| Barium titanate | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [12047-27-7] |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | BaTiO3 |
| Molar mass | 233. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 192 g/mol |
| Appearance | white crystals |
| Density | 6. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 02 g/cm3, solid |
| Melting point |
1625 °C |
| Solubility in water | insoluble |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
|
Barium titanate is an oxide of barium and titanium with the chemical formula BaTiO3. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes It is a ferroelectric ceramic material, with a photorefractive effect and piezoelectric properties. Ferroelectricity is a physical property of a material whereby it exhibits a spontaneous electric polarization, the direction of which can be switched between equivalent The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) The photorefractive effect is a nonlinear optical effect seen in certain Crystals and other materials that respond to Light by altering their Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably Crystals and certain Ceramics including bone to generate an Electric potential in response to It has five phases as a solid, listing from high temperature to low temperature: hexagonal, cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and rhombohedral crystal structure. Regular hexagon The internal Angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal are all 120 ° and the hexagon has 720 degrees In Crystallography, the tetragonal Crystal system is one of the 7 lattice Point groups Tetragonal Crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic In Crystallography, the orthorhombic Crystal system is one of the seven Lattice Point groups Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching In Crystallography, the rhombohedral (or trigonal) Crystal system is one of the seven lattice point groups named after the two-dimensional In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. All of the structures exhibit the ferroelectric effect except cubic. Ferroelectricity is a physical property of a material whereby it exhibits a spontaneous electric polarization, the direction of which can be switched between equivalent
Contents |
Appearance
It has the appearance of a white powder or transparent crystals. It is insoluble in water and soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Its risk and safety phrases are R20/22, S28A, S37, and S45. R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations.
Manufacture
Barium titanate can be manufactured by liquid phase sintering of barium carbonate and titanium dioxide, optionally with other materials for doping. Sintering is a method for making objects from powder, by heating the material (below its Melting point - solid state sintering until its particles adhere Barium carbonate ( Ba[[Carbonate CO]]3 also known as witherite, is a Chemical compound used in Rat poison, Bricks Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring Oxide of Titanium, chemical formula Ti[[oxygen In Semiconductor production doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities into an extremely pure (also referred to as intrinsic) semiconductor to
High purity barium titanate powder is reported to be a key component of new barium titanate capacitor energy storage systems being developed by EEStor for use in electric vehicles. EEStor is a company based in Cedar Park, Texas, United States that has developed a type of Capacitor for Electricity storage, [1]
Barium titanate is often mixed with strontium titanate. Strontium titanate is an Oxide of Strontium and Titanium with the Chemical formula Sr[[titanium Ti]] O 3
Uses
Barium titanate is used as a dielectric material for ceramic capacitors, and as a piezoelectric material for microphones and other transducers. A dielectric is a nonconducting substance ie an insulator. The term was coined by William Whewell in response to a request from Michael Faraday. A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store Energy in the Electric field between a pair of conductors A transducer is a device usually electrical, electronic, Electro-mechanical, Electromagnetic, Photonic, or Photovoltaic As a piezoelectric material, it was largely replaced by lead zirconate titanate, also known as PZT. Lead zirconate titanate ( 0 x Ceramic Perovskite material that shows a marked piezoelectric effect.
Polycrystalline barium titanate displays positive temperature coefficient, making it a useful material for thermistors and self-regulating electric heating systems. The temperature coefficient is the relative change of a physical property when the Temperature is changed by 1 K. A thermistor is a type of Resistor with resistance varying according to its Temperature.
Fully-dense nanocrystalline barium titanate has 40% higher permittivity than the same material prepared in classic ways. Permittivity is a Physical quantity that describes how an Electric field affects and is affected by a Dielectric medium and is determined by the ability [2]
Barium titanate crystals find use in nonlinear optics. Nonlinear optics (NLO is the branch of Optics that describes the behaviour of Light in nonlinear media, that is media in which the dielectric polarization The material has high beam-coupling gain, and can be operated at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. It has the highest reflectivity of the materials used for self-pumped phase conjugation (SPPC) applications. It can be used for continuous-wave four-wave mixing with milliwatt-range optical power. Four-wave mixing is an Intermodulation distortion in Optical systems similar to the Third-order intercept point in electrical systems For photorefractive applications, barium titanate can be doped by various other elements, e. g. cerium. Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 [3]
The addition of inclusions of barium titanate to tin has been shown to create a bulk material with a higher viscoelastic stiffness than that of diamonds. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Stiffness is the resistance of an elastic body to Deformation by an applied Force. Barium titanate goes through two phase transitions that change the crystal shape and volume. This leads to composites where the barium titanates have a negative bulk modulus (Young's modulus), meaning that when a force acts on the inclusions, there is displacement in the opposite direction, further stiffening the composite. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material [4]
Thin films of barium titanate display electrooptic modulation to frequencies over 40 GHz. Thin films are thin material layers ranging from fractions of a Nanometre to several Micrometres in thickness Electro-optic modulator (EOM is an optical device in which a signal -controlled element displaying Electro-optic effect is used to modulate a Beam of [5]
The pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of barium titanate are used in some types of uncooled sensors for thermal cameras. A thermographic camera, sometimes called a FLIR (Forward Looking InfraRed or an infrared camera less specifically is a device that forms an image using Infrared
See also
References
- ^ http://www.zenncars.com/investor/releases/Certification_EEStor_01_16_2007.pdf
- ^ http://research.ucdavis.edu/NCD.cfm?ncdid=658[1]
- ^ http://www.redoptronics.com/Ce:BaTiO3-crystal.html Ce:BaTiO3
- ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/315/5812/620 [2]
- ^ http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-24-5962 [3]
External links
Strontium titanate is an Oxide of Strontium and Titanium with the Chemical formula Sr[[titanium Ti]] O 3 Lead zirconate titanate ( 0 x Ceramic Perovskite material that shows a marked piezoelectric effect.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic