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Bartolomeo Cavaceppi (c. 1716 — 1799) was an Italian sculptor who worked in Rome, where he trained in the studio of the acclimatized Frenchman, Pierre-Étienne Monnot, and then in the workshop of Carlo Antonio Napolioni,[1] a restorer of sculptures for Alessandro Cardinal Albani, who was to become a major patron of Cavaceppi. Pierre-Étienne Monnot (Orchamps-Vennes Doubs, Franche-Comté, 9 August 1657 — Rome 24 August 1733) See Albani for other uses of that name Alessandro Albani ( October 15, 1692 &ndash December 11, 1779 The two sculptors shared a studio. Much of his work was in restoring antique Roman sculptures, making casts, copies, and fakes of antiques, fields in which he was pre-eminent and which brought him into contact with all the virtuosi: he was a close friend of and informant for Johann Joachim Winckelmann. Johann Joachim Winckelmann ( December 9, 1717 - June 8, 1768) a German Art historian and Archaeologist, Winckelmann's influence and Cardinal Albani's own evolving taste may have contributed to Cavaceppi's increased self-consciousness of the appropriateness of restorations — a field in which earlier sculptors had improvised broadly — evinced in his introductory essay to his Raccolta d'antiche statue, busti, teste cognite ed altre sculture antiche[2] (1768). The baroque taste in ornate restorations of antiquities had favoured finely pumiced polished surfaces, coloured marbles and mixed media, and highly speculative restorations of sometimes incongruous fragments. [3] Only in the nineteenth century, would collectors begin for the first time to appreciate fragments of sculpture: a headless torso was not easily sold in eighteenth-century Rome.

In the competition for a permanent marble of Saint Norbert for the last available niche in St. Peter's Basilica, Cavaceppi, the candidate favoured by Cardinal Albani, lost out in the end to the more conservative declamatory Baroque manner of Pietro Bracci, who received the commission. Saint Norbert of Xanten (c 1080&ndash 6 June 1134) is a Christian Saint and founder of the Norbertine or Premonstratensian order The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Pietro Bracci (1700 — 1773 was an Italian sculptor working in the Late Baroque manner [4]

Cavaceppi, "now certainly one of the most underrated artist-personalities in that era" according to Seymour Howard was the Pope's chief restorer, and a measure of his other clientele may be drawn from the plates that illustrated the works of art that had been restored in his extensive studio in the Raccolta, which appeared in three folio volumes, 1768-72. Haskell and Penny note[5] that of sixty plates in the first volume, thirty-four reproduced works already belonging to Englishmen, while a further seventeen showed works in German collections. The remainder were divided among Alessandro Cardinal Albani, Alessandro Cardinal Furietti (1684-1764) and Conte Giuseppe Fede,[6] with one more in the Capitoline Museum and another belonging to the Jacques-Laure le Tonnelier de Breteuil, the Bailli de Breteuil. See Albani for other uses of that name Alessandro Albani ( October 15, 1692 &ndash December 11, 1779 Giuseppe Alessandro Cardinal Furietti ( 24 January 1685 &ndash 14 January 1764) was a Roman Catholic cardinal, an Antiquarian Conte Giuseppe Fede (died 1777 was an Italian nobleman collector and archaeologist of the 18th century The Capitoline Museums ( Italian Musei Capitolini) are a group of art and archeological Museums in Piazza del Campidoglio [7] The following year's volume showed sixty plates of sculptures that were all on the market. Cavaceppi made a considerable fortune from his endeavors.

Cavaceppi's studio, staffed with a host of assistants, was a stop for all the young connoisseurs making the Grand Tour. The Grand Tour was the traditional travel of Europe undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means Goethe described his visit in Italienische Reise XXXII. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Cavaceppi was entrusted with making casts of antiquities. Joseph Nollekens purchased from Cavaceppi the casts of the Furietti Centaurs that may still be seen at Shugborough Hall, Staffordshire; Cavaceppi also produced full-size copies in marble. Joseph Nollekens ( August 11, 1737 - April 23, 1823) was a sculptor from London generally considered to be the finest British The Furietti Centaurs (known as the Old Centaur and Young Centaur, or Older Centaur and Younger Centaur, when being treated separately are a Shugborough is a country estate in Great Haywood, near Stafford, England, on the north-eastern edge of Cannock Chase.

For his contributions in the formation of the Museo Clementino, based in large part on Albani's collection, Cavaceppi was made a Knight of the Golden Spur in 1770[8] and was henceforth Cavaliere Cavaceppi. The Vatican Museums (Musei Vaticani in Viale Vaticano in Rome, inside the Vatican City, are one of the greatest museums in the world since they display works The Order of the Golden Spur, formerly known as the Order of the Golden Militia, is a papal Order of chivalry conferred upon those who have rendered His sculptures were presented for sale in the Museo Cavaceppi between the Piazza di Spagna and the Piazza del Popolo, the part of Rome most frequented by foreigners. The Spanish Steps ( Italian: Scalinata della Trinità dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the The Piazza del Popolo is a square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means " Piazza of the people" but historically it derives from

In the 1770s he carved a reduced version of Trajan's Column, which was purchased by the English virtuoso Henry Blundell to complement his antiqities at Ince Blundell; Blundell also acquired Cavaceppi's working model, a wooden column painted in grisaille. Trajan's Column is a Monument in Rome raised in honour of the Roman emperor Trajan and constructed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus Ince Blundell is a village in the borough of Sefton, Merseyside, England. Grisaille (grĭ-zī' -zāl' French: gris, grey French pronunciation /ɡʁi [9]

At the time of his death, the collection of fragments and casts in the Museo was vast. Prince Giovanni Torlonia purchased over a thousand items from Cavaceppi's legacy. [10] In some senses, Vincenzo Pacetti, who had collaborated with Cavaceppi on restorations and who supervised restorations and display of the Borghese collection at Villa Borghese was Cavaceppi's successor. Vincenzo Pacetti ( Castel Bolognese 1746 – 1820 was an 18th century Italian sculptor and restorer particularly active in collecting and restoring classical sculptures such

An exhibition "Bartolomeo Cavaceppi", curated by C. A. Picon in London, 1983, helped to bring him out of obscurity.

Some other sculptors in Rome renowned for their restorations

Notes

  1. ^ His name was variously given in contemporary notices. Orfeo Boselli (1597 — 1667 was an Italian sculptor working in Rome Ippolito Buzzi or Buzio (1562 - 1634 was an Italian sculptor from Viggiù, near Varese, in northernmost Lombardy, a member of a long-established Ercole Ferrata (1610 &ndash July 10 1686) was an Italian sculptor of the Roman Baroque. Francesco Fontana (1580 &ndash c 1656 was an Italian Lawyer and Astronomer. Vincenzo Pacetti ( Castel Bolognese 1746 – 1820 was an 18th century Italian sculptor and restorer particularly active in collecting and restoring classical sculptures such Francesco Giuseppe Napoleoni, who provided sculptures for Bernini's colonnade at St. Peter's may have been kin, according to Seymour Howard, "Some Eighteenth-Century 'Restored' Boxers" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 56 (1993, pp. 238-255) p 240 note 5.
  2. ^ "Collection of antique statues, busts, identified heads and other antique sculptures".
  3. ^ Jennifer Montagu, Roman Baroque Sculpture: the Industry of Art (New Haven: Yale University Press) 1989.
  4. ^ The details of the story, which "admirably documents the workings of power politics and intrigue in matters of taste, traditional factors in the competition for lucrative commissions in the art capital of Western Christendom" has been detailed by Seymour Howard, "Bartolomeo Cavaceppi's Saint Norbert" The Art Bulletin 70. 3 (September 1988), pp. 478-485.
  5. ^ Haskell and Penny 1981:68.
  6. ^ Conte Fede owned part of the site of Hadrian's Villa where he carried out excavations in his property. The Hadrian's Villa ( Villa Adriana in Italian) is a large Roman Archaeological complex at Tivoli, Italy.
  7. ^ C. Depasquale, "The Bailli de Breteuil, the Château de Breteuil and its literary connections" 2001.
  8. ^ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was made a cavalier of the Golden Spur the same year. (Howard 1988:479).
  9. ^ Haskell and Penny 1981:47
  10. ^ Howard 1993:243 note 5.

References

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