| Barley | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Barley field
|
||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
| Binomial name | ||||||||||||||
| Hordeum vulgare L. |
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an annual cereal grain, which serves as a major animal feed crop, with smaller amounts used for malting and in health food. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further It is a member of the grass family Poaceae. Poaceae or Gramineae is a family in the Class Liliopsida of the flowering plants. In 2005, barley ranked fourth in quantity produced and in area of cultivation of cereal crops in the world (560,000 km²). [1] The domesticated form (H. vulgare) is descended from wild barley (H. Hordeum is a genus of about 30 species of annual and perennial grasses, native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, temperate South America spontaneum). Both forms are diploid (2n=14 chromosomes). "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. As wild barley is interfertile with domesticated barley, the two forms are often treated as one species, Hordeum vulgare, divided into subspecies spontaneum (wild) and subspecies vulgare (domesticated). The main difference between the two forms is the brittle rachis of the former, which enables seed dispersal in the wild. Rachis is also the alternate spelling of Ratchis, king of the Lombards 744-749
Contents |
Crop history
Wild barley comes from Epi-Paleolithic sites in the Levant, beginning in the Natufian. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the The Natufian culture (natʏˈfjẽː existed in the Mediterranean region of the Levant. The earliest domesticated barley occurs at Aceramic Neolithic sites in the Near East such as the (PPN B) layers of Tell Abu Hureyra in Syria. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Tell, tel or tall (تلّ tall, and תֵּל tel) meaning "hill" or "mound" is a type of archaeological Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Barley was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East, at the same time as einkorn and emmer wheat. The Neolithic founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight Plant Species that were domesticated by early Holocene ( Pre-Pottery Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "one grain" can refer either to the wild species of Wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccon) also known as farro especially in Italy is a low yielding awned Wheat. [2]
| jt barley determinative/ideogram |
|
||||
| jt (common) spelling |
|
||||
| šma determinative/ideogram |
|
Barley was alongside emmer wheat, a staple cereal of ancient Egypt, where it was used to make bread and beer; together, these were a complete diet. Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek A determinative, also known as a taxogram or semagram, is an Ideogram used to mark semantic categories of words in Logographic scripts An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccon) also known as farro especially in Italy is a low yielding awned Wheat. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea The general name for barley is jt (hypothetically pronounced "eat"); šma (hypothetically pronounced "SHE-ma") refers to Upper Egyptian barley and is a symbol of Upper Egypt. Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر Sa'id Misr) is a narrow strip of land that extends from the cataract boundaries of modern-day Aswan to the area between According to Deuteronomy 8:8, barley is one of the "Seven Species" of crops that characterize the fertility of the Promised Land of Canaan, and barley has a prominent role in the Israelite sacrifices described in the Pentateuch (see e. Deuteronomy (Greek deuteronomion, Δευτερονόμιον "second law" is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and of the Old Testament The Seven Species ( Hebrew: שבעת המינים, Shiv'at Ha-Minim) are seven types of fruits and grains enumerated in the Hebrew Bible as being The Promised Land ( הארץ המובטחת, translit: ha-Aretz ha-Muvtachat) is another name for the Land of Israel, the region which according Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to g. Numbers 5:15). The Book of Numbers, ( Bamidbar, meaning in the wilderness) is the fourth book of the Torah, the Tanakh, and the Old Testament. A religious importance extended into the Middle Ages in Europe, and saw barley's use in justice, via alphitomancy and the corsned. JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. Alphitomancy (from Greek alphito, 'barley' and manteia, 'divination' is a form of Divination involving Barley cakes or loaves of In Anglo-Saxon law, corsned ( OE cor, "trial investigation" + snǽd, "bit piece" Latin panis conjuratus
In ancient Greece, the ritual significance of barley possibly dates back to the earliest stages of the Eleusinian Mysteries. The Eleusinian Mysteries (Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια were initiation ceremonies held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone The preparatory kykeon or mixed drink of the initiates, prepared from barley and herbs, was referred to in the Homeric hymn to Demeter, who was also called "Barley-mother". Kykeon (Gr κυκεών from κυκάω "to stir to mix" was an Ancient Greek drink made mainly of water barley and herbs A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like The thirty-three anonymous Homeric Hymns celebrating individual gods are a collection of ancient Greek Hymns "Homeric" in the sense that they employ the Demeter (dɨˈmiːtɚ Greek:, possibly "distribution-mother" from the noun of the Indo-European mother-earth * dheghom * mater
The practice was to dry the barley groats and roast them before preparing the porridge, according to Pliny the Elder's Natural History (xviii. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. 72). This produces malt that soon ferments and becomes slightly alcoholic. Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further
Tibetan barley has been the only major staple food in Tibet for centuries. A staple food is a Food that forms the basis of a Traditional diet. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European It is made into a flour product called tsampa. Tsampa ( is a Tibetan staple foodstuff, particularly prominent in the central part of the country
Palaeoethnobotanists have found that barley has been grown in the Korean Peninsula since the Early Mumun Pottery Period (c. The Mumun pottery period is an Archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 1500-300 BC 1500–850 BCE) along with other crops such as millet, wheat, and legumes. [3]
As of 1881
According to the 1881 Household Cyclopedia:
Next to wheat the most valuable grain is barley, especially on light and sharp soils. The Household Cyclopedia was an American 1881 guide to housekeeping Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. It is a tender grain and easily hurt in any of the stages of its growth, particularly at seed time; a heavy shower of rain will then almost ruin a crop on the best prepared land; and in all the after processes greater pains and attention are required to ensure success than in the case of other grains. The harvest process is difficult, and often attended with danger; even the threshing of it is not easily executed with machines, because the awn generally adheres to the grain, and renders separation from the straw a troublesome task. In Botany, an awn is either a hair- or bristle-like appendage on a larger structure or in the case of the Asteraceae, a stiff needle-like element of the Barley, in fact, is raised at greater expense than wheat, and generally speaking is a more hazardous crop. Except upon rich and genial soils, where climate will allow barley to be perfectly reared, it ought not to be cultivated.
Barley is chiefly taken after turnips, sometimes after peas and beans, but rarely by bad farmers either after wheat or oats, unless under special circumstances. For similar vegetables also called "turnip" see Turnip (disambiguation. A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum Bean is a common name for large plant Seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae used for human food or animal Oats redirects here It may mean either the common cereal oat discussed here or any cultivated or wild species of the Genus Avena. When sown after turnips it is generally taken with one furrow, which is given as fast as the turnips are consumed, the ground thus receiving much benefit from the spring frosts. But often two, or more furrows are necessary for the fields last consumed, because when a spring drought sets in, the surface, from being poached by the removal or consumption of the crop, gets so hardened as to render a greater quantity of ploughing, harrowing and rolling necessary than would otherwise be called for. When sown after beans and peas, one winter and one spring ploughing are usually bestowed: but when after wheat or oats, three ploughings are necessary, so that the ground may be put in proper condition. These operations are very ticklish in a wet and backward season, and rarely in that case is the grower paid for the expense of his labor. Where land is in such a situation as to require three ploughings before it can be seeded with barley, it is better to summer-fallow it at once than to run the risks which seldom fail to accompany a quantity of spring labor. If the weather be dry, moisture is lost during the different processes, and an imperfect braird necessarily follows; if it be wet the benefit of ploughing is lost, and all the evils of a wet seed time are sustained by the future crop. The quantity sown is different in different cases, according to the quality of the soil and other circumstances. Upon very rich lands eight pecks per acre [11 t/km²] are sometimes sown; twelve [16 t/km²] is very common, and upon poor land more is sometimes given. By good judges a quantity of seed is sown sufficient to ensure a full crop, without depending on its sending out offsets; indeed, where that is done few offsets are produced, the crop grows and ripens equally, and the grain is uniformly good.
- Preparation of ground
Production
| Top Ten Barley Producers — 2005 (million metric tonne) |
|
|---|---|
 Russia |
16. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 7 |
 Canada |
12. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 1 |
 Germany |
11. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 7 |
 France |
10. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. 4 |
 Ukraine |
9. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. 3 |
 Turkey |
9. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 0 |
 Australia |
6. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. 6 |
 United Kingdom |
5. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 5 |
 United States |
4. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 6 |
 Spain |
4. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 4 |
| World Total | 138 |
| Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)[4] |
|
Barley was grown in about 100 countries worldwide in 2005. The world production in 1974 was 148,818,870 tonnes, showing little change in the amount of barley produced worldwide.
Cultivars
Barley can be divided by the number of kernel rows in the head. Two forms have been cultivated; two-row barley (formerly known as Hordeum distichum but now also classed as Hordeum vulgare), and six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare). In two-row barley only one spikelet at each node is fertile; in the four-row and six-row forms, all three are fertile. A four-row type (formerly classed as (Hordeum tetrastichum) is actually a six-row type with very lax structure.
Two-row barley is the oldest form, wild barley having two rows as well. Two-row barley has a lower protein content than six-row barley and thus more fermentable sugars content. High protein barley is best suited for animal feed. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Malting barley is usually lower protein [3]('low grain nitrogen', usually produced without a late fertilizer application) which shows more uniform germination, needs shorter steeping, and has less protein in the extract that can make beer cloudy. Two-row barley is traditionally used in English ale style beers. Six-row barley is common in some American lager style beers, whereas two-row malted summer barley is preferred for traditional German beers. Lager (storage camp bearing etc is the more popular of two main types of Beer; the other being Ale. Four-row is unsuitable for brewing.
Barley is widely adaptable and is currently a major crop of the temperate areas where it is grown as a summer crop and tropical areas where it is sown as a winter crop. Its germination time is anywhere from 1 to 3 days. Germination is the process whereby growth emerges from a period of dormancy Barley likes to grow under cool conditions but is not particularly winter hardy.
Uses
| Raw barley Nutritional value per 100 g (3. 5 oz) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy 350 kcal 1470 kJ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient Source: USDA Nutrient database |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Half of the United States' barley production is used as an animal feed. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea [5] A large part of the remainder is used for malting and is a key ingredient in beer and whisky production. Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Whisky (uisge-beatha or whiskey (uisce beatha or fuisce) refers to a broad category of Alcoholic beverages that are distilled from fermented Two-row barley is traditionally used in German and English beers, and six-row barley was traditionally used in American beers. Both varieties are in common usage in America now. Non-alcoholic drinks such as barley water and mugicha (popular in Korea and Japan) are also made from unhulled barley. Barley water, usually flavoured with Lemon or other fruit is a popular British Soft drink. Roasted barley tea is a Tisane made from roasted Barley, which is popular in Japanese and Korean cuisine. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Barley is also used in soups and stews, particularly in Eastern Europe. A small amount is used in health foods and coffee substitutes. Coffee substitutes are non- Coffee products usually without Caffeine, that are used to imitate Coffee.
Barley is more tolerant of soil salinity than wheat, which might explain the increase of barley cultivation on Mesopotamia from the 2nd millennium BC onwards. Barley is not as cold tolerant as the winter wheats (Triticum aestivum), fall rye (Secale cereale) or winter Triticale (X TricticaleWitt. ), but may be sown as a winter crop in warmer areas of the world such as Australia.
Barley must have its fibrous outer hull removed before it can be eaten. Barley grains with their hulls still on are called covered barley or 'hulled barley". Once the grain has had the inedible hull removed, it is called dehulled barley. At this stage, the grain still has its bran and germ, which are nutritious. Bran is the hard outer layer of Grain and consists of combined Aleurone and Pericarp. The germ is the "heart" of the Cereal kernel the Embryo of the Seed. Dehulled barley is considered a whole grain, and is a popular health food. Whole grains are cereal grains that Bran and germ as well as the Endosperm, in contrast to Refined grains, which retain only A healthy diet is one that is arrived at with the intent of improving or maintaining optimal Health. Pearl barley or pearled barley is hulled barley which has been processed further to remove the bran. It may be polished, a process known as "pearling". Dehulled or pearl barley may be processed into a variety of barley products, including flour, flakes similar to oatmeal, and grits. Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Breakfast cereal health benefits There has been increasing interest in oatmeal in recent years due to its beneficial health effects GRITS is a Christian hip hop group from Nashville, Tennessee.
According to a recent study,[6] eating whole grain barley can regulate blood sugar for up to 10 hrs after consumption compared to white or even whole-grain wheat, which has a similar glycemic index. The Glycemic index (also glycaemic index) or GI is a measure of the effects of Carbohydrates on Blood glucose levels
An additional barley product is the straw. It is placed in mesh bags and floated in fish ponds or water gardens to help reduce algal growth without harming the plants or animals in the habitat.
Plant diseases
This plant is known or likely to be susceptible to barley mild mosaic bymovirus as well as Bacterial blight. This article is a list of diseases of Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) In Epidemiology a susceptible individual (sometimes known simply as a susceptible is a member of a Population who is at risk of becoming infected by a disease if Barley mild mosaic bymovirus is a plant Virus. Bacterial blight is a disease of Barley caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv Barley can be susceptible to many diseases but plant breeders have been working hard to incorporate resistance. The devastation caused by any one disease will depend upon the susceptibility of the variety being grown and the environmental conditions during disease development.
Composition
The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) cites the following composition of barley meal according to Ernst von Bibra, omitting the salts:
| Water | 15% |
| Nitrogenous compounds | 12. Dr Ernst Freiherr von Bibra ( June 9 1806 in Schwebheim &ndash June 5 1878 in Nuremberg) was a German Naturalist Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 981% |
| Gum | 6. Natural gums are Polysaccharides of natural origin capable of causing a large Viscosity increase in solution even at small concentrations 744% |
| Sugar | 3. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. 2% |
| Starch | 59. Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide 95% |
| Fat | 2. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water 17% |
Naming
In British English barley may be referred to as corn. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the [7]
References
Footnotes
- ^ [1]
- ^ -Saltini Antonio, I semi della civiltà. Grano, riso e mais nella storia delle società umane,, prefazione di Luigi Bernabò Brea Avenue Media, Bologna 1996
- ^ Crawford, Gary W. ; Gyoung-Ah Lee (2003). "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula". Antiquity 77 (295): 87–95.
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Barley", Retrieved on 2008-2-2.
- ^ Nilsson, A. ; et al. (2006). "Effects of GI and content of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based evening meals on glucose tolerance at a subsequent standardised breakfast". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60: 1092–1099. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Partridge, Eric; Janet Whitcut (ed. ) (1995). Usage and Abusage: A Guide to Good English, 1st American ed. , New York: W. W. Norton, 1995, p. 82. ISBN 0393037614.
General references
- Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards).
- Barley mild mosaic bymovirus.
- Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20th August 1996.
- TSN 40865. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Integrated Taxonomic Information System ( ITIS) is a partnership designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the Taxonomy of biological Species
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
See also
External links
- Barley as a commodity traded in India
- Genetically modified barley Aim: Resistant barley with improved malting and fodder qualities
- Barley from NutritionData
- Medical Research on Barley Benefits
Dictionary
barley
-noun
- A strong cereal of the genus Hordeum, or its grains, often used as food or to make malted drinks.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic