Barghwata in 800 AD, along with its neighbors.

The Barghawata (also Barghwata or Berghouata) were a medieval Berber tribe confederation of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, belonging to the Masmuda group of tribes. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Masmuda were one of the largest Berber tribal confederacies in the Maghreb, along with the Zanata and the Sanhaja. After allying with a failed Sufri Kharijite rebellion in Morocco against the Abbasids, they established a kingdom (744 - 1058) in the area of Tamesna on the Atlantic coast between Safi and Salé under the leadership of Tarif al-Matghari. The Sufris (سفريين were a Sect of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, and a part of the Kharijites. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa For the aircraft see Boeing_747-400 Events By Place Europe February — Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand For the Canadian figure skater see Jamie Salé. For the Finnish Union of Sex Workers see Salli. Tarif al-Matghari ( طارف المتغري) (b ? -744 was the founder of the Berber Barghawata dynasty in the Tamesna region in Morocco

Etymology

Some historians believe that the term Barghawata is a phonetic deformation of the term Barbati, a nickname which Tarif carried. It is thought that he was born in the area of Barbate, near Cádiz in Spain^[1]. Barbate is a city located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2006 Census, the city has a population of 22496 inhabitants Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight However, Jérôme Carcopino and other historians think the name is much older and the tribe is the same as that which the Romans called Baquates, who up until the 7th century lived near Volubilis^[2]. Jérôme Carcopino (1881–1970 was a French Historian and Author. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Volubilis (وليلي Walili) is an archaeological site in Morocco situated near Meknes between Fez and Rabat along the

Religion

After the conversion to Islam at the beginning of the 8th century and the Maysara uprising (739-742), the Barghawata Berbers formed their own state on the Atlantic coast between Safi and Salé. Events By Place Europe Charles Martel drives the Moors out of France. Events By Place Asia Chinese poet Li Po is presented before the emperor and given a position in the Imperial court (approximate date For the Canadian figure skater see Jamie Salé. For the Finnish Union of Sex Workers see Salli.

The Barghawata kingdom followed a syncretic religion inspired by Islam (perhaps influenced by Judaism)^[3] with elements of Sunni, Shi'a and Kharijite Islam, mixed with astrological and heathen traditions. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Supposedly, they had their own Qur'an in the Berber language comprising 80 suras under the leadership of the second ruler of the dynasty Salih ibn Tarif who had taken part in the Maysara uprising. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded Ṣāliḥ ibn Tarīf (Arabic صالح بن طريف was the second king of the Berghouata, and proclaimed himself a prophet of a new religion He proclaimed himself a prophet^[4]. He also claimed to be the final Mahdi, and that Isa (Jesus) would be his companion and pray behind him. In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth Etymology The Anglicized name of Jesus is derived from the Latin Iēsus, which in turn comes from the Greek (Iēsoûs Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)

History

Little details are known about Barghawata. Most of the historical sources are largely posterior to their rule and often present a contradictory and confused historical context. However, one tradition appears more interesting. It comes from Córdoba in Spain and its author is the Large Prior of Barghawata and the Barghawata ambassador to Córdoba Abu Salih Zammur, around the middle of the 10th century. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. This tradition is regarded as most detailed concerning Barghwata^[5]. It was reported by Al Bakri, Ibn Hazm and Ibn Khaldun, although their interpretations comprise some divergent points of view. Ibn Hazm ( 7 November 994 &ndash 15 August 1064 was an Andalusian - Arab philosopher, litterateur Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 The Barghawatas allied with the Kharijite Muslim sect who embraced a doctrine representing total egalitarianism in opposition to the aristocracy of the Quraysh which had grown more pronounced under the Umayyad Caliphate. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش After the defeat of the Kharijites in Kairouan, Tunisia in 741, the Barghawatas in Morocco retreated to the Tamesna region where they founded their kingdom. Kairouan ( Arabic القيروان (also known as Kirwan, Al Qayrawan) is a Muslim holy city which ranks after Mecca, Medina Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa.

The Barghawatas ruled in the Tamesna region for more than three centuries (744 - 1058). For the aircraft see Boeing_747-400 Events By Place Europe February — Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand Under the successors of Salih ibn Tarif, Ilyas ibn Salih (?792-842); Yunus (842-888) and Abu Ghufail (888-913) the tribal kingdom was consolidated, and missions sent to neighbouring tribes. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Irene is confirmed empress of the Byzantine Empire. Events By Place Europe February 14 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty Events By Place Europe February 14 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty This article is about the year AD 888 For other uses see 888 (disambiguation. This article is about the year AD 888 For other uses see 888 (disambiguation. Events By Place Africa The Shiite Fatimid state in modern day Tunisia launches a failed military campaign against Egypt After initially good relations with the Caliphate of Cordoba there was a break at the end of the 10th century with the ruling Umayyads. The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Two Umayyad incursions, as well as attacks by the Fatimids were fought off by the Barghawata. From the 11th century there was an intensive guerilla war with the Banu Ifran. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Banu Ifran (بنو يفرن a Berber tribe prominent in the affairs of Algeria in Aures eastern Algeria History They were one of the four major tribes Even though the Barghawata were subsequently much weakened^[6], they were still able to fend off Almoravid attacks - the spiritual leader of the Almoravids, Ibn Yasin, fell in battle against them (1058). The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during Abdallah Ibn Yasin (died 1059 was a Theologian and founder of the Al-Murabitoon movement and dynasty of North African rulers and later Only in 1149 were the Barghawata eliminated by the Almohads as a political and religious group. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i

Barghawata kings

• Tarif al-Matghari
• Ṣāliḥ ibn Tarīf, who declared himself prophet^[4] in 744 and went away at the age of 47, promising to return. Tarif al-Matghari ( طارف المتغري) (b ? -744 was the founder of the Berber Barghawata dynasty in the Tamesna region in Morocco Ṣāliḥ ibn Tarīf (Arabic صالح بن طريف was the second king of the Berghouata, and proclaimed himself a prophet of a new religion For the aircraft see Boeing_747-400 Events By Place Europe February — Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand
• Ilyas ibn Salih (?792-842)^[7], who is said to have professed Islām publicly but Ṣāliḥ's religion secretly, and died in the 50th year of his reign. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Irene is confirmed empress of the Byzantine Empire. Events By Place Europe February 14 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty
• Yunus ibn Ilyas (?842-888), who made Ṣāliḥ's religion official and killed all those who would not convert (killing 7770 people, according to Ibn Khaldun's sources, some at a place called Tamlukeft). Events By Place Europe February 14 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty This article is about the year AD 888 For other uses see 888 (disambiguation. Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 Curiously enough, he is also said to have performed the Hajj. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world He died in the 44th year of his reign.
• Abu Ghafir Muhammad (?888-917), who may also have been called a prophet (according to a poem Ibn-Khaldun cites) and who had 44 wives and more sons. This article is about the year AD 888 For other uses see 888 (disambiguation. Events By Place Asia The Great Yue Kingdom later renamed Southern Han, is founded by Liu Yan in Guangdong Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 He died in the 29th year of his reign.
• Abu al-Ansar Abdullah (?917-961), buried at Ameslakht. Events By Place Asia The Great Yue Kingdom later renamed Southern Han, is founded by Liu Yan in Guangdong Events By Place Asia Ani (present-day Turkey) becomes the capital of Armenia under the Bagratuni Dynasty He died in the 44th year of his reign.
• Abu Mansur Isa (?961-?), who was 22 when he became king. Events By Place Asia Ani (present-day Turkey) becomes the capital of Armenia under the Bagratuni Dynasty

See also

• Kingdom of Nekor
• Maghrawa
• Banu Ifran

References

• Ulrich Haarmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Welt. The Kingdom of Nekor (مملكة نكور was an emirate in the Rif area of modern day Morocco, with its capital initially at Temsaman but later The Magrawa were a Berber tribe in Morocco and central and western Algeria. Banu Ifran (بنو يفرن a Berber tribe prominent in the affairs of Algeria in Aures eastern Algeria History They were one of the four major tribes C. H. Beck München, 2001.
• John Iskander, Devout Heretics: The Barghawata in Maghribi Historiography, in The Journal of North African Studies Volume 12, 2007, pages 37-53.
• Stephan und Nandy Ronart, Lexikon der Arabischen Welt. Artemis Verlag, 1972.
• Mohammed Talbi, Hérésie, acculturation et nationalisme des berbères Bargawata, in Premier congrès des cultures Méditerranéennes d'influence arabo-berbère, Alger 1973,217-233.

Notes