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The barbat is a lute of ancient Persian origin. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Plucked string instruments are a subcategory of String instruments that are played by plucking the strings Plucking is a way of pulling and releasing the string in A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. A Mandolute is a North African instrument derived from the more traditional Oud. The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox
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History
The barbat originated in Persia in ancient times, and was refined during the Arab age into its current form, called the oud. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud After the tanbur, it is the oldest string instrument in Iran. The term tanbūr ( Persian: تنبور) can refer to various long-necked Fretted Lutes originating in the Middle East For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. In 800 B. C. a kind of barbat was used. In some books the invention of this instrument is ascribed to Barbad. Barbad or Barbad the Great (in باربد The name is the arabicized pronunciation of the Persian name Pahlbod which is most probably how he was called in his own day As it is told in some books, the reason to name this instrument Barbat is that this name is the Arabic form of Barbad, but in some other books it is told that bat means "chest," so the similarity between the form of a barbat and the chest of a drake is the other reason for its name. The most famous barbat player in history was Barbad. Barbad or Barbad the Great (in باربد The name is the arabicized pronunciation of the Persian name Pahlbod which is most probably how he was called in his own day
After Islam's takeover of Iran, this instrument was taken to Arabia and after a while it came back to Iran in a changed form. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) When Islamic culture penetrated into Europe, this instrument was used is some parts with different names. Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples For example, in Italy it was called lotto, in France loth, in Portugal aland, and in Spain loud. The instrument was abolished in Safavidth period for an unknown reason (perhaps due to religious fanaticism), even until recent decades.
It is likely that the earliest ouds were carved from a solid piece of wood, much like the Chinese pipa and Japanese biwa, which are also descendants of the ancient Persian barbat. The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud The pipa ( is a plucked Chinese String instrument. Sometimes called the Chinese Lute, the instrument has a pear-shaped wooden body The biwa ( 琵琶) is a Japanese short-necked fretted Lute, and a close variant of the Chinese Pipa. By the time of the Moorish period in Spain, the body was in its characteristic staved wood vaulted back design. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In fact, this staved wood may be the namesake for the oud as the word means "wood" or "flexible stick," and the top was made of wood, as opposed to the skin of the earlier lutes, and the vaulted back that provided the model for the European lute and mandolin was constructed from many steam-bent "flexible sticks" unlike the Persian barbat, which was carved out of a single piece of wood and may have been the original model for the oud. Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from A mandolin is a musical instrument in the Lute family (plucked or strummed Also, as one can see in the images, after the barbat was taken to the Arab world, the body became larger and the neck got shorter.
Holding the barbat
The barbat is held similar to a guitar, but care must be taken to have the face vertical so that it is not visible to the player, and to support the weight with the thigh and right arm so that the left hand is free to move around the fingerboard. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Note the idiosyncratic manner of holding the mizrab (Turkish) or risha (Arabic, lit. mizrabfingerjpeg|thumb|A mizrab as worn on the index finger]] A Mezrāb ( also spelled mizrab) or zakhmeh ( also spelled as zakhma) is a Plectrum Alpha Piscium (α Psc / α Piscium is a Star in the Constellation Pisces. "feather") or pick; although it seems awkward it is in reality easier than a conventional flatpick and gives the "right" tonal shading to the plucked note.
In all matters of holding and playing it is recommended that the player use only the muscles needed for any musical task and to relax as much as possible, using only as much force as is necessary. This will allow one to play longer, easier and to put the effort into creativity rather than mechanics. In the past many players sat cross-legged on a rug, but now most perform sitting, often using a classical guitarist's footrest under the right foot to help hold the barbat.
Basic fingering
Two methods of left hand fingering are in current usage. The older, more traditional Classical Arabic approach uses all four fingers for stopping the strings, one for each semitone much as a guitarist; alternatively, some play with a style more akin to baglama (or saz) or sitar technique, using the first and second fingers for as much as possible, with less use of the third and little use of the fourth fingers. The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central The saz (from Persian:) is a family of Plucked string instruments popular in Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the The sitar ( Hindi: सितार Urdu: ستار Persian: سی تار) is a Plucked stringed instrument. Hakki Obadia taught a mixed fingering system that uses finger 1 for several notes, finger 2 for some but not all strings and finger 3, not using finger 4.
One other facet of left hand usage is the employment of the fingernail to help stop the string, giving a clearer tone and more pronounced ornaments than use of the fleshy tips alone. This is common to several other fretless instrument, among them the sarod, shamisen and san-xien.
Right hand-the misrap or risha
As mentioned the right hand employs a special method for holding the quill-inspired pick called risha in Arabic and mizrab in Turkish. Alpha Piscium (α Psc / α Piscium is a Star in the Constellation Pisces. mizrabfingerjpeg|thumb|A mizrab as worn on the index finger]] A Mezrāb ( also spelled mizrab) or zakhmeh ( also spelled as zakhma) is a Plectrum The long flexible pick puts the wrist at a particular angle and adds a certain tonal color to the sound. The traditional material was an eagle quill, but this is not practical; plastic makes a more durable and standard material for the risha. Players have used things like collar stays, plastic pieces from hardware stores, cut-up plastic bottles ( this worked better with the old heavyweight containers), and of course the Turkish manufactured models. These come in a thin, more-or-less pointed tip style made of lighter gauge translucent plastic and a round tip model made of heavier white opaque stock. The thinner ones are lovely sounding and play very delicately with subtle nuances; the heavier ones play very loud.
Variations can be obtained by cutting a new tip on the thinner ones a bit further back where the plastic is a little thicker, adding volume to the attack. The rounded ones can be cut to a pointer shape and thinned a fraction with fine sandpaper adding nuance to the heavier attack produced by this pick. Both kinds are made double-ended from the factory, so one end can be left original and the other end customized, the player using the appropriate end for the musical need.
Body
The barbat's body contains three major parts:
- Resonating body: It is like a pear and it is the biggest resonating body in comparison with other bodies. There are three sound holes and lattices on its body, one bigger than two others.
- Finger Board: It doesn’t have frets and it’s very small.
- Bent-back peg box: There is a great angle between the fingerboard and the bent-back peg box and this is very important. For it has several tuning pegs if the bent-back peg box is weak, the instrument won’t be tuned very well.
The materials of barbat
- Resonating body: Walnut or maple.
- String fastener: Boxwood.
- Top sheet: Deal
- Neck: Walnut
- Nut: Bone or plastic
- Bent-back peg box: Walnut
- Pegs: Walnut or ebony
- Lattices of hole: Walnut
How to make barbat's resonating body :
The resonating body can be made in two ways:
Unpieced body: In this way a log is cut in two pieces. On one of the model of a Barbat is drawn, then the half log would be scraped by the model from inside and outside. Then it will be left to be dried.
Pieced body: In this way some pieces of walnut or mulberry wood are cut and boiled in hot water. These sheets should have the thickness of 2 -3 mm. When they are flexible they are put in a metal shape by the shape of crescent. After they dry, they will be glued and joint each other. Then the neck and the top sheet will be joint.
References
See also
External links
- barbat.us (Behroozinia)
- oudmajid.com (Majid Nazempour)
- Iranian Oud (Majid Yahyanejad)
Listening
- dejkam.com (Ude)
- tebyan.net (Ude)
- barbat.us (Barbat)
- barbat.us (Barbat & Tonbak )
- barbat.us (Barbat & Tonbak & Daf)
- barbat.us (Barbat & Tonbak &Daf)
- barbat.us (Barbat & Tonbak &Daf)
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