Apartheid in South Africa
Events and Projects
Sharpeville Massacre · Soweto uprising Treason Trial Rivonia Trial · Church Street bombing CODESA · St James Church massacre
Organisations
ANC · IFP · AWB · Black Sash · CCB Conservative Party · ECC · PP · RP PFP · HNP · MK · PAC · SACP · UDF Broederbond · National Party · COSATU SADF · SAP
People
P.W Botha · Oupa Gqozo · DF Malan Nelson Mandela · Desmond Tutu · F.W. de Klerk Walter Sisulu · Helen Suzman · Harry Schwarz Andries Treurnicht · HF Verwoerd · Oliver Tambo BJ Vorster · Kaiser Matanzima · Jimmy Kruger Steve Biko · Mahatma Gandhi · Trevor Huddleston
Places
Bantustan · District Six · Robben Island Sophiatown · South-West Africa Soweto · Vlakplaas
Other aspects
Apartheid laws · Freedom Charter Sullivan Principles · Kairos Document Disinvestment campaign South African Police
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A bantustan or homeland was territory set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South-West Africa (now Namibia), as part of the policy of apartheid. The Sharpeville Massacre, also known as the Sharpeville shootings, occurred on March 21, 1960, when South African police began shooting on a crowd The Soweto uprising or Soweto Riots were a series of clashes in Soweto, South Africa on June 16 1976 between black youths and the South African The Treason Trial was a trial in which 156 people (105 Blacks 21 Indians 23 Whites and 7 Coloureds including Nelson Mandela, were arrested in a raid and accused of treason The Rivonia Trial was a trial that took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964, in which ten leaders of the African National Congress The Church Street bombing was a 1983 attack by the Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of the African National Congress, in the South African capital The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of negotiations between 1990 and 1993 and through unilateral steps by the De Klerk government The St James Church massacre was a massacre perpetrated on St James Church in Kenilworth, Cape Town on 25 July 1993 by four cadres The African National Congress (ANC has been South Africa 's governing party supported by its Tripartite alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions The Inkatha Freedom Party ( IFP) is a Political party in South Africa. The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement or AWB, is a Political and Paramilitary group in South Africa under the leadership The Black Sash was a non-violent white women's resistance organization founded in 1955 in South Africa by Jean Sinclair The South African Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB was a Covert, Special forces organisation during the apartheid era that operated under the authority The Conservative Party of South Africa ( Konserwatiewe Party van Suid-Afrika in Afrikaans) was a Conservative party formed in 1982 as a breakaway The End Conscription Campaign was an anti- Apartheid organisation allied to the United Democratic Front (UDF and composed of Conscientious objectors and their supporters The Progressive Party was a liberal South African party that opposed the ruling National Party's policies of Apartheid. The Reform Party was a political party that existed for just five months in 1975 The Progressive Federal Party (PFP was a South African Political party formed in 1977. The Herstigte Nasionale Party van Suid-Afrika (Reconstituted National Party of South Africa was formed as a Right wing splinter group of the South African National Party For other uses of Umkhonto see Umkhonto (disambiguation Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK The Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (once known as the Pan Africanist Congress, abbreviated as the PAC was a South African liberation movement that South African Communist Party ( SACP) is a Political party in South Africa. The United Democratic Front ( UDF) was one of the most important anti- Apartheid organisations of the 1980s This page refers to the Afrikaner Broederbond For its later incarnation see Afrikanerbond. The National Party ( Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU is a Trade union The South African Defence Force (SADF were the South African Armed forces from 1957 until 1994 For the post-apartheid police force see South African Police Service. Pieter Willem Botha (12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006 commonly known as "P Joshua Oupa Gqozo (ɔupʼa ɡǃʱɔz̤ɔ ( 10 March 1952 -) was the military ruler of the former Homeland of Ciskei in South Africa Daniel François Malan (22 May 1874 &ndash 7 February 1959 more commonly known as D Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African Cleric and activist who rose to Worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent Frederik Willem de Klerk (born 18 March 1936 was the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa, serving from September 1989 to May 1994 Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu ( May 18, 1912 &ndash May 5, 2003) was a South African anti- Apartheid activist and member of the Helen Suzman, born Helen Gavronsky ( 7 November, 1917 in Germiston Gauteng, South Africa) was an anti- Apartheid Harry Heinz Schwarz (born May 13, 1924) is a former South African anti- Apartheid politician diplomat and jurist Andries Petrus Treurnicht ( February 19, 1921, Piketberg, Cape Province – April 22, 1993, Cape Town) was the Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd ( Amsterdam, 8 September 1901 &ndash Cape Town, 6 September 1966 was Prime Minister of South Africa from Oliver Reginald Tambo ( 27 October 1917 - 24 April 1993) was a South African anti- Apartheid politician and a central figure Balthazar Johannes Vorster (13 December 1915 - 10 September 1983 better known as John Vorster ("FOUR-stir" served as the Prime Minister of South Africa Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima ( June 15 1915 - June 15 2003) was a former leader of the then- Bantustan of Transkei in James Thomas "Jimmy" Kruger (1917 — May 9, 1987) was a South African Politician who rose to the position of Minister of Justice Stephen Bantu Biko December 1946 &ndash 12 September 1977 was a noted anti-[[apartheid] activist in South Africa in the 1960s and early Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Ernest Urban Trevor Huddleston KCMG ( June 15, 1913 – April 20, 1998) was an Anglican priest one-time Archbishop District Six ( Afrikaans Distrik Ses) is the name of a former inner-city residential area in Cape Town, South Africa. Robben Island ( Afrikaans Robbeneiland) is an Island in Table Bay, some seven kilometres off the coast of the Cape Town bay South Sophiatown (pronounced with a long stressed i) (also known as Sof'town or Kofifi) is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa South-West Africa (Afrikaans Suidwes-Afrika; German Südwestafrika) was the name of what is today the Republic of Namibia. Soweto is an urban area in the City of Johannesburg, in Gauteng, South Africa. Vlakplaas is a farm 20km west of Pretoria that served as the headquarters of the South African Police Counterinsurgency unit C10 (later called C1 working The Freedom Charter was the statement of core principles of the South African Congress Alliance which consisted of the African National Congress and its allies the South The Sullivan Principles are the names of two corporate codes of conduct, developed by the African-American preacher Rev The Kairos Document (KD is a theological statement issued in 1985 by a group of black South African theologians based predominantly in the black Townships of Disinvestment (or divestment from South Africa was first advocated in the 1960s in protest of South Africa's system of Apartheid, but was not implemented on a significant For the post-apartheid police force see South African Police Service. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa South-West Africa (Afrikaans Suidwes-Afrika; German Südwestafrika) was the name of what is today the Republic of Namibia. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast Ten bantustans were established in South Africa, and ten in neighbouring South-West Africa (then under South African administration), for the purpose of concentrating their members of designated ethnic groups, thus making each of those territories ethnically homogeneous as the basis for creating autonomous nation states for South Africa's different black ethnic groups.

The term was first used in the late 1940s, and was coined from 'Bantu' (meaning 'people' in the Bantu languages) and '-stan' (meaning 'land of' in the Persian, Urdu, Hindi and Armenian languages, equivalent to the Latin ending -ia and the Germanic -land). Bantu may refer to Bantu expansion, a series of migrations of Bantu speakers Bantu languages Bantu people The Bantu languages (technically Narrow Bantu languages) constitute a grouping belonging to the Niger-Congo family Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. It was regarded as a disparaging term by some critics of the apartheid-era government's 'homelands' (from Afrikaans tuisland). Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in The word 'bantustan', today, is often used in a pejorative sense when describing a country or region that lacks any real legitimacy or power, consists of several unconnected enclaves, and/or emerges from national or international gerrymandering. Words and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval or contempt Gerrymandering is a form of redistribution in which electoral district or Constituency boundaries are manipulated for electoral advantage

Some of the bantustans received 'independence'. In South Africa, Transkei, Venda, Bophuthatswana, and Ciskei were declared independent, while others (like KwaZulu, Lebowa, and QwaQwa), received partial autonomy, but were never granted independence. The Transkei —which means "the area beyond the Kei River"—is a region situated in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Venda was a Bantustan in northern South Africa, now part of Limpopo province Bophuthatswana (meaning gathering of the Tswana people) was a Bantustan ("homeland" in the northwest of South Africa. Ciskei was a Bantustan in the south east of South Africa. It consisted of two separate blocks of land covering 2970 square miles (7700 km³ almost entirely KwaZulu was a Bantustan in South Africa, intended by the Apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people Lebowa was a Bantustan located in the Transvaal in north eastern South Africa. QwaQwa was a Bantustan, or homeland in the eastern part of South Africa. In South-West Africa, Ovamboland, Kavangoland, and East Caprivi were granted self-determination. Ovamboland was the name given by English-speaking visitors to the land occupied by the Ovambo people in what is now northern Namibia and southern Angola Kavangoland was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland East Caprivi was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland The condition of sovereign independent states was not recognised internationally.

Contents 1 Creation 2 Life in the Bantustans 3 Post-1994 4 List of Bantustans 4.1 Bantustans in South Africa 4.2 Bantustans in South West Africa 5 Usage in non-South African contexts 6 References 7 See also 8 External links

Creation

Well before the National Party came to power in 1948, South African governments had established "reserves" in 1913 and 1936, with the intention of segregating black South Africans from whites. The National Party ( Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of National Party Minister for Native Affairs (and later Prime Minister) Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd sought to build on this, introducing a series of measures that were intended to reshape South African society such that whites would be the demographic majority. The Prime Minister of South Africa was the Head of government in South Africa between 1910 and 1984 Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd ( Amsterdam, 8 September 1901 &ndash Cape Town, 6 September 1966 was Prime Minister of South Africa from The creation of the homelands or Bantustans was a central element of this strategy because blacks were to be made involuntary citizens of these homelands, losing their original South African citizenship and voting rights. This would enable whites to remain in control of South Africa.

Verwoerd argued that the Bantustans were the "original homes" of the black peoples of South Africa. In 1951, the government of Daniel Francois Malan introduced the Bantu Authorities Act to establish "homelands" allocated to the country's different black ethnic groups. Daniel François Malan (22 May 1874 &ndash 7 February 1959 more commonly known as D These amounted to 13% of the country's land, the remainder being reserved for the white population. Local tribal leaders were co-opted to run the homelands, and uncooperative chiefs were forcibly deposed. Over time, a ruling black élite emerged with a personal and financial interest in the preservation of the homelands. While this aided the homelands' political stability to an extent, their position was still entirely dependent on South African support.

The role of the homelands was expanded in 1959 with the passage of the Bantu Self-Government Act, which set out a plan called "Separate Development". This enabled the homelands to establish themselves as self-governing, quasi-independent states. This plan was stepped up under Verwoerd's successor as prime minister, John Vorster, as part of his "enlightened" approach to apartheid. Balthazar Johannes Vorster (13 December 1915 - 10 September 1983 better known as John Vorster ("FOUR-stir" served as the Prime Minister of South Africa However, the true intention of this policy was to make South Africa's blacks nationals of the homelands rather than of South Africa--thus removing the few rights they still had as citizens. The homelands were encouraged to opt for independence, as this would greatly reduce the number of black citizens of South Africa. The process was completed by the Black Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970, which made black South Africans into citizens of the homelands, even if they lived in "white South Africa", and cancelled their South African citizenship. The Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970 was a denaturalization law passed during the Apartheid era of South Africa that changed the status of the inhabitants

In parallel with the creation of the homelands, South Africa's population was subjected to a massive programme of forced relocation. It has been estimated that 3. 5 million people were forced from their homes from the 1960s through the 1980s, many being resettled in the Bantustans.

The government made clear that its ultimate aim was the total removal of the black population from South Africa. Connie Mulder, the Minister of Plural Relations and Development, told the House of Assembly on 7 February 1978:

If our policy is taken to its logical conclusion as far as the black people are concerned, there will be not one black man with South African citizenship . Connie Mulder, born Cornelius Petrus Mulder ( 5 June 1925 &ndash12 January 1988 Johannesburg) was a South African politician and minister House of Assembly is a name given to the Legislature or Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries often at Subnational level Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) . . Every black man in South Africa will eventually be accommodated in some independent new state in this honourable way and there will no longer be an obligation on this Parliament to accommodate these people politically.

But this goal was not achieved. Only about 55% of South Africa's population lived in the Bantustans; the remainder lived in South Africa proper, many in townships, shanty-towns and slums on the outskirts of South African cities. In South Africa, the term Township usually refers to the (often underdeveloped urban living areas that under Apartheid, were reserved for non-whites Shanty towns (also called Squatter camps or Favelas are settlements (sometimes illegal or unauthorized of impoverished people who live in improvised This was, among other reasons, because the economy of white South Africa depended on access to a black labour force.

The Bantustans began to be given independence in 1976, with Transkei the first to obtain this status. The Transkei —which means "the area beyond the Kei River"—is a region situated in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. But none of them received recognition from the outside world, which regarded them as little more than puppet states of South Africa. A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Indeed, all of them remained economically dependent on Pretoria. Their territories were broken up into numerous, non-contiguous enclaves, and the boundaries between these were very convoluted. In one instance, the South African embassy to Bophuthatswana had to be moved because it turned out that it had actually been built in South Africa rather than the homeland. In another instance, Transkei cut diplomatic relations with South Africa between 1978 and 1980 over a territorial dispute.

A similar policy was pursued in South African-occupied South West Africa (present-day Namibia), where ten Bantustans were created. South-West Africa (Afrikaans Suidwes-Afrika; German Südwestafrika) was the name of what is today the Republic of Namibia. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast (See Bantustans in South West Africa for more on this topic. Beginning in 1968, and following the 1964 recommendations of the commission headed by Fox Odendaal, homelands (or Bantustans) similar to those in South Africa were )

Life in the Bantustans

The Bantustans were generally poor, with few local employment opportunities being available.

Their single most important home-grown source of revenue was the provision of casinos and topless revue shows, which the National Party government had prohibited in South Africa proper as being "immoral". A casino is in the modern sense of the word a facility that houses and accommodates certain types of Gambling activities Nudity is the state of wearing no Clothing. The term' "nudity" can also occasionally be used to refer to wearing significantly less clothing than expected This provided a lucrative source of income for the local elite, who constructed megaresorts such as Sun City in the homeland of Bophuthatswana. A Megaresort is a type of destination resort which is of an exceptionally large size sometimes featuring large-scale attractions ( Casino, Golf course, Sun City is a luxury South African Casino resort situated in the North West Province. Bophuthatswana (meaning gathering of the Tswana people) was a Bantustan ("homeland" in the northwest of South Africa. In this, and other respects, the South African Bantustans somewhat resembled the Native American reservations in the United States and Canada, although the parallel is not exact. For the vast tract created by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in Canada and the United States see Indian Reserve (1763 In Canada

However, the homelands were only kept afloat by massive subsidies from the South African government; for instance, by 1985 in Transkei, 85% of the homeland's income came from direct transfer payments from Pretoria. The Transkei —which means "the area beyond the Kei River"—is a region situated in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. The Bantustans' governments were invariably corrupt and little wealth trickled down to the local populations, who were forced to seek employment as "guest workers" in South Africa proper. Millions of people had to work in often appalling conditions, away from their homes for months at a time. – for example, 65% of Bophuthatswana's population worked outside the 'homeland'.

Not surprisingly, the homelands were extremely unpopular among the urban black population, many of whom lived in squalor in slum housing. Their working conditions were often equally poor, as they were denied any significant rights or protections in South Africa proper. The allocation of individuals to specific homelands was often quite arbitrary. Many individuals assigned to homelands did not live in or originate from the homelands to which they were assigned, and the division into designated ethnic groups often took place on an arbitrary basis, particularly in the case of people of mixed ethnic ancestry.

Post-1994

With the demise of the apartheid regime in South Africa, the Bantustans were dismantled and their territory reincorporated into the Republic of South Africa. The drive to achieve this was spearheaded by the African National Congress as a central element of its programme of reform. The African National Congress (ANC has been South Africa 's governing party supported by its Tripartite alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions Reincorporation was mostly achieved peacefully, although there was some resistance from the local elites, who stood to lose out on the opportunities for corruption provided by the homelands. The dismantling of the homelands of Bophuthatswana and Ciskei was particularly difficult. In Ciskei, South African security forces had to intervene in March 1994 to defuse a political crisis.

From 1994, most parts of the country were constitutionally redivided into new provincial governments. South Africa is currently divided into nine provinces On the eve of the 1994 general election, South Africa's former homelands also known as Bantustans, were reintegrated

Nevertheless many leaders of former Bantustans or Homelands have had a role in South African politics since their abolition. Mangosuthu Buthelezi was chief minister of his kwa-Zulu homeland from 1976 until 1994. Inkosi Mangosuthu ("Gatsha" Ashpenaz Nathan Buthelezi (born August 27, 1928) is a South African Zulu leader and leader of the In post-Apartheid South Africa he has served as President of the Inkatha Freedom Party. The Inkatha Freedom Party ( IFP) is a Political party in South Africa. Bantubonke Holomisa, who was a general in the homeland of Transkei from 1987, has served as the president of the United Democratic Movement since 1997. Bantubonke Harrington Holomisa (born 1955-07-25 in Mqanduli, Eastern Cape. The United Democratic Movement is a Centre-left, Social-democratic, South African political party formed by a prominent former National Party General Constand Viljoen an Afrikaner who served as chief of the South African Defence Forces sent 1500 of his militiamen to protect Lucas Mangope and to contest the termination of Bophuthatswana as a homeland in 1994. General Constand Viljoen SSA SD SOE SM (born on October 28 1933) is a former South African military commander and politician The South African Defence Force (SADF were the South African Armed forces from 1957 until 1994 Kgosi Lucas Manyane Mangope is the former leader of the Bantustan of Bophuthatswana. Bophuthatswana (meaning gathering of the Tswana people) was a Bantustan ("homeland" in the northwest of South Africa. He founded the Freedom Front in 1994. The Freedom Front Plus ( FF+; Afrikaans: Vryheidsfront Plus, VF+) is a South African political party that aims to protect Afrikaner Lucas Mangope, former chief of the Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane tribe of the Tswana and head of Bophuthatswana is President of the United Christian Democratic Party. The United Christian Democratic Party is a Political party in South Africa.

List of Bantustans

Bantustans in South Africa

The homelands are listed below with the ethnic group for which each homeland was designated. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Four were nominally independent (the so-called TVBC states of the Transkei, Venda, Bophuthatswana and the Ciskei). The Transkei —which means "the area beyond the Kei River"—is a region situated in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Venda was a Bantustan in northern South Africa, now part of Limpopo province Bophuthatswana (meaning gathering of the Tswana people) was a Bantustan ("homeland" in the northwest of South Africa. Ciskei was a Bantustan in the south east of South Africa. It consisted of two separate blocks of land covering 2970 square miles (7700 km³ almost entirely The other six had limited self-government:

• Transkei (Xhosa) — declared independent on 26 October 1976
• Bophuthatswana (Tswana) — declared independent on 6 December 1977
• Venda (Venda) — declared independent 13 September 1979
• Ciskei (also Xhosa) — declared independent on 4 December 1981
• Gazankulu (Tsonga [Shangaan])
• KaNgwane (Swazi)
• KwaNdebele (Ndebele)
• KwaZulu (Zulu)
• Lebowa (Northern Sotho or Pedi)
• QwaQwa (Southern Sotho)

The first Bantustan was the Transkei, under the leadership of Chief Kaizer Daliwonga Matanzima in the Cape Province for the Xhosa nation. The Transkei —which means "the area beyond the Kei River"—is a region situated in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. See also Xhosa language The Xhosa (ǁʰɔsɑ( people are speakers of Bantu languages living in south-east South Africa, and in the last two Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bophuthatswana (meaning gathering of the Tswana people) was a Bantustan ("homeland" in the northwest of South Africa. Tswana ( Motswana, plural Batswana) is the name of a Southern African people Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Venda was a Bantustan in northern South Africa, now part of Limpopo province Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Ciskei was a Bantustan in the south east of South Africa. It consisted of two separate blocks of land covering 2970 square miles (7700 km³ almost entirely See also Xhosa language The Xhosa (ǁʰɔsɑ( people are speakers of Bantu languages living in south-east South Africa, and in the last two "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gazankulu was a Bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government to be a semi-independent homeland for the Tsonga (Shangaan people. The Shangaan (Vatsonga or Vitsonga are a large group of people living mainly in southern Mozambique in Maputo and in Gaza Province; there is also KaNgwane was a Bantustan in South Africa, intended by the Apartheid government to be a semi-independent homeland for the Swazi people The Swazi are a Bantu -speaking people in southeastern Africa, chiefly in Swaziland and South Africa and some in Mozambique, who speak KwaNdebele was a Bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Matabele people The Ndebele people are three Tribes or Nations of people living in South Africa and Zimbabwe; there are three main groups of Ndebele KwaZulu was a Bantustan in South Africa, intended by the Apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people The Zulu ( IsiZulu: amaZulu) are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal Lebowa was a Bantustan located in the Transvaal in north eastern South Africa. Northern Sotho ( Sesotho sa Leboa in the language itself is one of the official languages of South Africa, and is spoken by nearly five million—4208980 people QwaQwa was a Bantustan, or homeland in the eastern part of South Africa. Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima ( June 15 1915 - June 15 2003) was a former leader of the then- Bantustan of Transkei in The Cape of Good Hope Province (commonly referred to simply as the Cape Province) was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of Perhaps the best known one was KwaZulu for the Zulu nation in Natal Province, headed by a member of the Zulu royal family Chief Mangosuthu ("Gatsha") Buthelezi in the name of the Zulu king. KwaZulu-Natal (kwɑːˌzuːluː nəˈtɑːl often referred to as " KZN " is a province of South Africa. Inkosi Mangosuthu ("Gatsha" Ashpenaz Nathan Buthelezi (born August 27, 1928) is a South African Zulu leader and leader of the

Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans, but independent countries, and are former British Protectorates. Lesotho (lɪˈsuːtuː) officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a Landlocked country and Enclave — entirely surrounded by the Republic of South The Kingdom of Swaziland is a country located in Southern Africa centred at approximately 26o49'S 31o38'E These countries are mostly or entirely surrounded by South African territory, and are almost totally dependent on South Africa, but have never had any formal political dependence on South Africa, and were recognised as sovereign states by the international community from the time they were granted their independence by Britain in the 1960s.

Bantustans in South West Africa

Beginning in 1968, and following the 1964 recommendations of the commission headed by Fox Odendaal, homelands (or Bantustans) similar to those in South Africa were established in South West Africa (present-day Namibia). Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Frans Hendrik Odendaal (1898 - 1966 (known as Fox Odendaal) was a South African politician governor of the Transvaal province best remembered for A bantustan or more commonly black african homeland or simply homeland, was territory set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South-West South-West Africa (Afrikaans Suidwes-Afrika; German Südwestafrika) was the name of what is today the Republic of Namibia. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast In July 1980 the system was changed to one of separate governments on the basis of ethnicity only, and not geography. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) These governments were abolished in May 1989 at the start of the transition to independence. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Of the ten homelands established in South West Africa, only three were granted self-government. Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization.

The bantustans were:

• Basterland
• Bushmanland
• Damaraland
• East Caprivi (self rule 1976)
• Hereroland (self-rule 1970)
• Kaokoland
• Kavangoland (self-rule 1973)
• Namaland
• Ovamboland
• Tswanaland

Usage in non-South African contexts

The term "Bantustan" has also been used in a number of non-South African contexts, generally to refer to actual or perceived attempts to create ethnically-based states or regions. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast Rehoboth (or Basterland) was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing Bushmanland was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the Apartheid government to be a self-governing LocationBantoustanDamaralandPNG|thumb|right|120px|Location]] Damaraland was a name given to the north-central part of what later became Namibia, inhabited by Herero East Caprivi was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland Hereroland was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for Kaokoland (also called Kaokoveld) was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid government to be a Kavangoland was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland Namaland was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for Ovamboland was the name given by English-speaking visitors to the land occupied by the Ovambo people in what is now northern Namibia and southern Angola Tswanaland was a Bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for Its connection with apartheid has meant that the term is now generally used in a pejorative sense as a form of criticism:

• "The term 'Bantustan' was used by apartheid's apologists in reference to the partition of India in 1947. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, However, it quickly became pejorative in left and anti-apartheid usage, where it remained, while being abandoned by the National Party in favour of 'homelands'. The National Party ( Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of " ^[1]
• In relation to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, critics of Israeli government policies have claimed that Israel seeks to implement a "bantustan model" for the Palestinian territories ^{[2] [3]} (See Allegations of Israeli apartheid for a fuller discussion of this parallel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. )
• In Canada, one Ottawa Citizen newspaper editorial criticised the largely Inuit territory of Nunavut as being the country's "first Bantustan, an apartheid-style ethnic homeland. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the " ^[4].
• The increasing numbers of small states in the Balkans, following the breakup of Yugoslavia, have also been referred to as "bantustans". See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian ^{[5] [6]}
• The Sinhalese government of Sri Lanka has been accused of turning Tamil areas into "bantustans". The Sinhalese are the main ethnic group of Sri Lanka. They speak Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan language and number approximately 15 million people with the Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Tamil Eelam ( Tamil: தமிழ் ஈழம் tamiḻ īḻam) is the name given by certain Tamil groups in Sri Lanka to the state which they aspire ^[7]
• The term has also been used to refer to Pakistan, ^[8] and to the living conditions of Dalits in India. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Dalit is a self designation for group of people of South Asian descent who were traditionally regarded as untouchables or low Caste. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[9]
• The term has been used with regard to the sectarian policies adopted by the Protestant majority in Northern Ireland from 1920-1966. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of

References

See also

• History of South Africa in the apartheid era
• Black Homeland Citizenship Act
• Bantustans in South West Africa
• Indian reservation
• Racial segregation
• Volkstaat
• Internal passport
• Hukou
• Propiska
• Ethnic cleansing

External links

• Bantustan policy
• Encyclopaedia Britannica, Bantustan

The Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970 was a denaturalization law passed during the Apartheid era of South Africa that changed the status of the inhabitants Beginning in 1968, and following the 1964 recommendations of the commission headed by Fox Odendaal, homelands (or Bantustans) similar to those in South Africa were An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American Tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau See other meanings of Volkstaat. Volkstaat ( Afrikaans for "People's state" is a proposal for the establishment of An internal passport is an Identity document that can be compared to Identity card used in some countries to control the internal movement and residence of people Propiska (пропи́ска full term Прописка по месту жительства, "The record of place of residence" was a regulation in the Soviet Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity

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