharicum x basilicum ' Dark Opal ' is one of the most cold-tolerant breeds of Basil, leading Chinese also use fresh or dried basils in soups and other foods. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in In Taiwan, people add fresh basil leaves into thick soups (羹湯; gēngtāng). Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. They also eat fried chicken with deep-fried basil leaves. Fried chicken (also referred to as Southern Fried chicken) is chicken which is dipped in a Breading mixture and then deep fried, pan

Basil is sometimes used with fresh fruit and in fruit jams and sauces—in particular with strawberries, but also raspberries or dark-colored plums. Arguably the flat-leaf basil used in Vietnamese cooking, which has a slightly different flavour, is more suitable for use with fruit.

Basil seeds

When soaked in water the seeds of several basil varieties become gelatinous, and are used in Asian drinks and desserts such as falooda or sherbet. Falooda or Faluda ( Urdu: فالودہ) is a popular beverage in the Indian subcontinent made primarily by mixing rose syrup with Vermicelli and Tapioca Such seeds are known variously as sabja, subja, takmaria, tukmaria, falooda, or hột é. They are used for their medicinal properties in Ayurveda, the traditional medicinal system of India. Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Other basils

See List of basil cultivars

Several other basils, including some other Ocimum species, are grown in many regions of Asia. This list of basil cultivars is a comprehensive list of cultivated varieties ( Cultivars of Basil. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavour that is generally stronger than the Mediterranean basils. The most notable is the holy basil or tulsi (Tamil: கி௫ஷ்ண துளசி), a revered home-grown plant in India. Ocimum tenuiflorum (also known as Ocimum sanctum, Tulsi, Tulasī (तुलसी‌ in Sanskrit and Hindi, ( Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In China, the local cultivar is called 九層塔 (jiǔ-kéng-tǎ; literally "nine-level pagoda"), while the imported varieties are specifically called 羅勒 (luó-lè) or 巴西里 (bā-xī-lǐ), although [巴西里] often refers to another different kind plant--parsley. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered Tower with multiple Eaves common in China, Japan, Korea Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum) is a bright Green, biennial Herb, also used as Spice.

Lemon basil has a strong lemony smell and flavour very different from those of other varieties because it contains a chemical called citral. Lemon Basil ( Ocimum × citriodorum) is a hybrid between Basil ( Ocimum basilicum) and African basil ( Ocimum americanum) Citral, or 37-dimethyl-26-octadienal or lemonal, is either of a pair of Terpenoids with the molecular formula C 10 H 16 It is widely used in Indonesia, where it is called kemangi and served raw, together with raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber, as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, broken up, are a zesty salad condiment.

Chemical components

The various basils have such different scents because the herb has a number of different essential oils which come together in different proportions for various breeds. An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile The strong clove scent of sweet basil comes from eugenol, the same chemical as actual cloves. This article is about the Spice; for other meanings see Clove (disambiguation. Eugenol (C10H12O2 is an allyl chain-substituted Guaiacol. Eugenol is a member of the Phenylpropanoids class of chemical compounds The citrus scent of lemon basil and lime basil is because they have a higher portion of citral which causes this effect in several plants, including lemon mint, and limonene, which gives actual lemon peel its scent. Citral, or 37-dimethyl-26-octadienal or lemonal, is either of a pair of Terpenoids with the molecular formula C 10 H 16 Lemon mint ( Monarda citriodora) also called purple horse mint or lemon beebalm is as the names imply a member of the mint family ( Lamiaceae) which has a Limonene is a Hydrocarbon, classified as a cyclic Terpene. It is a colourless liquid at room temperatures with an extremely strong smell of oranges African blue basil has a strong camphor smell because it has camphor and camphene in higher proportions. African Blue basil ( Ocimum kilimandscharicum x basilicum ' Dark Opal ' is one of the most cold-tolerant breeds of Basil, leading } Camphor is a waxy white or transparent solid with a strong aromatic odor Camphene is bicyclic monoterpene. It is nearly insoluble in water but very soluble in common Organic solvents It volatilizes readily at room temperature and Licorice Basil contains anethole, the same chemical that makes anise smell like licorice, and in fact is sometimes called Anise Basil. Anethole (or trans -anethole is an Aromatic compound that accounts for the distinctive " Licorice " flavor of Anise, Fennel '''Anise''' or Aniseed, less commonly anís (stressed on the second syllable ( Pimpinella anisum) is a Flowering plant in the family Apiaceae Liquorice (UK or licorice (US (see spelling differences;, or) is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, from which a sweet flavour can be extracted

Other chemicals helping produce the distinctive scents of many basils, depending on their proportion in each specific breed, including:

• cinnamate (same as in cinnamon)
• citronellol (geraniums, roses, and citronella)
• geraniol (as in geranium)
• linalool^[1] (a flowery scent also in coriander)
• methyl chavicol^[1] (which gives tarragon its scent)
• myrcene (bay, myrcia)
• pinene (which is, as the name implies, the chemical which gives pine oil its scent)
• ocimene
• terpineol

Cultivation

Basil thrives in hot weather, but behaves as an annual if there is any chance of a frost. Cinnamic acid has the formula C6H5CHCHCOOH and is a white crystalline Acid, which is slightly Soluble in water Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum, synonym C zeylanicum) is a small Evergreen Tree 10–15 metres (32 Citronellol, or dihydrogeraniol is a natural acyclic monoterpenoid. Gardeners often use the name "geranium" to mean Pelargonium: see below. A rose is a perennial flowering Shrub or vine of the Genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that contains over 100 species Geraniol is a monoterpenoid and an Alcohol. It is the primary part of Rose oil, Palmarosa oil and Citronella oil (Java type Gardeners often use the name "geranium" to mean Pelargonium: see below. Linalool (lɪˈnæloʊɒl is a naturally-occurring Terpene Alcohol chemical found in many Flowers and Spice plants with many commercial Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum) also commonly called cilantro, is an annual Herb in the family Apiaceae. Estragole, or p -allylanisole or methyl chavicol is a natural Organic compound. This article is about the Herb; for the Freedom Call CD see Taragon. Myrcene, or β-myrcene is an olefinic natural Organic compound. Headlands and bays are two related features of the coastal environment Myrcia is a genus of the Flowering plant family Myrtaceae.;Selected species Myrcia albobrunnea The Chemical compound pinene is a bicyclic Terpene (C10H16 136 Ocimene refers to several Isomeric Organic compounds The ocimenes are monoterpenes found within a variety of plants and fruits Terpenes are a large and varied class of Hydrocarbons, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants particularly Conifers though also by some insects such Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. In Northern Europe, the northern states of the U. S. , and the South Island of New Zealand it will grow best if sown under glass in a peat pot, then planted out in late spring/early summer (when there is little chance of a frost). It fares best in a well-drained sunny spot.

Although basil will grow best outdoors, it can be grown indoors in a pot and, like most herbs, will do best on an equator-facing windowsill. It should be kept away from extremely cold drafts, and grows best in strong sunlight, therefore a greenhouse or Row cover is ideal if available. A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse or hothouse) is a building where plants are cultivated In Horticulture, row cover is any material used as a protective covering to shield plants usually Vegetables, primarily from the undesirable effects of cold and wind They can, however, be grown even in a basement, under fluorescent lights.

If its leaves have wilted from lack of water, it will recover if watered thoroughly and placed in a sunny location. Yellow leaves towards the bottom of the plant are an indication that the plant needs more sunlight or less fertilizer.

In sunnier climates such as Southern Europe, the southern states of the U. S. , the North Island of New Zealand, and Australia, basil will thrive when planted outside. It also thrives over the summertime in the central and northern United States, but dies out when temperatures reach freezing point. It will grow back the next year if allowed to go to seed. It will need regular watering, but not as much attention as is needed in other climates.

Basil can also be propagated very reliably from cuttings in exactly the same manner as Busy Lizzie (Impatiens), with the stems of short cuttings suspended for two weeks or so in water until roots develop. Impatiens walleriana Hookf ( syn Impatiens sultani Hookf also known as Busy Lizzie, Balsam or simply

If a stem successfully produces mature flowers, leaf production slows or stops on any stem which flowers, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil production declines. To prevent this, a basil-grower may pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature. Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some can be pinched for leaf production, while others are left to bloom for decoration or seeds.

Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds which can be saved and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the plant helps "promote growth", largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems.

Diseases

Basil suffers from several plant pathogens that can ruin the crop and reduce yield. In Agriculture, crop yield (also known as "agricultural output" is not only a measure of the Yield of cereal per unit area of land under cultivation Fusarium wilt is a soilbourne fungal disease that will quickly kill younger basil plants. Fusarium oxysporum, also referred to as Panama disease or Agent Green, is a Fungus that causes Fusarium wilt disease in Seedlings may also be killed by Pythium damping off. A seedling is a young plant Sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a Seed. Pythium is a Genus of Parasitic oomycete. Because this group of organisms were once classified as Fungi, they are sometimes Damping off is the term used for a number of different Fungus -caused ailments which can kill seeds or seedlings before or after they Germinate.

A common foliar disease of basil is gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, can also cause infections post-harvest and is capable of killing the entire plant. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Botrytis cinerea is a Fungus that affects many plant species although its most notable hosts may be Wine Grapes In Viticulture Botrytis cinerea is a Fungus that affects many plant species although its most notable hosts may be Wine Grapes In Viticulture Black spot can also be seen on basil foliage and is caused by the fungi genus Colletotrichum. Diplocarpon rosae is a Fungus that causes the Rose disease Black Spot A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Colletotrichum (sexual stage Glomerella) is a genus of fungi Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens

Health effects

Recently, there has been much research into the health benefits conferred by the essential oils found in basil. Scientific studies have established that compounds in basil oil have potent antioxidant hence anti-aging, anti-cancer, anti-viral, and anti-microbial properties. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules ^[2][3][4][5] In addition, basil has been shown to decrease the occurrence of platelet aggregation and experimental thrombus in mice. Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved A thrombus, or blood clot, is the final product of the Blood coagulation step in Hemostasis. ^[6] It is therefore, traditionally used for supplementary treatment of stress, asthma and diabetes in India. Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc ^[7]

Basil, like other aromatic plants such as fennel and tarragon, contains estragole, a known carcinogen and teratogen in rats and mice. Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare) is a Plant Species in the Genus Foeniculum (treated as the sole species in the genus by This article is about the Herb; for the Freedom Call CD see Taragon. Estragole, or p -allylanisole or methyl chavicol is a natural Organic compound. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Teratology stems from the Greek ( Genitive) meaning monster, or marvel and, meaning word, speech. While human effects are currently unstudied, the rodent experiments indicate that it would take 100–1000 times the normal anticipated exposure to become a cancer risk. ^[8]

Cultural aspects

There are many rituals and beliefs associated with basil. The French call basil "l'herbe royale". Jewish folklore suggests it adds strength while fasting. It is a symbol of love in present-day Italy, but represented hatred in ancient Greece, and European lore sometimes claims that basil is a symbol of Satan. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally African legend claims that basil protects against scorpions, while the English botanist Culpeper cites one "Hilarius, a French physician" as affirming it as common knowledge that smelling basil too much would breed scorpions in the brain. Scorpions are eight-legged Carnivorous Arthropods They are members of the order Scorpiones within the class Arachnida. Nicholas Culpeper ( 18 October 1616 &ndash 1654 in London) was an English botanist, Herbalist, Physician

Holy Basil, also called 'Tulsi', is highly revered in Hinduism and also has religious significance in the Greek Orthodox Church, where it is used to prepare holy water. Ocimum tenuiflorum (also known as Ocimum sanctum, Tulsi, Tulasī (तुलसी‌ in Sanskrit and Hindi, ( Ocimum tenuiflorum (also known as Ocimum sanctum, Tulsi, Tulasī (तुलसी‌ in Sanskrit and Hindi, ( Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. It is said to have been found around Christ's tomb after his resurrection. The Serbian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Church and Romanian Orthodox Church use basil (Macedonian: босилек; Romanian: busuioc, Serbian: босиљак) to prepare holy water and pots of basil are often placed below church altars. The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the History Origins After the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire, the Emperor Basil II acknowledged the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language,

In Europe, they place basil in the hands of the dead to ensure a safe journey. In India, they place it in the mouth of the dying to ensure they reach God. The ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks believed that it would open the gates of heaven for a person passing on.

In Boccaccio's Decameron a memorably morbid tale (novella V) tells of Lisabetta, whose brothers slay her lover. The Decameron (subtitle Prencipe Galeotto) is a collection of 100 Novellas by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio, probably begun in He appears to her in a dream and shows her where he is buried. She secretly disinters the head, and sets it in a pot of basil, which she waters with her daily tears. The pot being taken from her by her brothers, she dies of her grief not long after. Boccaccio's tale is the source of John Keats' poem Isabella or The Pot of Basil. Isabella or the Pot of Basil (1818 is a narrative poem by John Keats adapted from a story in Boccaccio's Decameron (IV 5 A similar story is told of the Longobard queen Rosalind. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from

References

• Diseases of Basil and Their Management

Footnotes

External links

• Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages explain the culinary use of basil in European and Asian cooking; further web links.

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