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The Moorish ambassador of the Barbary States to the Court of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
The Moorish ambassador of the Barbary States to the Court of Queen Elizabeth I of England.

The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim pirates and privateers that operated from North Africa, from the time of the Crusades until the early 19th century. The Turkish Navy was once the largest sea power in the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Based in Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, Salé and ports in Morocco, they preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea. Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest For the Canadian figure skater see Jamie Salé. For the Finnish Union of Sex Workers see Salli. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Their stronghold was along the stretch of northern Africa known as the Barbary Coast (a medieval term for the Maghreb after its Berber inhabitants), but their predation was said to extend throughout the Mediterranean, south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard, and into the North Atlantic as far north as Iceland. The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to the middle and western coastal regions of North Africa—what The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( They often made raids, called Razzias, on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at slave markets in places such as Algeria and Morocco. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The major juristic schools of Islam traditionally accepted the institution of Slavery. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's [1][2] According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1. 25 million Europeans as slaves. These slaves were captured mainly from seaside villages in Italy, Spain and Portugal, and from farther places like France or England, the Netherlands, Ireland and even Iceland and North America. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

The impact of these attacks was devastating – France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships, and long stretches of coast in Spain and Italy were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. The following is an List of Ottoman sieges and landings from the 14th century to World War I. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Pirate raids discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

The most famous corsairs were the Ottoman Barbarossa (meaning "Redbeard") brothers — Hızır (Hayreddin) and his older brother Oruç — who took control of Algiers in the early 16th century and turned it into the centre of Mediterranean piracy and privateering for three centuries, as well as establishing the Ottoman Empire's presence in North Africa which lasted four centuries. Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha ( Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa or Hızır Hayreddin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the Oruç Reis (also called Barbarossa or Redbeard) ( Turkish: Aruj or Oruç Reis, Arabic: عروج بربروس The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Other famous Ottoman privateer-admirals included Turgut Reis (known as Dragut in the West), Kurtoğlu (known as Curtogoli in the West), Kemal Reis, Salih Reis and Koca Murat Reis. Turgut Reis ( 1485 - June 23, 1565) was a Turkish Privateer and Ottoman Admiral as well as Bey of Turgut Reis ( 1485 - June 23, 1565) was a Turkish Privateer and Ottoman Admiral as well as Bey of Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis (1487 &ndash c 1535 was a Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral as well as the Sanjak Bey (Provincial Governor of Rhodes Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis (1487 &ndash c 1535 was a Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral as well as the Sanjak Bey (Provincial Governor of Rhodes Kemal Reis (c 1451 &ndash 1511 was a Turkish Privateer and Ottoman Admiral. Salih Reis (1488 ca - 1568 was a Turkish Privateer and Ottoman Admiral. Murat Reis the Elder (Koca Murat Reis was a Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral

Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha.
Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha. Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha ( Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa or Hızır Hayreddin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the

In 1544, Khair ad Din captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari, almost the entire population. Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha ( Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa or Hızır Hayreddin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the For the comune see Ischia (comune. For the part of the human hip see Ischium Ischia is a Volcanic Island in the Lipari ( Latin: Lipara; Ancient Greek: Meligunis; Italian: Lipari Sicilian: Lìpari is the largest of the Aeolian [3] In 1551, Turgut Reis enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya. Turgut Reis ( 1485 - June 23, 1565) was a Turkish Privateer and Ottoman Admiral as well as Bey of Gozo ( Għawdex) is an Island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea, the island is part of the Southern European Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab In 1554, pirates sacked Vieste in southern Italy and took an estimated 7,000 slaves. Vieste is a town and Comune in the Province of Foggia, in the Apulia region of southeast Italy. [4] In 1555, Turgut Reis sacked Bastia, Corsica, taking 6000 prisoners. Bastia ( French & Corsican: Bastia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France on the island Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily In 1558, Barbary corsairs captured the town of Ciutadella (Minorca), destroyed it, slaughtered the inhabitants and took 3,000 survivors to Istanbul as slaves. Ciutadella de Menorca (official or just Ciutadella (common ( Ciudadela) is a Town and a Municipality on the western side of Minorca Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey [5] In 1563, Turgut Reis landed on the shores of the province of Granada, Spain, and captured coastal settlements in the area, such as Almuñécar, along with 4,000 prisoners. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Almuñécar is a municipality in the Spanish Autonomous Region of Andalusia on the Costa del Sol between Nerja ( Málaga) and Barbary pirates often attacked the Balearic Islands, and in response many coastal watchtowers and fortified churches were erected. The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The threat was so severe that the island of Formentera became uninhabited. Formentera is the smallest and southernmost Island of the Illes Pitiüses group (which includes Ibiza and Formentera and belongs to the Balearic Islands [6][7]

From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [8] In the 19th century, Barbary pirates would capture ships and enslave the crew. Latterly American ships were attacked. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the During this period, the pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "license tax" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels. [9] One American slave reported that the Algerians had enslaved 130 American seamen in the Mediterranean and Atlantic from 1785 to 1793. Isolated cases of piracy occurred on the Rif coast of Morocco even at the beginning of the 20th century, but the pirate communities which could only live by plunder vanished with the French conquest of Algiers in 1830. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest [10]

Contents

History

Battle of Preveza, 1538.
Battle of Preveza, 1538. The naval Battle of Preveza took place on 28 September 1538 near Preveza in northwestern Greece between an Ottoman fleet and
Battle between the British frigate HMS Mary Rose and seven Algerine pirates, 1669.
Battle between the British frigate HMS Mary Rose and seven Algerine pirates, 1669.

Although piracy had existed in the region throughout the decline of the Roman Empire, the barbarian invasions, the Golden Age of Piracy and the Middle Ages, piracy became particularly flagrant in the 14th century with the decline of European naval power in relation to the Islamic powers, particularly the Ottomans. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering The town of Bougie was then the most notorious pirate base. Béjaïa or Bougie ( Kabyle Bgayet or Tifinagh:, pronounced /β'gajəθ in Algerian Arabic) is a Mediterranean port

After Spain conquered Granada and expelled the Moors in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, many Muslims from Spain emigrated to the coastal cities of North Africa. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal Under the tutelage of first the Islamic Mamelukes of Egypt and later the Muslim Ottomans, they, together with local Arab and Berber tribes, mounted expeditions called razzias to disrupt Christian sovereigns and capture the coveted white European women for the brothels of the East. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish [11] Under the power of the Ottomans in the 16th century, who organized the privateers, the Barbary pirates became most powerful in the 17th century. They declined in the face of European power throughout the 18th century and were finally extinguished about 1830, when the French conquered Algiers. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest

Several events influenced the growth of the pirates. The conquest of Granada by the Catholic sovereigns of Spain in 1492 drove many Moors into exile. The Battle of Granada was the siege of the city of Granada over a period of months leading up to its capitulation on the 2 January 1492 Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return They revenged by piratical attacks on the Spanish coast, with help from Muslim adventurers from the Levant, of whom the most successful were Hızır and Oruç, natives of Mitylene. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Mytilene ( Greek: Μυτιλήνη - Mitilíni) is the Capital City of Lesbos, a Greek Island in the Aegean Sea In response, Spain began to conquer the coast towns of Oran, Algiers and Tunis. Oran ( Arabic:ar وهران pronounced Wahran; also transliterated as Ouahran, Spanish: Orán. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis But after Oruç was killed in battle with the Spaniards in 1518, his brother Hızır appealed to Selim I, the Ottoman Sultan, who sent him troops. Selim I ( Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ISelim; also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave" Yavuz in The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings In 1529, Hızır drove the Spaniards from the rocky, fortified island in front of Algiers, and founded the Ottoman power in the region. From about 1518 till the death of Uluch Ali in 1587, Algiers was the main seat of government of the beylerbeys of northern Africa, who ruled over Tripoli, Tunisia and Algeria. " Beylerbeyi " redirects here Beylerbey (from Beylerbeyi, Ottoman Turkish for " Bey of Beys" meaning "Commander From 1587 to 1659, they were ruled by Ottoman pashas, sent from Constantinople to govern for three years; but in the latter year a military revolt in Algiers reduced the pashas to nonentities. Pasha or pacha, formerly bashaw, (paşa پاشا ( Persian: پاشا ( Armenian: Փաշա was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS From 1659, these African cities, although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, were in fact military republics which chose their own rulers and lived by plunder. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

During the first period (1518-1587), the beylerbeys were admirals of the sultan, commanding great fleets and conducting war operations for political ends. They were slave-hunters and their methods were ferocious. After 1587, the sole object of their successors became plunder, on land and sea. The maritime operations were conducted by the captains, or reises, who formed a class or even a corporation. Cruisers were fitted out by capitalists and commanded by the reises. Ten percent of the value of the prizes was paid to the pasha or his successors, who bore the titles of agha or dey or bey. [12]

Era of the pirates

Cornelis Hendricksz Vroom, Spanish Men-of-War Engaging Barbary Corsairs, 1615.
Cornelis Hendricksz Vroom, Spanish Men-of-War Engaging Barbary Corsairs, 1615.

The first half of the 17th century may be described as the flowering time of the Barbary pirates. More than 20,000 captives were said to be imprisoned in Algiers alone. The rich were allowed to redeem themselves, but the poor were condemned to slavery. Their masters would on occasion allow them to secure freedom by professing Islam. A long list might be given of people of good social position, not only Italians or Spaniards, but German or English travellers in the south, who were captives for a time. [12]

In Iceland, Murat Reis (Jan Janszoon) is said to have taken 400 prisoners; he later raided the nearby island of Vestmannaeyjar. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Jan Janszoon van Haarlem (circa 1570 - post 1641 was a Dutch Pirate also known as Murat Reis the Younger. Jan Janszoon van Haarlem (circa 1570 - post 1641 was a Dutch Pirate also known as Murat Reis the Younger. Among those captured in Vestmannaeyjar was Ólafur Egilsson, who was released with a ransom the next year and, upon returning to Iceland, wrote a detailed book in 1628 about his experience. Ólafur Egilsson was an Icelandic Priest. He was Abducted along with his wife and two sons by Barbary Pirates during their raid on Vestmannaeyjar Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property to secure their release or it can refer to the sum of money involved The sack of Vestmannaeyjar is known in The History of Iceland as Tyrkjaránið (The Turkish abductions) and is arguably the most horrible event in the history of Vestmannaeyjar[13]. The Turkish Abductions ( Icelandic: Tyrkjaránið) were a series of raids that took place in Iceland between July 4 – July 19 The Turkish Abductions ( Icelandic: Tyrkjaránið) were a series of raids that took place in Iceland between July 4 – July 19

In June 1631 Murat Reis, with pirates from Algiers and armed troops of the Ottoman Empire, stormed ashore at the little harbour village of Baltimore, County Cork. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Baltimore (Dún na Séad is a harbour town in western County Cork, Province of Munster, Ireland. They captured almost all the villagers and took them away to a life of slavery in North Africa. The Sack of Baltimore took place on June 20, 1631, when the village of Baltimore, West Cork, Ireland, was attacked by Algerian As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another [12] The prisoners were destined for a variety of fates -- some lived out their days chained to the oars as galley slaves, while others would spend long years in the scented seclusion of the harem or within the walls of the Sultan's palace. An oar is an implement used for water-borne propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare The old city of Algiers, with its narrow streets, intense heat and lively trade, was a melting pot where the villagers would join slaves and freemen of many nationalities. Only two of them ever saw Ireland again. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

Barbary pirate attacks were common in southern Portugal, south and east Spain, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Elba, the Italian Peninsula (especially the coasts of Liguria, Tuscany, Lazio, Campania, Calabria and Apulia), Sicily and Malta. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily Elba (Ilva is an island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino. Th Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three Peninsulas of Southern Europe Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 For the football club see SS Lazio Lazio ( Latium in Latin) is a regione of central Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands They also occurred on the Atlantic northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra In 1617, the African corsairs launched their major attack in the region when they destroyed and sacked Bouzas, Cangas and the churches of Moaña and Darbo. Cangas is the first name of three municipalities in Spain Two in Asturias: Cangas de Onis and Cangas de Narcea. Moaña is a municipality of 18432 inhabitants located in Galicia, Spain in the province of Pontevedra.

Lieve Pietersz Verschuier, Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates, c. 1670.
Lieve Pietersz Verschuier, Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates, c. 1670.

The chief victims were the inhabitants of the coasts of Sicily, Naples and Spain. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the But all traders of nations which did not pay tribute for immunity were liable to be taken at sea. This tribute, disguised as presents or ransoms, did not always ensure safety. The most powerful states in Europe condescended to pay the pirates and tolerate their insults. Religious orders—the Redemptionists and Lazarists — worked for the redemption of captives, and large legacies were left for that purpose in many countries. The Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Latin Congregatio Sanctissimi Redemptoris – C Lazarites ( Lazarists, Lazarians, or in English -speaking countries Vincentians) are the popular names of the members of the Congregation

The continued piracy was due to competition among European powers. France encouraged the pirates against Spain, and later Britain and Holland supported them against France. In the 18th century, British public men were not ashamed to say that Barbary piracy was a useful check on the competition of the weaker Mediterranean nations in the carrying trade. When Lord Exmouth sailed to coerce Algiers in 1816, he expressed doubts in a private letter whether the suppression of piracy would be acceptable to the trading community. Admiral Edward Pellew 1st Viscount Exmouth, GCB ( April 9, 1757 &ndash January 23, 1833) was a British naval Every power wanted to secure immunity for itself and more or less ready to compel Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, Sale and the next to respect its trade and subjects. In 1655, British admiral Robert Blake was sent to punish the Tunisians, and he gave them a severe beating. Robert Blake (1599 — August 17, 1657) was one of the most important military commanders of the Commonwealth of England, and one of the most famous During the reign of Charles II, the British fleet made many expeditions, sometimes together with the Dutch. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 1682 and 1683, the French bombarded Algiers. On the second occasion the Algerines blew the French consul from a gun during the action. The long list of such punitive expeditions ends with the American operations of 1801-05 and 1815. But the attack was never pushed home, and the aggrieved European state almost always agreed in the end to pay money to secure peace. The frequent wars among European states gave the pirates many opportunities of breaking their engagements, and they always took advantage of that. [12]

Some pirates were renegades or moriscos. A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal They usually used galley ships with slaves or prisoners at the oars. A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare Two examples are Süleyman Reis, "De Veenboer", who became admiral of the Algerian corsair fleet in 1617, and his quartermaster Murat Reis, born Jan Janszoon van Haarlem. Jan Janszoon van Haarlem (circa 1570 - post 1641 was a Dutch Pirate also known as Murat Reis the Younger. Both worked for the notorious corsair Simon the Dancer, who owned a palace. Simon de Danser ("Simon The Dancer" (1579? Dort - 1611? conflicting dates are reported was a Dutch Privateer and Pirate of the These pirates were all originally Dutch. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter unsuccessfully tried to end their piracy. Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter ( 24 March 1607 – 29 April 1676) is one of the most famous Admirals in Dutch history

United States and the Barbary Wars

Main articles: First Barbary War and Second Barbary War
Captain William Bainbridge paying tribute to the Dey of Algiers, circa 1800.
Captain William Bainbridge paying tribute to the Dey of Algiers, circa 1800. The First Barbary War (1801&ndash1805 also known as the Barbary Coast War or the Tripolitan War, was the first of two wars fought between the United The Second Barbary War (1815 also known as the Algerine or Algerian War) was the second of two wars fought between the United States of America William Bainbridge ( May 7, 1774 &ndash July 28, 1833) was a Commodore in the United States Navy, notable for
Sultan of Morocco, by Eugène Delacroix.
Sultan of Morocco, by Eugène Delacroix. Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 &ndash 13 August 1863 was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of

In 1783 the United States made peace with, and gained recognition from, the British monarchy, and in 1784 the first American ship was seized by pirates from Morocco, which in 1777 had been the first independent nation to recognize the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa After six months of negotiation, a treaty was signed, $60,000 cash was paid, and trade began. [14] But Algeria was different. In 1785 two ships (the Maria of Boston and the Dauphin of Philadelphia) were seized, everything sold and their crews ordered to build port fortifications.

In 1786, Thomas Jefferson, then the ambassador to France, and John Adams, then the ambassador to Britain, met in London with Sidi Haji Abdul Rahman Adja, the ambassador to Britain from Tripoli. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: The Americans asked Adja why his government was hostile to American ships, even though there had been no provocation. The ambassador's response was reported to the Continental Congress:

It was written in their Koran, that all nations which had not acknowledged the Prophet were sinners, whom it was the right and duty of the faithful to plunder and enslave; and that every mussulman who was slain in this warfare was sure to go to paradise. The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the He said, also, that the man who was the first to board a vessel had one slave over and above his share, and that when they sprang to the deck of an enemy's ship, every sailor held a dagger in each hand and a third in his mouth; which usually struck such terror into the foe that they cried out for quarter at once. [15]

American ships sailing in the Mediterranean chose to travel close to larger convoys of other European powers who had bribed the pirates. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United States government annual revenues in 1800. [16] In the early 1800s, President Thomas Jefferson proposed a league of smaller nations to patrol the area, but the United States could not contribute. For the prisoners, Algeria wanted $60,000 dollars, while America offered only $4,000. Jefferson said a million dollars would buy them off, but Congress would only appropriate $80,000. For eleven years, Americans who lived in Algeria lived as slaves to Algerian Moors. For a while, Portugal was patrolling the Straits of Gibraltar and preventing Barbary Pirates from entering the Atlantic. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Strait of Gibraltar ( Arabic: مضيق جبل طارق Spanish: Estrecho de Gibraltar) is the Strait that connects the Atlantic But they made a cash deal with the pirates, and they were again sailing into the Atlantic and engaging in piracy. By late 1793, a dozen American ships had been captured, goods stripped and everyone enslaved. Portugal had offered some armed patrols, but American merchants needed an armed American presence to sail near Europe. After some serious debate, the United States Navy was born in March 1794. Six frigates were authorized, and so began the construction of the United States, the Constellation, the Constitution and three other frigates. For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship Launch United States was the first American warship to be launched under the Naval Act of 1794, four months before the launching of her sister ship USS Construction On 27 March 1794, the United States Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 which provided for building the US Navy its first new Construction In August 1785 after the Revolutionary War drew to a close Congress sold, the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy.

This new military presence helped to stiffen American resolve to resist the continuation of tribute payments, leading to the two Barbary Wars along the North African coast: the First Barbary War from 1801 to 1805[17] and the Second Barbary War in 1815. The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century The First Barbary War (1801&ndash1805 also known as the Barbary Coast War or the Tripolitan War, was the first of two wars fought between the United Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or The Second Barbary War (1815 also known as the Algerine or Algerian War) was the second of two wars fought between the United States of America Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year It was not until 1815 that naval victories ended tribute payments by the U. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year S. , although some European nations continued annual payments until the 1830s.

The United States Marine Corps actions in these wars led to the line "to the shores of Tripoli" in the opening of the Marine Hymn. Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: The " Marines' Hymn " is the official Hymn of the United States Marine Corps. Due to the hazards of boarding hostile ships, Marines' uniforms had a leather high collar to protect against cutlass slashes. A cutlass is a short thick Sabre or slashing Sword, with a straight or slightly curved Blade sharpened on the cutting edge and a Hilt often This led to the nickname Leatherneck for U. S. Marines. [18]

After 1815

Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth in August 1816, Thomas Luny.
Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth in August 1816, Thomas Luny. Thomas Luny (1759-1837 born in Cornwall, was an English artist and painter mostly of Seascapes and other marine-based works
Bombardment of Algier, August 27th, 1816. Photogravure of a painting by Thomas Whitcombe, after a plan by Captain Sir James Brisbane RN.
Bombardment of Algier, August 27th, 1816. Photogravure of a painting by Thomas Whitcombe, after a plan by Captain Sir James Brisbane RN. Thomas Whitcombe (possibly 19 May 1763 – circa 1824 was a British maritime painter. Captain Sir James Brisbane Kt, CB (1774 &ndash 19 December 1826) was a British Royal Navy officer of the French

After the general pacification of 1815, the European powers agreed upon the need to suppress the Barbary pirates. The sacking of Palma on the island of Sardinia by a Tunisian squadron, which carried off 158 inhabitants, roused widespread indignation. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Other influences were at work to bring about their extinction. The United Kingdom had acquired Malta and the Ionian Islands and now had many Mediterranean subjects. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. It was also engaged in pressing the other European powers to join with it in the suppression of the slave trade which the Barbary states practised on a large scale and at the expense of Europe. The suppression of the trade was one of the objects of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The United Kingdom was called on to act for Europe, and in 1816 Lord Exmouth was sent to obtain treaties from Tunis and Algiers. Admiral Edward Pellew 1st Viscount Exmouth, GCB ( April 9, 1757 &ndash January 23, 1833) was a British naval His first visit produced diplomatic documents and promises and he sailed for England. While he was negotiating, a number of British subjects had been brutally ill-treated at Bona, without his knowledge. Annaba (عنابة formerly Bône, historically Hippo) is a city in the northeastern corner of Algeria near the river Seybouse and The British government sent him back to secure reparation, and on the 17th of August, in combination with a Dutch squadron under Admiral Van de Capellen, he administered a significant bombardment to Algiers. The Bombardment of Algiers ( August 27 1816) was an attempt by Britain to end the slavery practices of the Dey of Algiers. The lesson terrified the pirates both of that city and of Tunis into giving up over 3,000 prisoners and making fresh promises. Within a short time, however, Algiers renewed its piracies and slave-taking, though on a smaller scale, and the measures to be taken with the city's government were discussed at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818. The Congress or Conference of Aix-la-Chapelle ( Aachen) held in the autumn of 1818 was primarily a meeting of the four allied powers Britain, Austria In 1824 another British fleet under Admiral Sir Harry Neal again bombarded Algiers. The city remained a haven for and source of pirates until its conquest by France in 1830. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems [12]

French bombardment of Algiers by Admiral Dupperé, 13 June 1830.
French bombardment of Algiers by Admiral Dupperé, 13 June 1830.

Barbary pirates in literature

Barbary pirates appear in a number of famous novels, including Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, père, The Sea Hawk and the Sword of Islam by Rafael Sabatini, The Algerine Captive by Royall Tyler, Master and Commander by Patrick O'Brian, the Baroque Cycle by Neal Stephenson, The Walking Drum by Louis Lamour and Doctor Doolittle by Hugh Lofting. The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (of York Mariner Who lived Eight and Twenty Years all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America near the Mouth Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 — April 24, 1731 was an English Writer, Journalist, and Pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for The Count of Monte Cristo ( Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an Adventure novel by Alexandre Dumas père. The Sea Hawk is a novel by Rafael Sabatini, originally published in 1915 Rafael Sabatini (April 29 1875 - February 13 1950 was an Italian / British Writer of Novels of romance and adventure. The Algerine Captive or the Life and Adventures of Doctor Updike Underhill Six Years a Prisoner among the Algerines is a novel published in 1797 by early American Playwright The Aubrey–Maturin series is a sequence of Historical novels — 20 completed and one unfinished — by Patrick O'Brian, set during the Napoleonic Patrick O'Brian, CBE ( 12 December 1914 &ndash 2 January 2000; born as Richard Patrick Russ) was an English The Baroque Cycle is a series of novels written by Neal Stephenson. Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known primarily for his Science fiction works in the Postcyberpunk genre The Walking Drum is a novel by American author Louis L'Amour. Louis L'Amour ( March 22, 1908 &ndash June 10, 1988) was an American author Doctor John Dolittle is the central character of a series of children's books by Hugh Lofting. Hugh John Lofting ( January 14, 1886 &ndash September 26, 1947) was a British author trained as a civil engineer who created the character Miguel de Cervantes was captive in the bagnio of Algiers, and reflected his experience in some of his books, including Don Quixote. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547 &ndash April 22, 1616) was a Spanish Novelist Bagnios were the slave prisons of Turkey and the Barbary regencies es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don

Famous Barbary Corsairs

See also

Further reading

Notes

  1. ^ British Slaves on the Barbary Coast
  2. ^ Jefferson Versus the Muslim Pirates by Christopher Hitchens, City Journal Spring 2007
  3. ^ The mysteries and majesties of the Aeolian Islands
  4. ^ Vieste
  5. ^ History of Menorca
  6. ^ When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed
  7. ^ Watch-towers and fortified towns
  8. ^ Rees Davies, British Slaves on the Barbary Coast, BBC, 1 July, 2003
  9. ^ Mackie, Erin Skye, Welcome the Outlaw: Pirates, Maroons, and Caribbean Countercultures Cultural Critique - 59, Winter 2005, pp. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. 24-62
  10. ^ Barbary Pirates - Encyclopedia Britannica
  11. ^ Reference needed
  12. ^ a b c d e This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article "Barbary Pirates", a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
  13. ^ Reference needed
  14. ^ Fremont-Barnes, Gregory [2006]. "Outbreak", The Wars of the Barbary Pirates: To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the US Navy and Marines. Osprey Publishing, 32. ISBN 1-8460-3030-7.  
  15. ^ The Atlantic Monthly (Volume 30, Issue 180, October 1872). Jefferson, American Minister in France. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
  16. ^ Oren, Michael B. (2005-11-03). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  17. ^ The Mariners' Museum : The Barbary Wars, 1801-1805
  18. ^ Chenoweth, USMCR (Ret. ), Col. H. Avery; Col. Brooke Nihart, USMC (ret) (2005). Semper fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U. S. Marines. New York: Main Street. ISBN 1-4027-3099-3.  

References

Icelandic sources

Barbary To and Fro by Jens Riise Kristensen, Ørby publishing 2005. (www. oerby. dk)

Heimaey (pronounced HAY-mah-ay or ˈheɪmaeɪ is the largest island (13
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