Banteng
Java banteng (bull)
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Bovinae Genus: Bos Species: B. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The even-toed ungulates form the Mammal order Artiodactyla. They are Ungulates whose weight is borne (if they have more than two toes about A bovid is any of almost 140 species of Cloven-hoofed Mammals belonging to the family Bovidae. The biological Subfamily bovines includes a diverse group of 10 species of medium to large sized Ungulates including domestic Cattle, Bison, Water Bos is the Genus of wild and domestic Cattle. Bos can be divided into four subgenera: Bos, Bibos javanicus
Binomial name
Bos javanicus d'Alton, 1823

The Banteng, Bos javanicus is an ox that is found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo, Java, and Bali. Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Oxen (singular ox) are Cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult castrated males Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to Some Banteng were introduced to Northern Australia during British colonization in 1849 where they are doing extremely well having grown in number spurred by the trophy hunting incentive^[1]. The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the center of the mainland continent as well as the central northern regions Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Trophy hunting is the selective Hunting of Wild game animals While parts of the slain animal may be kept as a hunting trophy or memorial (usually the skin Banteng have been domesticated in several places in Southeast Asia, and there are around 1. Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals 5 million domestic Banteng, which are called Bali cattle. The Banteng, Bos javanicus is an Ox that is found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo These animals are used as a working beast, and for their meat. ^[2] Domestic and wild Banteng can mate and offspring are often fertile. Fertility is the natural capability of giving life As a measure "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple person or population Domesticated bantengs have been introduced in 1849 to northern Australia and form a feral population here.

Contents 1 Distribution 2 Behaviour 3 Subspecies 4 Cloning 5 The Banteng in Australia 5.1 Overview of Australian Presence: 5.2 Physiology and Reproduction in Australian Banteng Populations 5.3 Australian Environmental Impact: 5.4 Conservation Value of Australian banteng population for Bos javnicus 6 Media 7 References 8 External links

Distribution

As of February 2005, the Banteng population of the Cobourg Peninsula is 10,000 head, making the population in the Northern Territory the largest herd in the world. The Cobourg Peninsula is located 350 kilometres east of Darwin in the Northern Territory, Australia. The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the center of the mainland continent as well as the central northern regions Before the study by Charles Darwin University it was believed that only 5,000 pure-strain Banteng survived worldwide. Charles Darwin University is an Australian public University with around 20098 Higher education students studying as of 2007 In their native range the largest herd numbers less than 500 head.

Behaviour

Banteng live in sparse forest where they feed on grasses, bamboo, fruit, leaves and young branches. The Banteng is generally active both at night and day time but in places where humans are common they adopt a nocturnal schedule. As an Animal behavior, nocturnality describes sleeping during the Daytime and being active at Night - the opposite of the diurnal Banteng tend to gather in herds of two to thirty members.

Subspecies

• Java Banteng (B. Disney's Animal Kingdom is a Theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort. j. javanicus): Java; Males are black, females buff. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta.
• Borneo Banteng (B. j. lowi): Borneo; Smaller then Java Banteng and the horns are steeper, bulls are chocolate-brown. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia.
• Burma Banteng (B. j. birmanicus): Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam; Males and females are usually buff, but in Cambodia are 20 % of the bulls blackish, and on the Malayan Peninsula in Thailand are even most of the bulls black. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast These subspecies is classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN.

Cloning

The Banteng is the second endangered species to be successfully cloned[1],[2] and the first to survive for more than a week (the first was a Gaur that died two days after being born). Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects The gaur (ˈɡaʊɚ ( Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large dark-coated bovine animal of South Asia and Southeast Asia. Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, MA, USA extracted DNA from Banteng cells kept in the San Diego Zoo's "Frozen Zoo" facility, and transferred it into eggs from domestic cattle, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. Advanced Cell Technology (ACT a Biotechnology company formed in 1994 is involved with therapeutic cloning and the cloning of animals Worcester (ˈwʊstɚ is a City in the state of Massachusetts in the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known The San Diego Zoo in Balboa Park, San Diego, California is one of the largest most progressive Zoos in the world with over 4000 animals Ex-situ conservation means literally "off-site conservation " Genetics and Developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer ( SCNT) is a Laboratory technique for creating an Ovum with a donor 30 embryos were created, sent to Trans Ova Genetics, which implanted the fertilized eggs in domestic cattle. Two were carried to term and delivered by caesarian section. A Caesarean section (or Cesarean section in American English) also known as C-section, is a form of Childbirth in which a surgical [3] The first was born on April 1, 2003, and the second two days later. The second was euthanized[4], but the first survived and, as of September 2006, remains in good health at the San Diego Zoo. Put to sleep redirects here For its literal meaning see Sleep or Anaesthetic.

The Banteng in Australia

Overview of Australian Presence:

The domesticated form of the banteng was first introduced to Australia in 1849 with the establishment of a British military outpost on the Cobourg Peninsula called Port Essington. In all 20 animals were taken to the Western Arnhem Land, a part of current day Northern Territory, as a source of meat. Only a year after the outpost’s establishment, poor conditions such as crop failure and tropical disease lead to its abandonment. With the departure of British troops, the banteng were released from their grazing pastures and allowed to form a feral population. ^[3] By the 1960’s, researchers realized that a population of about 1500 individuals had developed in the tropical forests of the Cobourg Peninsula. ^[4]

Since their introduction in 1849, the population has not strayed far from its initial point of domesticated life; all currently live within the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park. Garig Gunak Barlu is a national park on the Cobourg Peninsula in the Northern Territory ( Australia) 216 km northeast of Darwin. ^[5] As of 2007, the initial population had grown from only 20 in 1849 to 8,000-10,000 ^[6] and is used exclusively for sport hunting and aboriginal subsistence hunters. ^[7]

Physiology and Reproduction in Australian Banteng Populations

The Banteng of the Cobourg Peninsula have developed slightly different life processes than their domesticated counterparts. The Cobourg Peninsula is located 350 kilometres east of Darwin in the Northern Territory, Australia. Growth over lifetime is sexually dimorphic; males grow faster and are larger than females. ^[8] Futhermore, females reach maximum body mass in three to four years, while males take five to six. Sexual maturity occurs three to four years, and two to four years in males and females respectively. Fecundity also declines in older females. Breeding is seasonal, with maximum mating occurring during the months of October and November, and most births take place in the winter months of June to August. Calf mortality is high in the first six months of life, and declines quickly thereafter with increasing body size. When compared to domestic populations, it was found that increased food in captive conditions allowed respectively higher fecundity, earlier maturation, and lower juvenile mortality. ^[9]

Australian Environmental Impact:

Despite being an non-native species, the feral australian banteng, has adapted to positively interact with native avian populations. Studies have shown that mutual relationships have developed involving the removal of ectoparasites residing on the bovid body by the Torresian crow (Corvus orru). The Torresian Crow ( Corvus orru) also occasionally called the Australian Crow or Papuan Crow in those respective countries is an Australasian member of ^[10] This is especially notable because it is the first-known relationship of such a kind, which only needed 150 years to develop, where a native bird relies on a non-native wild mammal.

Within the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, where practically all Banteng reside, there has been limited damage due to overgrazing. Garig Gunak Barlu is a national park on the Cobourg Peninsula in the Northern Territory ( Australia) 216 km northeast of Darwin. They are primarily found within the monsoon forests, but cause little damage, especially when compared to feral pigs. ^[11] Within the forest, densities were found to be around 70 per square kilometer, and have remained near their initial introduction point 140 years ago because of the possibility that their habitat is a uniquely suitable mosaic of grassland and monsoon forest. ^[12] Another likely reason for their limit dispersal is the presence of fences along the southern end of the peninsula installed to manage movement of other feral species like the water buffalo. ^[13] Interaction with the habitat is also unclear in another aspect involving monsoonal forest succession into grasslands. ^[14] Within the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park researchers noticed that monsoonal seedling were encroaching into previously well established grasslands. It is thought that the grazing by banteng limits potential fuel for grassland fires to take back monsoonal forest and spreads monsoonal seeds, but was still unclear after the study. ^[15]

Conservation Value of Australian banteng population for Bos javnicus

Since Australian banteng are considered an invasive non-native species, some environmental scientists believe that a complete removal of the limited population will allow previously occupied habitat to regress back to its pre-1849 state and allow native species to return. However, this thought of return to pristine conditions is not clearly favorable because of the socio-economic niche it has formed, as well as playing an integral role in helping to recover endangered wild individuals in Asia.

Small populations in northern Australian are heavily relied on as a source of income for sport hunting as well as aboriginal peoples. Studies revealed that as much as AU$200,000 can be made annually on hunting without damaging populace stability. ^[16]

The current population of banteng in Australia has become the center of debate due to the endangered status it has achieved in its native Asia. Wild bantengs are incredibly rare in Asia due to loss of suitable habitat, even though they are regularly used in domestic agricultural settings by as grazers. But these domestic bantengs of South East Asia have varying degrees of introgression from other domesticated Bos species. Bos is the Genus of wild and domestic Cattle. Bos can be divided into four subgenera: Bos, Bibos The Australian bantengs are derived from the domesticated form and not from the rare wild form. However, genetic studies have revealed that the Australian bantengs are identical to the asian Bos javanicus and are therefore not crossed with other species, what places the Australian population in a different conservation category relative to its domesticated conspecific in South East Asia.

Since a small founder event occurred with only approximately 20 previously domesticated individuals, a genetic bottlenecking has inevitably occurred, causing all current individuals in Australia to be genetically similar and lacking genetic diversity due to generational inbreeding. This was proven using microsatellites, 12 in all, were used to determine that their inbreeding coefficient was high, F=0. 58. ^[17] These findings were comparatively much higher than the endangered artiodactyl populations in Southeast Asia. Despite the limited genetic pool of this population, conservationists are hopeful that preservation of at risk populations can transpire. Some have proposed a deliberate introduction of the endangered populations to the stable but non-native Australian variety will enable viable conservation, even though it is not entirely known how it will affect Northern territory grazing ranges. ^[18]

Media

References

External links

• Banteng bos javanicus d'Alton from wildcattleconservation.org
• ARKive - images and movies of the Banteng (Bos javanicus)
• Banteng thrive on Cobourg Peninsula from CDU Homepage
• Catalyst Article on Bantengs
• U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile

Charles Darwin University is an Australian public University with around 20098 Higher education students studying as of 2007

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