Bani Khalid (Arabic: بني خالد‎) is an Arab tribal confederation of eastern and central Arabia. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Arabs are a Semitic people descending from various Old North Arabian tribes The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The tribe dominated the eastern region of modern-day Saudi Arabia (al-Hasa and al-Qatif) from 1670 to 1793, and again under the auspices of the Ottoman Empire for a brief period in the early 19th century. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi This article refers to the traditional region of Al-Hasa For the current Saudi Arabian administrative unit sometimes called Al-Hasa see Al-Ahsa (governorate. For other uses see Katif. Qatif or Al-Qatif (also spelled Qateef or Al-Qateef; القطيف Al-Qaṭīf Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish At its greatest extent, the domain of Bani Khalid extended from Kuwait in the north to the borders of Oman in the south, and wielded political influence in the region of Nejd in central Arabia. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed This is about the direction for other uses see North (disambiguation. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the tribe's members presently reside in eastern and central Saudi Arabia, while others live in Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, Qatar, Bahrain, and Iraq. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The vast majority of the Bani Khalid are Sunni Muslims,^[1][2] historically following the Maliki^[3][4][5][6] and Hanbali rites. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being

Contents 1 Origins 2 History 2.1 First Khalidi Emirate 2.2 Fall to the Saudis 2.3 Return and Fall from Power 3 Present 4 Notes 5 References

Origins

Genealogically, the Banu Khalid are believed to be an aggregation of several tribal groups. ^[7][8] The legend that links them to the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid is popular among some members of the Bani Khalid, but is dismissed by most scholars. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn ^[9] The Banu Khalid probably formed in the 13-16th centuries when a group of nomadic pastoral (bedouin) tribes affiliated to the Banu Lam confederation migrated from western Nejd to eastern Arabia and joined with sections of the Banu 'Uqayl tribe (of the Banu 'Amir) who were already settled in that area. Nomadic pastoralism is a form of Agriculture where Livestock (such as cattle sheep goats and camels are taken to different locations in order to find fresh The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously Banu Lam ( بنو لام) are an Arab tribe of central Arabia and southern Iraq. Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Banu Uqayl ( بنو عُـقَـيـْل) are an ancient Arab tribe that played an important role in the history of eastern Arabia and Iraq. Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah or Banu 'Amir ( بنو عامر بن صعصعة) were a large and ancient Arab tribal confederation originating from central and ^[10] One branch of the tribe, the Mahashir, are said to originate from the tribe of Bani Hajir. ^[11] Some sections of the tribe did not continue on eastwards, and instead settled in the towns of Nejd. Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. One clan of Bani Khalid, the Al Janah, is credited with founding the city of 'Unaizah, the oldest town of the Al-Qasim region, in the 13th century. Unaizah (also spelled Onaizah, Onizah, or Unayzah; Arabic: عنيزة) is a Saudi Arabian City, located Al Qassim Province (also spelled Al Qaseem, Al Qasim, or Qassim; ælqɑˈsˁiːm Arabic: منطقة القصيم is one of the thirteen ^[12] The earliest known mention of the tribe comes from Ibn Fadhlallah al-'Umari, an Egyptian scholar from the 14th century, in his encyclopedic work Masalik al-Absar fee Mamalik al-Amsar, quoting a 13th century source. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. ^[13][14]

History

First Khalidi Emirate

The main branches of the tribe are the Al Humayd, the Juboor, the Du'um, the Al Janah, the Grusha, the Al Musallam, the 'Amayer, the Al Subaih and the Mahashir. The Jabrids ( الجبريون, الدولة الجبرية, or الجبور) were a Bedouin dynasty that dominated eastern Arabia ^[15] The chieftainship of the Bani Khalid has traditionally been held by the clan of Al Humayd. The Bani Khalid dominated the deserts surrounding the Al-Hasa and Al-Qatif oases during the 16th and 17th centuries. For other uses see Katif. Qatif or Al-Qatif (also spelled Qateef or Al-Qateef; القطيف Al-Qaṭīf ^[16] Under Barrak ibn Ghurayr of the Al Humayd, the Bani Khalid were able to expel Ottoman forces from the cities and towns in 1670 and proclaim their rule over the region. ^[17][18] Ibn Ghurayr made his capital in Al-Mubarraz, where remnants of his castle stand today. Al-Mubarraz (also spelled Al-Mobarraz, in Arabic المبرز) is a city in Al-Ahsa in Saudi Arabia ^[19][20] The Bani Khalid are the founders of the city of Kuwait during this period. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Later, leadership of the tribe passed down to the family of Al 'Uray'ir, descendants of Barrak's brother, Muhammad ibn Ghurayr. According to Arabian folklore, one chief of the Bani Khalid attempted to protect the prized desert bustard (Habari) from extinction by prohibiting the bedouin in his realm from poaching the bird's eggs, earning the tribe the appellation of "protectors of the eggs of the Habari", an allusion to the chief's absolute supremacy over his realm. Bustards are large terrestrial Birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. UserPolbot. -->The Arabian Bustard ( Ardeotis arabs) is a species of Bird in the Otididae The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously ^[21]

Fall to the Saudis

The Bani Khalid of eastern Arabia maintained ties with members of their tribe who had settled in Nejd during their earlier migration eastwards, and also cultivated clients among the rulers of the Nejdi towns, such as the Al Mu'ammar of al-Uyayna. Nejd or Najd (literally "highland" نجد) is the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. Al-'Uyayna (ا لعيينة) is a Village in central Saudi Arabia, located some 30 km northwest of the Saudi Capital Riyadh. When the emir of Uyayna adopted the ideas of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the Khalidi chief ordered him to cease support for Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and expel him from his town. Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab at-Tamimi' (1703&ndash1792 ( Arabic: محمد بن عبد الوهاب التميمي)was an Islamic scholar born in The emir agreed, and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab moved to neighboring Dir'iyyah, where he joined forces with the Al Saud. Al-Diriyah ( الدرعية; also spelled Ad-Dir'iyah, Ad-Dar'iyah or Dir'aiyah) is a town in Saudi Arabia located on the northwestern The House of Saud ( Arabic: آل سعود romanized Āl Suʿūd is the Royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Bani Khalid remained staunch enemies of the Saudis and their allies and attempted to invade Nejd and Diriyyah in an effort to stop Saudi expansion. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Al-Diriyah ( الدرعية; also spelled Ad-Dir'iyah, Ad-Dar'iyah or Dir'aiyah) is a town in Saudi Arabia located on the northwestern Their efforts failed, however, and after conquering Nejd, the Saudis invaded the Bani Khalid's domain in al-Hasa and deposed the Al 'Ura'yir in 1793.

Return and Fall from Power

When the Ottomans invaded Arabia and deposed the Al Saud in 1818, they reoccupied al-Hasa and al-Qatif and reinstated members of the Al 'Uray'ir as governors of the region on their behalf. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The House of Saud ( Arabic: آل سعود romanized Āl Suʿūd is the Royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Bani Khalid were no longer the potent military force they once were at this time, and tribes such as the Ajman, the Dawasir, Subay', and Mutayr began encroaching on the Bani Khalid's desert territories. Al-'Ajman or al-'Ijman ( العجمان, singular "Ajmi" are a Bedouin tribe of northeastern Arabia, with members spread across The al Dawasir ( is an Arabian Bedouin tribe divided into clans and families Subay' ( سبيع, also spelled Sbay', Sbei', and Subei) are a Sunni Muslim tribe of central Saudi Arabia Mutayr ( مطير; also spelled Mutair and Mtayr) is a large Sunni tribe of the Arabian Peninsula. They were also beset by internal quarrels over leadership. Though the Bani Khalid were able to forge an alliance with the 'Anizzah tribe in this period, they were eventually defeated by an alliance of several tribes along with the Al Saud, who had reestablished their rule in Riyadh in 1823. `Anizzah ( عنزة, `Anizah, `Aniza) are the largest Arab tribal confederation of the Arabian Peninsula The House of Saud ( Arabic: آل سعود romanized Āl Suʿūd is the Royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Riyadh ( الرياض Ar-Riyāḍ) is the Capital of Saudi Arabia and its largest city Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A battle with an alliance led by the Mutayr and 'Ajman tribes in 1823,^[22] and another battle with the Subay' and the Al Saud in 1830, brought the rule of the Bani Khalid to a close. Mutayr ( مطير; also spelled Mutair and Mtayr) is a large Sunni tribe of the Arabian Peninsula. Al-'Ajman or al-'Ijman ( العجمان, singular "Ajmi" are a Bedouin tribe of northeastern Arabia, with members spread across Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Subay' ( سبيع, also spelled Sbay', Sbei', and Subei) are a Sunni Muslim tribe of central Saudi Arabia The House of Saud ( Arabic: آل سعود romanized Āl Suʿūd is the Royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display The Ottomans appointed a governor from Bani Khalid over al-Hasa once more in 1874, but his rule also was short-lived. ^[23]

Present

Many clans and sections of the Bani Khalid had already settled in al-Hasa and Nejd by this time, but many of those who remained bedouin began leaving east Arabia after their military defeats against the Al Saud, eventually settling in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria. The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Many families from Bani Khalid can be found today in Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar as well. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated

As part of the Saudi king Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud's policy of marrying into the major families and tribes of the country, Ibn Saud married a woman of the Al U'ray'ir clan, who gave birth to his two eldest sons Turki and Saud, who later became king himself. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually King Saud King Faisal Mohammed King Khaled Nasr Saad The House of Saud ( Arabic: آل سعود romanized Āl Suʿūd is the Royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Notes

1. ^ "Arabia, history of. " Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Nov. 2007 [1]
2. ^ Nakkash
3. ^ Lorimer, Volume II A, p. 1010
4. ^ Anscombe, p. 12
5. ^ Oppenheim, Vol. III, p. 134
6. ^ Al-Wuhaby, p. 379-81
7. ^ Al-Juhany, p. 67
8. ^ Al-Jassir
9. ^ Szombathy, p. 2. See also Al-Jassir and Al-Wuhaiby
10. ^ The question of the Bani Khalid's ultimate origins is subject to great disagreements and variant theories. They have been linked by various authors to Banu Uqayl of the Banu Amir, as well as Banu Lam, Tayy, Abd al-Qays, Banu Wa'il, and Banu Judham. Banu Uqayl ( بنو عُـقَـيـْل) are an ancient Arab tribe that played an important role in the history of eastern Arabia and Iraq. Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah or Banu 'Amir ( بنو عامر بن صعصعة) were a large and ancient Arab tribal confederation originating from central and Banu Lam ( بنو لام) are an Arab tribe of central Arabia and southern Iraq. Tayy ( طيء) is a large and ancient Arabian tribe belonging to the southern or Qahtanite branch of Arab tribes `Anizzah ( عنزة, `Anizah, `Aniza) are the largest Arab tribal confederation of the Arabian Peninsula The Banu Judham is a Yemeni tribe that emigrated to Syria and Iraq and dwelled with the Azd and Hamdan Kahlani tribes A detailed treatment of this subject, including a survey of all relevant theories, can be found in Al-Wuhaiby, and Ibn Agil al-Zahiri.
11. ^ Rentz, p. 83
12. ^ Al-Juhany, p. 121
13. ^ Al-Juhany, p. 67
14. ^ Ibn Agil, p. 5-7, quoting al-'Umari
15. ^ Al-Jassir
16. ^ Mandaville, p. 503
17. ^ Fattah, p. 83
18. ^ Ibn Agil, p. 78
19. ^ Ibn Agil, p. 78
20. ^ Mandaville, p. 499
21. ^ شبكة قبيلة بني خالد
22. ^ Meglio
23. ^ Al-Rasheed, p. 36

References

• Anscombe, Frederick F. , The Ottoman Gulf: the creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qater, 1870-1914, Columbia University Press, New York 1997
• Fattah,Hala Mundhir, The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745-1900, SUNY Press, 1997 [2]
• Ibn Agil al-Zahiri, Ansab al-Usar al-Hakima fi al-Ahsa ("The Genealogies of the Ruling Families of al-Ahsa, Part II: Banu Humayd (Al 'Uray'ir)"), Dar al-Yamama, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Arabic)

أبو عبدالرحمن بن عقيل الظاهري، "أنساب الأسر الحاكمة في الأحساء، القسم الثاني: بنو حميد (آل عريعر)"، من منشورات دار اليمامة، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية

• Ingham, B. Riyadh ( الرياض Ar-Riyāḍ) is the Capital of Saudi Arabia and its largest city The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi "Muṭayr. " Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C. E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 01 December 2007 [3]
• Al-Jassir, Hamad, Jamharat Ansab al-Usar al-Mutahaddirah fi Nejd ("Compendium of the Geanologies of the Settled Families of Nejd"), entry on "Banu Khalid" (Arabic)
• al-Juhany, Uwaidah, Najd Before the Salafi Reform Movement, Ithaca Press, 2002
• Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, repubished by Gregg International Publishers Limited Westemead. Hamad Al-Jasser ( 1907 - September 14, 2000) was a prominent Saudi Arabian journalist and historian Farnborough, Hants. , England and Irish University Press, Shannon, Irelend. Printed in Holland, 1970
• Mandaville, Jon E. , "The Ottoman Province of al-Hasā in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 90, No. 3. (Jul. - Sep. , 1970), pp. 486-513 (through JSTOR [4])
• Meglio, R. Di. "banū Ḵh̲ālid . " Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C. E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 01 December 2007 [5]
• Nakash, Yitzhak, Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World, Princeton University Press, 2006, online excerpt at [6], retrieved Dec 5, 2007
• Oppenheim, Max Freiherr von, with Braunlich, Erich and Caskill, Werner, Die Beduinen, 4 volumes, Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden 1952 (German)
• Szombathy, Zoltan, Genealogy in Medieval Muslim Societies, Studia Islamica, No. 95. (2002), pp. 5-35 (retrieved from JSTOR [7])
• Al-Rasheed, Madawi, A History of Saudi Arabia, Cambridge University Press, 2002 (through GoogleBooks [8])
• Rentz, George, "Notes on Oppenheim's 'Die Beduinen'", Oriens, Vol. Dr Madawi Al-Rasheed (born 1962 is a Saudi-Arabian-born professor of Social Anthropology at the department of Theology and Religious Studies in King's College London 10, No. 1. (Jul. 31, 1957), pp. 77-89 (retrieved from JSTOR [9])
• Al-Wuhaby, Abd al-Karim al-Munif, Banu Khalid wa 'Alaqatuhum bi Najd ("Banu Khalid and their Relations with Nejd"), Dar Thaqif lil-Nashr wa-al-Ta'lif, 1989 (Arabic)

عبدالكريم الوهيبي، "بنو خالد وعلاقتهم بنجد"، دار ثقيف للنشر والتأليف، 1989

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