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 Basidiomycetes from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 Kunstformen der Natur
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Pucciniomycotina
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Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla, that together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called the "Higher Fungi" within the Kingdom Fungi. For more information about the Subphylum Pucciniomycotina, select one of the higher ranking taxa from the Taxobox. A subphylum within the phylum Basidiomycota consisting of the classes Ustilaginomycetes, Exobasidiomycetes and the order Malasseziales. The subphylum Agaricomycotina, also known as the Hymenomycetes, is one of three taxa of the fungal division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores Incertae sedis ( Latin for "of uncertain placement" abbreviated "inc A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. Ascomycota is a Division / Phylum of Fungi, and subkingdom Dikarya, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi. Dikarya is a Subkingdom of Fungi that includes the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, both of which in general produce Dikaryons A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ More specifically the Basidiomycota include mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast,Cryptococcus. A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source A puffball is a member of any of a number of groups of fungus in the division Basidiomycota. The Phallaceae or stinkhorns, are a family of Basidiomycetes which produce a foul-scented Phallus -shaped Mushroom. Bracket fungi, or shelf fungi, are fungi, in the phylum Basidiomycota. Polypores are a group of tough leathery poroid Mushrooms similar to Boletes, but typically lacking a distinct stalk The class Heterobasidiomycetes or jelly fungi is a Paraphyletic group of several fungal orders Tremellales, Auriculariales, A bolete is a type of fungal Fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus that is clearly differentiated from the stipe, with Cantharellus is a genus with many popular Edible mushrooms It is a Mycorrhizal edible Fungus, meaning it forms Symbiotic associations The earthstars are the family Geastraceae of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes ( Mushrooms) The smuts are fungi, mostly Ustilaginomycetes (of the class Teliomycetae, subphylum Basidiomycota) that cause Plant disease. Common bunt, also known as stinking smut and covered smut is a disease of both spring and winter Wheats It is caused by two very closely related fungi Rusts are Fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant Parasites. Cryptococcus (literally "Hidden Seed" is a Genus of Fungus. Basically, Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for those forming yeasts), and reproducing sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external spores (usually four), which are specialized meiospores called basidiospores. A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long branching filamentous cell of a Fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called A basidium (pl basidia) is a microscopic spore-producing structure found on the Hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions In Biology or life science meiosis (pronounced my-oh-sis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half A basidiospore is a reproductive Spore produced by Basidiomycete Fungi. However, some Basidiomycota reproduce asexually, and may or may not also reproduce sexually. Asexually reproducing Basidiomycota (discussed below) can be recognized as members of this phylum by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature (the clamp connection - see below), cell wall components, and definitively by phylogenetic molecular analysis of DNA sequence data. A type of connection found within a single hyphal strand of a Basidiomycete Fungus. A cell wall is a tough flexible and sometimes fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the Cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule
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Classification
The most recent classification[2] adopted by a coalition of 67 mycologists recognizes 3 subphyla (Pucciniomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, Agaricomycotina) and 2 other class level taxa (Wallemiomycetes, Entorrhizomycetes) outside of these, among the Basidiomycota. Mycology (from the Greek μύκης meaning "fungus" is the branch of Biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic For more information about the Subphylum Pucciniomycotina, select one of the higher ranking taxa from the Taxobox. A subphylum within the phylum Basidiomycota consisting of the classes Ustilaginomycetes, Exobasidiomycetes and the order Malasseziales. The subphylum Agaricomycotina, also known as the Hymenomycetes, is one of three taxa of the fungal division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores As now classified, the subphyla join and also cut across various obsolete taxonomic groups (see below) previously commonly used to describe various Basidiomycota.
The Basidiomycota had traditionally been divided into 2 obsolete classes, the Homobasidiomycetes (including true mushrooms); and the Heterobasidiomycetes (the Jelly, Rust and Smut fungi). The class Agaricomycetes includes not only Mushrooms but also most species placed in the old outdated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes. A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source The class Heterobasidiomycetes or jelly fungi is a Paraphyletic group of several fungal orders Tremellales, Auriculariales, The class Heterobasidiomycetes or jelly fungi is a Paraphyletic group of several fungal orders Tremellales, Auriculariales, Rusts are Fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant Parasites. The smuts are fungi, mostly Ustilaginomycetes (of the class Teliomycetae, subphylum Basidiomycota) that cause Plant disease. Previously the entire Basidiomycota were called Basidiomycetes, an invalid class level name coined in 1959 as a counterpart to the Ascomycetes, when neither of these taxa were recognized as phyla. Ascomycota is a Division / Phylum of Fungi, and subkingdom Dikarya, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi. The terms basidiomycetes and ascomycetes are frequently used loosely to refer to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. They are often abbreviated to "basidios" and "ascos" as mycological slang.
The Agaricomycotina (see details on that page) includes what had previously been called the Hymenomycetes (an obsolete morphological based class of Basidiomycota that formed hymenial layers on their fruitbodies), the Gasteromycetes (another obsolete class that included species mostly lacking hymenia and mostly forming spores in enclosed fruitbodies), as well as most of the jelly fungi. The subphylum Agaricomycotina, also known as the Hymenomycetes, is one of three taxa of the fungal division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores Hymenomycetes are a class of Fungi within the Phylum Basidiomycota. The hymenium is the tissue layer on the Hymenophore of a Fungal Fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which The sporocarp of a Basidiomycete is known as a Basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an Ascomycete is known as an Ascocarp. The Gasteromycetes Fungus is a subgroup of the class Basidiomycetes ( Mycota division) The sporocarp of a Basidiomycete is known as a Basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an Ascomycete is known as an Ascocarp. The class Heterobasidiomycetes or jelly fungi is a Paraphyletic group of several fungal orders Tremellales, Auriculariales,
The Ustilaginomycotina are most (but not all) of the former smut fungi and along with the Exobasidiales. A subphylum within the phylum Basidiomycota consisting of the classes Ustilaginomycetes, Exobasidiomycetes and the order Malasseziales.
The Pucciniomycotina includes the rust fungi, the insect parasitic/symbiotic genus Septobasidium, a former group of smut fungi (in the Microbotryomycetes, which includes mirror yeasts), and a mixture of odd, infrequently seen or seldom recognized fungi, often parasitic on plants. For more information about the Subphylum Pucciniomycotina, select one of the higher ranking taxa from the Taxobox.
Two classes, Wallemiomycetes and Entorrhizomycetes cannot at present be placed in a subphylum.
Typical life-cycle
Unlike higher animals and plants which have readily recognizable male and female counterparts, Basidiomycota (except for the Rust (Pucciniales)) tend to have mutually indistinguishable, compatible haploids which are usually mycelia being composed of filamentous hyphae. Rusts are Fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant Parasites. "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. Mycelium (plural mycelia) is the vegetative part of a Fungus, consisting of a mass of branching thread-like Hyphae The mass of hyphae is sometimes called A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long branching filamentous cell of a Fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. Typically haploid Basidiomycota mycelia fuse via plasmogamy and then the compatible nuclei migrate into each other's mycelia and pair up with the resident nuclei. Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi In this stage the cytoplasm of two parent Mycelia fuse together without the fusion of nuclei as occurs in higher Karyogamy is delayed, so that the compatible nuclei remain in pairs, called a dikaryon. Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei of two cells as part of Syngamy. Dikaryon is from Greek, di meaning 2 and karyon meaning nut, referring to the Cell nucleus. The hyphae are then said to be dikaryotic. Dikaryon is from Greek, di meaning 2 and karyon meaning nut, referring to the Cell nucleus. Conversely, the haploid mycelia are called monokaryons. Often, the dikaryotic mycelium is more vigorous than the individual monokaryotic mycelia, and proceeds to take over the substrate in which they are growing. The dikaryons can be long-lived, lasting years, decades, or centuries. The monokaryons are neither male nor female. They have either a bipolar (unifactorial) or a tetrapolar (bifactorial) mating system. This results in the fact that following meiosis, the resulting haploid basidiospores and resultant monokaryons, have nuclei that are compatible with 50% (if bipolar) or 25% (if tetrapolar) of their sister basidiospores (and their resultant monokaryons) because the mating genes must differ for them to be compatible. In Biology or life science meiosis (pronounced my-oh-sis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half A basidiospore is a reproductive Spore produced by Basidiomycete Fungi. However, there are many variations of these genes in the population, and therefore, over 90% of monokaryons are compatible with each other. It is as if there were multiple sexes.
The maintenance of the dikaryotic status in dikaryons in many Basidiomycota is facilitated by the formation of clamp connections that physically appear to help coordinate and re-establish pairs of compatible nuclei following synchronous mitotic nuclear divisions. A type of connection found within a single hyphal strand of a Basidiomycete Fungus. Mitosis is the process in which a Eukaryotic cell separates the Chromosomes in its Cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei Variations are frequent and multiple. In a typical Basidiomycota lifecycle the long lasting dikaryons periodically (seasonally or occasionally) produce basidia, the specialized usually club-shaped end cells, in which a pair of compatible nuclei fuse (karyogamy) to form a diploid cell. A basidium (pl basidia) is a microscopic spore-producing structure found on the Hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei of two cells as part of Syngamy. "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. Meiosis follows shortly with the production of 4 haploid nuclei that migrate into 4 external, usually apical basidiospores. In Biology or life science meiosis (pronounced my-oh-sis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half A basidiospore is a reproductive Spore produced by Basidiomycete Fungi. Variations occur, however. Typically the basidiospores are ballistic, hence they are sometimes also called ballistospores. A spore that is shot off In Fungi most types of Basidiospores formed on Basidia are discharged into the air from the tips of sterigmata. In most species, the basidiospores disperse and each can start a new haploid mycelium, continuing the lifecycle. Basidia are microscopic but they are often produced on or in multicelled large fructifications called basidiocarps or basidiomes, or fruitbodies), variously called mushrooms, puffballs, etc. A basidiocarp, basidiome or basidioma (plural basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a Basidiomycete, the Multi-cellular The sporocarp of a Basidiomycete is known as a Basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an Ascomycete is known as an Ascocarp. A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source A puffball is a member of any of a number of groups of fungus in the division Basidiomycota. Ballistic basidiospores are formed on sterigmata which are tapered spine-like projections on basidia, and are typically curved, like the horns of a bull. In some Basidiomycota the spores are not ballistic, and the sterigmata may be straight, reduced to stubbs, or absent. The basidiospores of these non-ballistosporic basidia may either bud off, or be released via dissolution or disintegration of the basidia.
In summary, meiosis takes place in a diploid basidium. Each one of the four haploid nuclei migrates into its own basidiospore. The basidiospores are ballistically discharged and start new haploid mycelia called monokaryons. There are no males or females, rather there are compatible thalli with multiple compatibility factors. Plasmogamy between compatible individuals leads to delayed karyogamy leading to establishment of a dikaryon. The dikaryon is long lasting but ultimately gives rise to either fruitbodies with basidia or directly to basidia without fruitbodies. The paired dikaryon in the basidium fuse (i. e karyogamy takes place). The diploid basidium begins the cycle again.
Variations in life-cycles
Many variations occur. Some are self compatible and spontaneously form dikaryons without a separate compatible thallus being involved. These fungi are said to be homothallic, versus the normal heterothallic species with mating types. Others are secondarily homothallic, in that two compatible nuclei following meiosis migrate into each basidiospore, which is then dispersed as a pre-existing dikaryon. Often such species form only two spores per basidium, but that too varies. Following meiosis, mitotic divisions can occur in the basidium. Multiple numbers of basidiospores can result, including odd numbers via degeneration of nuclei, or pairing up of nuclei, or lack of migration of nuclei. For example, the chanterelle genus Craterellus often has 6-spored basidia, while some corticioid Sistotrema species can have 2-, 4-, 6-, or 8-spored basidia, and the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some species recently reassigned to this genus Agaricus bisporus, known as table mushroom, cultivated mushroom or button mushroom, is an edible Basidiomycete Fungus which can have 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored basidia under some circumstances. Occasionally monokaryons of some taxa can form morphologically fully formed basidiomes and anatomically correct basidia and ballistic basidiospores in the absence of dikaryon formation, diploid nuclei, and meiosis. A rare few number of taxa have extended diploid life-cycles, but can be common species. Examples exist in the mushroom genera Armillaria and Xerula, both in the Physalacriaceae. Honey fungus or Armillaria is a Genus of parasitic fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs Xerula is a genus of gilled mushrooms. Species Xerula americana Xerula amygdaliformis Occasionally basidiospores are not formed and parts of the "basidia" act as the dispersal agents, e. g. the peculiar mycoparasitic jelly fungus, Tetragoniomyces or the entire "basidium" acts as a "spore", e. g. in some false puffballs (Scleroderma). Scleroderma is a genus of 25 species of Fungi, commonly known as earth balls, now known to belong to the Boletales. In the human pathogenic genus Filobasidiella 4 nuclei following meiosis remain in the basidium but continually divide mitotically, each nucleus migrating into synchronously forming nonballistic basidiospores that are then pushed upwards by another set forming below them, resulting in 4 parallel chains of dry "basidiospores". Cryptococcus (literally "Hidden Seed" is a Genus of Fungus.
Other variations occur, some as standard life-cycles (that themselves have variations within variations) within specific orders.
Rusts
Rusts (Pucciniales, previously known as Uredinales) at their greatest complexity produce five different types of spores on two different hosts in two unrelated host families. Rusts are Fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant Parasites. Rusts are Fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant Parasites. Such rusts are heteroecious (requiring 2 hosts) and macrocyclic (producing all 5 spores types). Wheat stem rust is an example. The stem, black or cereal rusts are caused by the Fungus Puccinia graminis and are a significant disease affecting cereal crops By convention the stages and spore states are numbered by Roman numerals. Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Typically, basidiospores infect host one, the mycelium forms pycnidia, called spermagonia, which are miniature, flask-shaped, hollow, submicroscopic bodies embedded in host tissue (such as a leaf). This stage, numbered "0", produces single-celled, minute spores that ooze out in a sweet liquid and that act as nonmotile spermatia, and also protruding receptive hyphae. The term sperm is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα sperma (meaning "seed" and refers to the male reproductive cells. Insects and probably other vectors such as rain carry the spermatia from spermagonia to spermagonia, cross inoculating the mating types. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described In Epidemiology, a vector is an Organism that does not cause Disease itself but which transmits Infection by conveying Pathogens from Neither thallus is male or female. Once crossed, the dikaryons are established and a second spore stage is formed, numbered "I" and called aecia, which form dikaryotic aeciospores in dry chains in inverted cup-shaped bodies embedded in host tissue. These aeciospores then infect the second host genus and cannot infect the host on which they are formed (in macrocyclic rusts). On the second host a repeating spore stage is formed, numbered "II", the uredospores in dry pustules called uredinia. Urediospores are dikaryotic and can infect the same host that produced them. They repeatedly infect this host over the growing season. At the end of the season, a fourth spore type, the teliospore, is formed. Teliospore (sometimes called teleutospore) is the thick-walled resting Spore of some Fungi ( rusts and smuts) from which the It is thicker-walled and serves to overwinter or to survive other harsh conditions. It does not continue the infection process, rather it remains dormant for a period and then germinates to form basidia (stage "IV"), sometimes called a promycelium. A basidium (pl basidia) is a microscopic spore-producing structure found on the Hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi In the Pucciniales, the basidia are cylindrical and become 3-septate after meiosis, with each of the 4 cells bearing one basidiospore each. The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA) is a regional public authority that operates various forms of public transit &mdash bus The basidospores disperse and start the infection process on host 1 again. Autoecious rusts complete their life-cycles on one host intead of two, and microcyclic rusts cut out one or more stages.
Smuts
The characteristic part of the life-cycle of smuts is the thick-walled, often darkly pigmented, ornate, teliospore that serves to survive harsh conditions such as overwintering and also serves to help disperse the fungus as dry diaspores. The smuts are fungi, mostly Ustilaginomycetes (of the class Teliomycetae, subphylum Basidiomycota) that cause Plant disease. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions The teliospores are initially dikaryotic but become diploid via karyogamy. Meiosis takes place at the time of germination. A promycelim is formed that consists to a short hypha (equated to a basidium). In some smuts such as Ustilago maydis the nuclei migrate into the promycelium that becomes septate, and haploid yeast-like conidia/basidiospores sometimes called sporidia, bud off laterally from each cell. Corn smut is a disease of Maize caused by the pathogenic plant fungus Ustilago maydis. The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA) is a regional public authority that operates various forms of public transit &mdash bus In various smuts, the yeast phase may proliferate, or they may fuse, or they may infect plant tissue and become hyphal. In other smuts, such as Tilletia caries, the elongated haploid basidiospores form apically, often in compatible pairs that fuse centrally resulting in "H"-shaped diaspores which are by then dikaryotic. Tilletia tritici is the causal agent of common bunt of Wheat. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions Dikaryotic conidia may then form. Eventually the host is infected by infectious hyphae. Teliospores form in host tissue. Many variations on these general themes occur.
Dimorphic Basidiomycota are smuts with both a yeast phase and an infectious hyphal state are examples of dimorphic Basidiomycota. In plant parasitic taxa, the saprotrophic phase is normally the yeast while the infectious stage is hyphal. However, there are examples of animal and human parasites where the species are dimorphic but it is the yeast-like state that is infectious. The genus Filobasidiella forms basidia on hyphae but the main infectious stage is more commonly known by the anamorphic yeast name Cryptococcus, e. Cryptococcus (literally "Hidden Seed" is a Genus of Fungus. Cryptococcus (literally "Hidden Seed" is a Genus of Fungus. g. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast-like Fungus that can live in both Plants and Animals This species also known by its Cryptococcus gattii, also known as Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii, is a yeast ( Fungus) found in Tropical and Subtropical
The dimorphic Basidiomycota with yeast stages and the pleiomorphic rusts are examples of fungi with anamorphs, which are the asexual stages. Some Basidiomycota are only known as anamorphs. Many are yeasts, collectively called basidiomycetous yeasts to differentiate them from ascomycetous yeasts in the Ascomycota. Ascomycota is a Division / Phylum of Fungi, and subkingdom Dikarya, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi. Aside from yeast anamorphs, and uredinia, aecia and pycnidia, some Basidiomycota form other distinctive anamorphs as parts of their life-cycles. Examples are Collybia tuberosa[3] with its apple-seed-shaped and coloured sclerotium, Dendrocollybia racemosa [4] with its sclerotium and its Tilachlidiopsis racemosa conidia, Armillaria with their rhizomorphs,[5] Hohenbuehelia [6] with their Nematoctonus nematode infectious, state[7] and the coffee leaf parasite, Mycena citricolor[8] and its Decapitatus flavidus propagules called gemmae. A sclerotium (plural sclerotia) is a compact mass of hardened Mycelium stored with reserve food material that in some higher Fungi such as Ergot Honey fungus or Armillaria is a Genus of parasitic fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs The nematodes or roundworms ( Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema "thread" + -ode "like" are one of the most common Mycena citricolor is a plant pathogen Mycena citricolor is a plant pathogen A propagule is any Plant material used for the purpose of Plant propagation.
References
- ^ Moore, R. T. (1980). "Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts". Bot. Mar. 23: 371.
- ^ Hibbett, D. S. , et al. (Mar 2007). "A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycol. Res. 111 (5): 509-547. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ http://www.bio.utk.edu/mycology/ATBI/Photos/12000to12099/12074.jpg
- ^ Microsoft Word - Machnicki revised for pdf final august 24
- ^ LUXGENE.COM: the glow-in-the-dark website
- ^ Hohenbue
- ^ 8knobs
- ^ LUXGENE.COM: the glow-in-the-dark website
External links
- Basidiomycota at the Tree of Life Web Project
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