?Bangalore Bengalūru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) Karnataka • India
Vidhana Soudha
Bengalūru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು)
Coordinates: 12°58′00″N 77°34′00″E / 12.966667, 77.566667
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area • Elevation	741 km² (286 sq mi)[1] • 920 m (3,018 ft)
Region	Bayaluseeme
District(s)	Bangalore Urban
Population • Density	6,200,000 (3rd) (2007) • 8,367 /km² (21,670 /sq mi)
Commissioner	Dr. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Vidhana Soudha, located in Bangalore (Bengaluru is the seat of the state legislature of Karnataka. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here areas between 1000 km2 and 10000 km2 This is a list of unofficial or quasi-official regions of India Bayaluseeme ( Kannada ಬಯಲುಸೀಮೆ is the area lying to the east of Malnad, a region of Karnataka state in South India, or east of A district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. Bangalore Urban is a District of the Indian state of Karnataka. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume The following is a list of the most populous cities in India. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. S. Subramanya
Codes • Pincode • Telephone • UN/LOCODE • Vehicle	• 560 xxx • +91-(0)80 • IN BLR • KA 01, KA 02, KA 03, KA 04, KA 05, KA 41, KA 50, KA 51, KA 53

Coordinates: 12°58′00″N 77°34′00″E / 12.966667, 77.566667

Bangalore, officially Bengaluru (Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, ['beŋgəɭuːru] (help·info), Indian English: [ˈbæŋgəloːɾ] (help·info)), is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Indian English comprises several Dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city^[2] and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. The following is a list of the most populous cities in India. This article lists the top hundred metropolitan areas in India by population as of 2008.

It is home to numerous public sectors such as heavy industries, software companies, aerospace, telecommunications, machine tools, heavy equipment, and defence establishments. Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to Light industry. Bangalore (officially ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು/ Bengalooru) India is home to a number of IT companies This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the The defense industry, also called the military industry, is comprised of Government and commercial Industry involved in research development Bangalore is known as the Silicon Valley of India owing to its pre-eminent position as the leading contributor to India's IT industry. The Silicon Valley of India is a Nickname of the Indian city of Bangalore. ^[3] Bangalore has developed into one of India's major economic hubs and was mentioned by CNN as one of the "best places to do business in the wired world". Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner ^[4]

Though historically attested at least since 900 CE, Kempe Gowda I, is widely regarded as the founder of modern Bangalore, he built a mud fort and established it as a province of the Vijayanagara Empire. Kempe Gowda I (ಕೆಂಪೇಗೌಡ in Kannada) (1513-1569 was a chieftain of Yelahanka (now in present day The Vijayanagara Empire ( Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము was a South During the British Raj, it became a centre for colonial rule in South India. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The establishment of the Bangalore Cantonment brought in large numbers of migrants from other parts of the country. The Bangalore Cantonment (kæn'təʊnmɛnt (1806-1881 was a military Cantonment of the British Raj based in the Indian city of Bangalore Since independence in 1947, Bangalore grew to become the capital of Karnataka state. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Today, as a large and growing metropolitan in the developing world, Bangalore is home to some of the most well-recognized colleges and research institutions in India, and has the second-highest literacy rate in the nation. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties

Etymology

The name Bangalore is an anglicised version of the city's name in the Kannada language, Bengalūru. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state The earliest reference to the name "Bengaluru" was found in a 9th century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a "vīra kallu" (ವೀರ ಗಲ್ಲು) (literally, "hero stone", a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). The Western Ganga Dynasty (350 – 1000 CE ( Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka Hero stone ( viirakkal in Tamil or virgallu in Kannada is an Indian Memorial commemorating the honorable death of a hero in battle in India In this inscription found in Begur, "Bengaluru" is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890. It states that the place was part of the Ganga kingdom until 1004 and was known as "Bengaval-uru", the "City of Guards" in Old Kannada. ^[5] An article, published in The Hindu, states:^[6]

An inscription, dating back to 890 CE, shows Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old. The Hindu is a single-edition English-language Indian newspaper But it stands neglected at the Parvathi Nageshwara Temple in Begur near the city. . . written in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) of the 9th century CE, the epigraph refers to a Bengaluru war in 890 in which Buttanachetty, a servant of Nagatta, died. Though this has been recorded by historian R. Narasimhachar in his Epigraphia of Carnatica (Vol. 10 supplementary), no efforts have been made to preserve it.

An apocryphal, though popular, anecdote recounts that the 11th-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga Veera Ballala II ( Kannada: ವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ (1173 - 1220 CE was the greatest monarch of the Hoysala Empire. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "benda kaal-ooru" (Kannada: ಬೆಂದಕಾಳೂರು) (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which was eventually colloquialised to "Bengalūru". Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state ^[7][8]

On December 11, 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengaluru, which is its name in Kannada. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Government of Karnataka is a democratically elected body with the Governor as the constitutional head The Jnanpith Award is a literary award in India. Along with the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, it is one of the two most prestigious literary honours in the country Udupi Rajagopalacharya Ananthamurthy ( Kannada: ಯು ಆರ್ ^[9] On September 27, 2006, the Bruhath Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change,^[10] which was accepted by the Government of Karnataka and it was decided to officially implement the name change from November 1, 2006. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[11] However, this process has been currently stalled due to delays in getting clearances from the Union Home Ministry. Ministry of Home Affairs ( Hindi: गृह मन्त्रालय known as the Home Ministry or MHA) is an Indian government ministry ^[12]

History

Lady Curzon hospital in the Bangalore Cantonment was established in 1864 and later named after the first wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. Curzon may refer to Clifford Curzon, English pianist Frederic Curzon, 20th-century English composer of light classical music A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. George Nathaniel Curzon 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC ( 11 January 1859 &ndash 20 March

Main article: History of Bangalore

After centuries of the rule of the Western Gangas, Bengaluru was captured by the Cholas in 1024 which later passed on to the Chalukya-cholas in 1070. Gangas Cholas and Hoysalas The Gangas ruled Gangavadi from kolar starting c The Western Ganga Dynasty (350 – 1000 CE ( Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka In 1116 the Hoysala Empire, overthrew the Cholas and extended its rule over Bangalore. The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga Modern Bangalore was founded by a vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, who built a mud fort and a Nandi Temple in the proximity of modern Bangalore in 1537. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Nandi Temple (or Basavanagudi Nandi Temple) is located in Basavanagudi, a neighborhood of Bangalore, the capital of the state of Karnataka, Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandu bhoomi" or "Land of Heroes". ^[8]

Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions called "pētēs" (IPA: [peɪteɪ]). The town had two main streets: Chickkapētē Street, which ran east-west, and Doddapētē Street, which ran north-south. Chickpete Street and Dodpete Street were two of the main streets at the time of the founding of the Indian city of Bangalore in Their intersection formed the Doddapētē Square — the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four famous towers that marked Bangalore's boundary. ^[13] During the Vijayanagara rule, Bangalore was also referred to as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" ("Auspicious City"). After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. In 1638, a large Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by Shahji Bhonsle defeated Kempe Gowda III and Bangalore was given to Shahji as a jagir. Shahaji Bhosale (Kannadaಶಾಹಜಿ ಭೊಂಸಲೆ was the eldest son of Maolji Bhosale of Verul (present-day Ellora, Maharashtra) In Pakistan and India, a Jagir was a small territory granted by the ruler to an army chieftain in fairly short terms usually of three years but not extending beyond In 1687, the Mughal general Kasim Khan defeated Ekoji, son of Shahji, and then sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704) of Mysore for 300,000 rupees. ^[14][15] After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of Mysore. Hyder Ali or Haidar 'Ali (c 1722 - 1782 was the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tippu Sultan, known as the Tiger of Mysore. Bangalore was eventually incorporated into the British Indian Empire after Tippu Sultan was defeated and killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799). For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ( 1798 &ndash 1799) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company The British returned administrative control of the Bangalore "pētē" to the Maharaja of Mysore, choosing only to retain the Cantonment under their jurisdiction. The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or " High king " (a Karmadharaya from mahānt Cantonment Florida is town north of Pensacola Florida See also Canton and Cantonist A cantonment is a The 'Residency' of Mysore State was first established at Mysore in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in the year 1804. It was abolished in the year 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and to be closed down permanently in 1947, with Indian independence. The British, found it easier to recruit employees in the Madras Presidency and relocate them to cantonment area during this period. Madras Presidency, also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St The Kingdom of Mysore relocated its capital from Mysore city to Bangalore in 1831. Mysore (maɪˈsɔɚ in English; renamed to Mysuru|ಮೈಸೂರು) (ಮೈಸೂರು is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India ^[16] Two important developments during this period contributed to the rapid growth of the city: the introduction of telegraph connections and a rail connection to Madras in 1864.

Bangalore Palace, built in 1887, was home to the rulers of Mysore

In the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a twin city, with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas, and the "cantonment" created by the British, whose residents were predominantly Tamils. Bangalore Palace is a Palace located in the city of Bangalore, India and is built to look like a smaller replica of the The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 Kannadiga ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ | masculine|) or Kannadati ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡತಿ | feminine|) refers to populations Tamil people (also called Tamils or Tamilians) ( are an Ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, a state in India, and the north-eastern ^[17] Bangalore was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that dramatically reduced its population. Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as New extensions in Malleshwara and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē. Malleswaram, located in the north-west of Bangalore, derives its name from the famous Kaadu Malleshwara temple Basavanagudi is a residential and commercial locality in the Indian city of Bangalore. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations, and a health officer was appointed to the city in 1898. In 1906, Bangalore became the first city in India to have electricity, powered by the hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water Shivanasamudra is a small town in the Mandya District of the state of Karnataka, India. Bangalore's reputation as the Garden City of India began in 1927 with the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. A Silver Jubilee is a celebration held to mark a 25th anniversary Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV (June 4 1884-August 3 1940 Bangalore Palace) also known popularly as Nalvadi Krishna Raja Wadiyar, was the ruling Maharaja of Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to beautify the city. After Indian independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the new Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh. The Kingdom of Mysore was one of the three largest Princely states within the erstwhile British Empire of India. Rajpramukh was an administrative title in India which existed from India's independence in 1947 until 1956. Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81 , which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000. ^[13] In the decades that followed, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as Motor Industries Company (MICO; a subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city. Motor Industries Company or MICO is located in the Indian city of Bangalore. Robert Bosch GmbH is a German diversified technology-based corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart Germany. Bangalore experienced a boom in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial bungalows to multi-storied apartments. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom A bungalow (બંગલો baṅglo, बंगला baṅglā) is a type of single-storey House that originated in India. ^[18] In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational to set up base in Bangalore. Texas Instruments ( better known in the electronics industry (and popularly as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers Other Information Technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bangalore had firmly established itself as the Silicon Valley of India. For the valley nicknamed "Silicone Valley" see San Fernando Valley.

Geography and climate

The Hesaraghatta Lake in Bangalore

Main article: Bangalore Metropolitan Environment

Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore, is situated in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Precambrian Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 920 m (3,018 feet). The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit It is positioned at 12.97° N 77.56° E and covers an area of 741 km² (286 mi²). The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States ^[1] The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district. Bangalore Urban is a District of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore Rural District is one of the 27 districts in Karnataka. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagaram from the old Bangalore Rural district. Ramanagara (known as Closepet after Sir Barry Close (1756–1813 in pre-Independence times and retained in Geology) is a town and a city municipal council in the

The topology of Bangalore is flat except for a central ridge running NNE-SSW. A ridge is a geological feature that features a continuous elevational crest for some distance The highest point is Doddabettahalli, which is 962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on this ridge. Doddabettahalli is a village and the highest point in Bangalore, India (962 m ^[19] No major rivers run through the city, though the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills, 60 km (37 mi. Arkavathy River ( Kannada ಆರ್ಕಾವತಿ) or Arkavathi River, is a river in India originating at Nandi Hills of Kolar District. The South Pennar River is known as Dakshina Pinakini in Kannada and Thenpennai in Tamil. Nandi Hills or Nandidurg is a hill fortress of southern India, in the Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka state ) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The Vrishabhavathi River is a minor river that flows north of the Indian city of Bangalore. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage. Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km² (133 mi²) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centers located in the periphery of Bangalore. Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents ^[20]

In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworks was commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail (Diwan of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide a water supply to the city. Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties of water of various qualities to different users Sir Mirza Muhammad Ismail, CIE, OBE (1883-1959 was a Diwan of the Kingdom of Mysore. The originally Persian title of diwan (also quite commonly known as Dewan; also spelled -van) has at various points in the Islamic history, designated Currently, the river Kaveri provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river. The Kaveri River ( Kannada: ಕಾವೇರಿ ನದಿ Tamil: காவிரி ஆறு also spelled Cauvery in English ^[21] Bangalore receives 800 million litres (211 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries ^[22] However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during the summer season in the years of low rainfall. A random sampling study of the Air Quality Index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration. A sample is a subject chosen from a population for investigation The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location ^[23] Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala tank, Hebbal lake, Ulsoor lake and Sankey Tank. Water tanks are liquid storage containers these tanks are usually storing water for human consumption Hebbal is an area of Bangalore, India which was once indicative of the North endpoint of the city Sankey Tank is a manmade Lake or tank situated in the middle of Malleshwaram, Vyalikaval and Sadashiva Nagar in Bangalore Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments. Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Gneiss (ˈnaɪs is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from preexisting formations that were originally Migmatite is a rock at the frontier between igneous and Metamorphic rocks They can also be known as diatexite. Laterite (from the Latin word "later" meaning brick or tile is a surface formation in hot and wet tropical areas which is enriched in Iron and Aluminium Loam is Soil composed of Sand, Silt, and Clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively considered Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and ^[23] Vegetation in the city is primarily in the form of large deciduous canopy and minority coconut trees. Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region it refers to the Ground cover provided by plants Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including The Coconut Palm ( Cocos nucifera) is a member of the Family Arecaceae (palm family Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 4. 5. ^[24]

Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys salubrious climate throughout the year, although freak heat waves can make things very uncomfortable in the summer. ^[25] The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15. 1 °C and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of 33. 6 °C. ^[26] The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is 38. 9 °C and the lowest ever is 7. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 8 °C (on January 1884). ^[27][28] Winter temperatures rarely drop below 12 °C (54 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36–37 °C (100 °F). Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons and the wettest months are September, October and August, in that order. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months ^[26] The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 millimetres (7. 0 in) recorded on 1 October 1997. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar ^[29]

Civic Administration

See also: Infrastructure in Bangalore

The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation) is in charge of the civic administration of the city. Structure A Mayor and deputy mayor of the council are also elected for a period of 1 year though not by popular vote A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to cities, counties, Towns ^[30] It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with the neighbouring 7 City Municipal Councils (CMC), one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore. ^[30]

Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike is run by a city council. The city council comprises elected representatives, called "corporators", one from each of the wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once every 5 years, with results being decided by popular vote. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office A mayor and commissioner of the council are also elected through a quota system from a Scheduled Castes and Tribes candidate or to an Other Backward Class female candidate. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Commissioner is a designation that may be used for a variety of official positions especially referring to a high-ranked public (administrative or Police) official or an analogous Scheduled Castes ("SC"s and Scheduled Tribes ("ST"s are Indian population groupings that are explicitly recognized by the Constitution of The Central Government of India classifies some of its citizens based on their social and economic condition as Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Other Backward Class Members contesting elections to the council represent one of more of the state's political parties. However, elections to the newly-created body are yet to be held, due to delays in delimitation of wards and finalising voter lists. There are expected to be about 150 wards, up from the 100 wards of the old Bangalore Mahanagara Palike. Elections are tentatively scheduled to be held in early 2008.

The Karnataka High Court is the supreme judicial body in Karnataka and is located in Bangalore. The Karnataka High Court is the High Court of the Indian state of Karnataka.

Bangalore's rapid growth has created several problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has found challenging to address. A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life) scored poorly. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( Traffic on Roads may consist of Pedestrians ridden or herded Animals Vehicles Streetcars and other Conveyances either singly Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people ^[31] The BMP has been criticised by the Karnataka High Court, citizens and corporations for failing to effectively address the crumbling road and traffic infrastructure of Bangalore. ^[32] The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a flyover system and by imposing one-way traffic systems. Gridlock is a term describing an inability to move on a Transport network.

Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but were unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic. ^[31] In 2005 both the Central Government and the State Government allocated considerable portions of their annual budgets to address Bangalore's infrastructure. ^[33] The Bangalore Mahanagara Palike works with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) to design and implement civic projects. The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA of Bangalore, India, is a governmental organization that oversees planning and development of infrastructure provision of The Bangalore Agenda Task Force is meant to be a partnership between the citizens corporates and the administrative agencies – the BMP, BDA, BMTC, Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of solid waste per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to composting units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features Compost (ˈkɒmpɒst or US /ˈkɒmpoʊst/ also known as brown manure is the aerobically decomposed remnants of Organic matter. The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city. A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or ^[34]

The Bangalore City Police (BCP) has six geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations. History Bangalore City Police established in 1963, was the first established police force in the state of Karnataka ^[35] As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court, the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the Governor of Karnataka). The Vidhana Soudha, located in Bangalore (Bengaluru is the seat of the state legislature of Karnataka. Raj Bhavan is the Official residence of the Governor of Karnataka. Bangalore contributes two members to India's lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, and 24 members to the Karnataka State Assembly. A lower house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Upper house. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those The Lok Sabha (also titled the House of the People, by the Constitution) is the directly elected Lower house of the Parliament of India ^[36] In 2007, the Delimitation Commission of India reorganised the constituencies based on the 2001 census, and thus the number of Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies in Bangalore has been increased to 28 and 3 respectively. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population ^[37] These changes will take effect from the next elections. Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL). Like many cities in India, Bangalore experiences scheduled power cuts, especially over the summer, to allow electricity providers to meet the consumption demands of households as well as corporations. A power outage (also known as power cut, power failure, power loss, or blackout) is the loss of the Electricity supply to an

Economy

The Public Utilities Building is located on MG Road, a major commerical center in Bangalore.

Main article: Economy of Bangalore

Bangalore's Rs. 260,260 crore (USD 60. Bangalore evolved into a manufacturing hub for heavy industries such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Indian Telephone Industries (ITI Hindustan Machine Tools and The rupee (रुपया ( code: INR) is the Currency of India. A crore is a unit in the Indian numbering system and was formerly a unit in the Persian numbering system still widely used in Bangladesh, India, Maldives The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 5 billion) economy (2002–03 Net District Income) makes it a major economic centre in India. ^[38] With an economic growth of 10. 3%, Bangalore is the fastest growing major metropolis in India ^[39]. Additionally, Bangalore is India's fourth largest fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) market. ^[40] The city is the third largest hub for high net worth individuals and is home to over 10,000 dollar millionaires and about 60,000 super-rich people who have an investable surplus of Rs. 4. A high-net-worth individual (HNWI is a person with a high Net worth. The rupee (रुपया ( code: INR) is the Currency of India. 5 crore (US$ 1. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 15 million) and Rs. 50 lakh (US$ 127,360) respectively. The rupee (रुपया ( code: INR) is the Currency of India. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[41] As of 2001, Bangalore's share of Rs.  1660 crore (US$ 3. 7 billion) in Foreign Direct Investment was the fourth highest for an Indian city. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country ^[42]

In the 1940, industrial visionaries such as Sir Mirza Ismail and Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya played an important role in the development of Bangalore's strong manufacturing and industrial base. Sir Mirza Muhammad Ismail, CIE, OBE (1883-1959 was a Diwan of the Kingdom of Mysore. Sir Mokshagundam Visweswaraiah, KCIE (other spellings include Visvesvaraya, Visweswaraiah, Vishweshwariah; Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಮೋಕ್ಷಗುಂಡಂ

The headquarters of Infosys, India's second largest IT company, is located in Bangalore

The headquarters of several public sector undertakings such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Bharat Electronics Limited, Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML) and Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT) are located in Bangalore. Infosys Technologies Limited () is a multinational Information technology services company headquartered in Bengaluru, India. In India, public sector undertaking ( PSU) is a term used for a Government-owned corporation ( Company in the Public sector) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ( HAL) based in Bangalore, India, is one of Asia 's largest Aerospace companies For the Japanese aerospace firm see National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan. Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML is an Indian Public Sector Undertaking, with headquarters in Bangalore. In June 1972 the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established under the Department of Space and headquartered in the city.

Bangalore is called the Silicon Valley of India because of the large number of Information Technology companies located in the city which contributed 33% of India's Rs. 144,214 crore (US$ 32 billion) IT exports in 2006-07. The rupee (रुपया ( code: INR) is the Currency of India. ^[43] Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main "clusters" — Software Technology Parks of India, Bangalore (STPI); International Technology Park Bangalore (ITPB), formerly International Technology Park Ltd. (ITPL); and Electronics City. A business cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected Businesses suppliers and associated institutions in a particular field Software Technology Parks of India ( STPI) is a Government agency in India, established in 1991 under the Ministry of Communications and International Tech Park Bangalore International Tech Park Bangalore or simply ITPB developed and managed by Ascendas is India’s first hi-tech park of its kind Electronics City is an electronics Industrial park spread over 332 acres (1 UB City, the headquarters of the United Breweries Group, is a high-end commercial zone. United Breweries Group or UB Group, based in Bangalore, is a conglomerate of different companies with a major focus on the Brewery ^[44] Infosys and Wipro, India's second and third largest software companies are headquartered in Bangalore as are many of the global SEI-CMM Level 5 Companies. Infosys Technologies Limited () is a multinational Information technology services company headquartered in Bengaluru, India. Wipro Technologies ( is an Information technology service company established in India in 1980 The growth of Information Technology has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure and the state government, whose electoral base is primarily the people in rural Karnataka. ^[45] Bangalore is a hub for biotechnology related industry in India and in the year 2005, around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India were located here; including Biocon, India's largest biotechnology company. Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Biocon is India 's leading Biotechnology enterprise Established in 1978 the company today is an integrated biotechnology enterprise focused on the development ^[46][47]

See also: List of IT companies in Bangalore

Transport

The Bengaluru International Airport is located in Devanahalli, 34 km north of the city centre. Bangalore (officially ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು/ Bengalooru) India is home to a number of IT companies Bengaluru International Airport ( Kannada:ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ is a International WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Devanahalli (previously called Devanadoddi, Devanapura, and Yusufabad) is a The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand

KSRTC buses connect Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka. About The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC was set up in the year 1961 with 1792 buses(Its fleet was also augmented with 800 Buses Nationalized from private Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India

Bangalore is served by the newly-built Bengaluru International Airport (IATA code: BLR) which started operations from 24 May 2008. Bengaluru International Airport ( Kannada:ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ is a International Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The city was earlier served by the HAL Airport which was India's fourth busiest airport. HAL Bangalore International Airport, also known as HAL Airport or Hindustan Airport, is the Airport of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ^[48][49][50] Air Deccan and Kingfisher Airlines have their headquarters in Bangalore. ^[51] A rapid transit system called the Bangalore Metro is being developed and is expected to be operational by 2011. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway Namma Metro (Our metro / The Bangalore Metro ( Kannada:ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಮೆಟ್ರೊ is the proposed Mass-transit rail system for the Once completed, this will encompass a 33 km (20. 5 mi) elevated and underground rail network, with 32 stations in Phase I and more being added in Phase II. ^[52] Bangalore is well connected to the rest of the country through the Indian Railways. Indian Railways (भारतीय रेल Bhāratīya Rail) abbreviated as IR (hi भारे is a Department of the Government of India under the Ministry The Rajdhani Express connects Bangalore to New Delhi, the capital of India. Rajdhani Express is a Passenger train service in India connecting National Capital New Delhi with other important destinations especially capitals of States in India New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. The city is also connected to Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad, as well as other major cities in Karnataka. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial ^[53]

Three-wheeled, black and yellow auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos, are a popular form of transport. An auto rickshaw or tuk tuk ( auto autorick or rickshaw in popular parlance is a Motor vehicle that is one of the chief ^[54] They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. Taxi service within Bangalore is provided by several operators commonly referred to as Citi taxis which can carry up to four passengers and are usually metered and more expensive than auto-rickshaws. ^[54]

Buses operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) are also a means of public transport available in the city. BMTC stands for Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation. ^[55] While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users. BMTC also runs air-conditioned, red-coloured Volvo buses on major routes. ^[55] The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation runs 10,400 buses, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka as well as other states. About The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC was set up in the year 1961 with 1792 buses(Its fleet was also augmented with 800 Buses Nationalized from private

Demographics

With an estimated population of 5,281,927 in the year 2007, Bangalore is the third most populous city in India and the 27th most populous city in the world. The Demographics of India are overall remarkably diverse India's population of approximately 1 ^[57] With a decadal growth rate of 38%, Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi for the decade 1991–2001. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as Bangaloreans in English or Bengaloorinavaru in Kannada. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Kannadigas formed about 39% of the population, by some estimates^[58][59], while non-Kannadigas form the rest of the population. Kannadiga ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ | masculine|) or Kannadati ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡತಿ | feminine|) refers to populations The cosmopolitan nature of the city has caused people from other states of India to migrate to Bangalore and settle there ^[60] Scheduled Castes and Tribes account for 14. 3% of the city's population. Apart from English and Kannada, other major languages spoken in the city are Tamil , Telugu and Hindi, . English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is ^[61] According to the 2001 census of India, 79. 37% of Bangalore's population is Hindu, roughly the same as the national average. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Demographics of India are overall remarkably diverse India's population of approximately 1 ^[62] Muslims comprise 13. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion 37% of the population, which again is roughly the same as the national average, while Christians and Jains account for 5. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. 79% and 1. 05% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. Anglo-Indians also form a substantial group within the city. Anglo-Indians are people who have mixed Indian and British ancestry and the term is sometimes used in the West. Women make up 47. 5% of Bangalore's population. Bangalore has the second highest literacy rate (83%) for an Indian metropolis, after Mumbai. Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in slums^[63] — a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (42%) and Nairobi (60%). A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. ^[64] The 2004 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 9. NCRB or the National Crime Records Bureau is a governmental agency of India responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal 2% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India. Delhi and Mumbai accounted for 15. 7% and 9. 5% respectively. ^[65]

Culture

The Lal Bagh Glass House, famous for its flower shows, is now a heritage monument

Brigade Road is one of the commercial centers of Bangalore

Main article: Culture of Bangalore

Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" ^[66] because of its greenery and the presence of many public parks, including the Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park. For the locality in Mangalore, see Lalbagh Mangalore. For the Mughal fort in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cultural heritage ("national heritage" or just "heritage" is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or Society A monument is a structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past Brigade Road is one of the biggest Commercial centers and busiest Shopping areas of Bangalore, the state capital of Karnataka, India Bangalore is the capital and largest city in the Indian state of Karnataka. For the locality in Mangalore, see Lalbagh Mangalore. For the Mughal fort in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cubbon Park (ಕಬ್ಬನ್ ಪಾರ್ಕ್is a landmark ‘lung’ area of the Bangalore city located within the heart of city in the Central Administrative Area Dasara, a traditional celebratory hallmark of the old Kingdom of Mysore, is the state festival and is celebrated with great vigour. Dasara is the Nadahabba (state-festival of the state of Karnataka. The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 Deepavali, the "Festival of Lights", transcends demographic and religious lines and is another important festival. Diwali, or Deepavali, (also called Tihar and Swanti in Nepal (Markiscarali is a major Indian and Nepalese festival and a significant Other traditional Indian festivals such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Ugadi, Sankranthi, Eid ul-Fitr, and Christmas are also celebrated. India, being a multicultural and multireligious society celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions Ganesha Chaturthi ( IAST: Gaṇeśa Caturthī Devanagari: गणेश चतुर्थी or Ganesha Festival is a day on which Lord Ganesha Ugadi ( Telugu: ఉగాది Kannada: ಯುಗಾದಿ - from ಯುಗ yuga, era + ಆದಿ ādi, beginning the start of an era is the Sankranthi, or Sankranti ( Sanskrit: मकर संक्रान्ति, is a Festival that signifies the beginning of the harvest season for Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Bangalore is home to the Kannada film industry, which churns out about 80 Kannada movies each year. The Cinema of Karnataka, sometimes colloquially referred to as Sandalwood encompasses movies made in the Indian state of Karnataka. ^[67]. One of the most notable contributors to Sandalwood, as the Kannada Movie Industry is referred to, was the late Dr. Rajkumar. This page relates to the Kannada actor Dr Rajkumar for other uses of the name see Raj Kumar.

The diversity of cuisine available is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore. Roadside vendors, tea stalls, and South Indian, North Indian, Chinese and Western fast food are all very popular in the city. Tea stalls are small-time Vendors who primarily sell Tea, Coffee and Milk along small road-side shops in India. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Udupi restaurants are very popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine. Udupi cuisine ( Kannada:ಉಡುಪಿ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಆಹಾರ) is a world-renowned Cuisine of South India.

Bangalore is also a major center of Indian classical music and dance. Classical music and dance recitals are widely held throughout the year and particularly during the Ramanavami and Ganesha Chaturthi festivals. Ganesha Chaturthi ( IAST: Gaṇeśa Caturthī Devanagari: गणेश चतुर्थी or Ganesha Festival is a day on which Lord Ganesha The Bengaluru Gayana Samaja has been at the forefront of promoting classical music and dance in the city. Bangalore Gayana Samaja (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಗಾಯನ ಸಮಾಜ is one of the oldest cultural organization in Bangalore and was established in the year 1905 The city also has a vibrant Kannada theater scene with organisations like Ranga Shankara leading the way. Ranga Shankara is acknowledged as the Theatre that Arundathi Nag has built in memory of her husband Shankar Nag, the late theatre-television-film personality Bangalore is also known as the "Rock city of India" and sometimes called as the "Pub Capital of India". Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. ^[68][69]

Sports

An India vs. The Indian cricket team is an international Cricket team representing India. Pakistan cricket match at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore. The Pakistan National Cricket Team is an international Cricket team representing Pakistan. Records Test Match Records Highest innings total India 626/all out - India vs Pakistan 3rd Test in Bangalore Highest individual score 267

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in Bangalore. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former Indian cricket team captain Rahul Dravid, current test captain Anil Kumble and Robin Uthappa (others). The Indian cricket team is an international Cricket team representing India. Rahul Sharad Dravid ( Kannada:ರಾಹುಲ್ ಶರದ್ ದ್ರಾವಿಡ Marathi:राहुल शरद द्रविड) (b Test cricket is the longest form of the Sport of Cricket. It has long been considered the ultimate test of playing ability between cricketing nations Anil Kumble (ಅನಿಲ್ ಕುಂಬ್ಳೆ (born 17 October 1970 in Bangalore, Karnataka) is an Indian Cricketer He is a right-arm Robin Venu Uthappa ( Kodava Takk - Kannada: ರಾಬಿನ್‌ ವೇಣು ಉತ್ತಪ್ಪ Malayalam: റോബിന് ഉത്തപ്പ Medical and Health Experts Dr H Sudarshan - graduated from Bangalore Medical College Many children play gully cricket on the roads and in the city's many public fields. In Cricket, other than Test matches, One Day International matches Twenty20 matches and First class matches other forms of the sport do exist Bangalore's main international cricket stadium is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 40,000^[70] and has hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup and 1996 Cricket World Cup. Records Test Match Records Highest innings total India 626/all out - India vs Pakistan 3rd Test in Bangalore Highest individual score 267 The 1987 Cricket World Cup (aka Reliance World Cup) was the fourth edition of the tournament The 1996 Cricket World Cup (aka Wills World Cup was won by Sri Lanka who beat Australia by 7 wickets at the final in Lahore. The Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Bangalore Royal Challengers and the Premier Hockey League (PHL) franchise Bangalore Hi-fliers are based in the city. The Indian Premier League (also known as the " DLF Indian Premier League" and often abbreviated as IPL) is a Twenty20 Cricket competition Royal Challengers Bangalore (also referred to as RCB) is the team representing the city of Bangalore in the Indian Premier League, the inaugural The Premier Hockey League (PHL is a professional league competition for Field Hockey clubs in the top division of the Indian hockey system The Bangalore Hi-Fliers are the Premier Hockey League (PHL team from the IT Hub of India, Bangalore, Karnataka. India's Davis Cup team members, Mahesh Bhupathi^[71] and Rohan Bopanna^[72] also reside in Bangalore. The Davis Cup is the premier international team event in men's Tennis. Mahesh Shrinivas Bhupathi ( Kannada: ಮಹೇಶ್ ಭೂಪತಿ (born June 7 1974 Chennai, India is a professional Tennis player. Rohan Bopanna (born 4 March 1980) is an Indian professional tennis player and Indian singles number 2 The city hosts the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Bangalore Open tournament annually. The Bangalore Open (sponsored name Canara Bank Bangalore Open) is a Tennis Tournament held in Bangalore, India. Beginning September, 2008, Bangalore will also host the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open ATP tournament annually. The Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open (known as the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open for sponsorship reasons is a professional Tennis tournament played The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP was formed in 1972 to protect the interests of male professional Tennis players ^[73] Bangalore has a number of elite clubs, like the Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club, which counts among its previous members Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore. Located in Bangalore, India, the The Bangalore Club is the oldest club in the city founded in 1868 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 ^[74]

Education

Indian Institute of Science - the premier institute of science in India

See also: Education in India and List of Bangalore colleges

Till the early 19th century, education in Bangalore was mainly undertaken in schools that were run by religious leaders and restricted to pupils of that religion. The Indian Institute of Science ( IISc) is a premier post-graduate institution of research and higher learning located in Bangalore, India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Structure There are broadly four stages of school education in India namely primary upper primary secondary and higher secondary (or High school) This is a list of Educational Institutions in Bangalore, India. ^[75] The western system of education came into vogue during the rule of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar when two schools were established in Bangalore. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar ( 1794 - 27 March 1868) ( Kannada: ಮುಮ್ಮಡಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್ was the ruling This was followed by a school established by the Wesleyan Mission in 1851 and the Bangalore High School which was started by the Government in 1858. ^[76]

In the present day, schools for young children in Bangalore are mainly based on the kindergarten form of education. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling ^[77] Primary and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to any one of the boards of education like the Karnataka state board, ICSE, CBSE, National Open School (NOS), IGCSE and IB. The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE) examination is an examination conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations for The International General Certificate of Secondary Education, or IGCSE, is an international Qualification for School Students. The International Baccalaureate (IB Diploma Programme (DP is an Educational programme examined in one of three languages ( English, French or Spanish ^[78] There are three kinds of schools in Bangalore viz. government (run by the government), aided (financial aid is provided by the government) and un-aided private (no financial aid is provided). ^[79] After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in Junior College (also known as Pre-University) in one of three streams—Arts, Commerce or Science. The term junior college refers to different educational institutions in different countries The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding ^[80] Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees.

Bangalore is also the home of the Bangalore University which was established in 1964. Bangalore University (BU is a Public university located in Bangalore, Karnataka State, India. Around 500 colleges, having a total student strength of 300 thousand are affiliated to this university. The university has two campuses within Bangalore; Jnanabharathi and Central College. ^[81]

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore which was established in 1909 is the premier institute for scientific research and study in India. The Indian Institute of Science ( IISc) is a premier post-graduate institution of research and higher learning located in Bangalore, India. ^[82] Bangalore is also the home of colleges like the National Law School of India University (NLSIU) which is one of the most sought after law colleges in India,Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore which is one of the premier management schools in India and the Indian Statistical Institute, which is one of the top schools of India in the fields of statistics, mathematics, economics, operations research and information science. The National Law School of India University (NLSIU or NLS is the premier institution for under-graduate and graduate legal education in India The Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIMB is one of India's premier management institutes Indian Statistical Institute (ISI engages in the research teaching and application of Statistics to the Natural sciences and Social sciences. ^[82]

Media

Vijaya Karnataka is the largest circulating Kannada newspaper in Bangalore. Vijaya Karnataka is a Kannada Newspaper. It is the largest circulated Kannada daily and published from a number of cities in Karnataka. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state

The first printing-press was established in Bangalore in the year 1840. ^[83] In 1859, Bangalore Herald became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Bangalore^[84] and in 1860, Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore. ^[83] Currently, Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India are the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively, closely followed by the Praja Vani and Deccan Herald both owned by the Printer's (Mysore) Limited - the largest print media house in Karnataka. Vijaya Karnataka is a Kannada Newspaper. It is the largest circulated Kannada daily and published from a number of cities in Karnataka. The Times of India ( TOI) is a leading English-language Broadsheet Daily newspaper in India. ^[85][86]

Bangalore got its first radio station when All India Radio, the official broadcaster for the Indian Government, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on November 2, 1955. All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR) officially known as Akashvani ( Devanagari: आकाशवाणी ākāshavānī ( Urdu: اکاشوانی Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 ^[87] The radio transmission was AM, till in 2001, Radio City became the first private channel in India to start transmitting FM radio from Bangalore. Amplitude modulation ( AM) is a technique used in electronic communication most commonly for transmitting information via a Radio Carrier wave ^[88] In recent years, a number of FM channels have started broadcasting from Bangalore. ^[89] The city also has various clubs for HAM radio enthusiasts. Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a Hobby and a service in which participants called "hams" use various types of Radio communications ^[90]

Bangalore got its first look at television when Doordarshan established a relay centre here and started relaying programs from November 1, 1981. Doordarshan (दूरदर्शन literally Tele-Vision) is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi ^[91] A production center was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on November 19, 1983. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land ^[91] Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on August 15, 1991 which is now christened DD Chandana. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed DD Chandana (ಡಿಡಿ ಚಂದನ is a Kannada channel owned and operated by Prasar Bharathi under Doordarshan; supported by Doordarshan studios in Bangalore ^[91] The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when Star TV started to broadcast its channels. ^[92] Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years^[93], the cable operators play a major role in the availability of these channels, which has led to occasional conflicts. ^[94] Direct To Home services are also available in Bangalore now. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS is a term used to refer to Satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception also referred to more broadly as direct-to-home ^[95]

The first internet service provider in Bangalore was STPI, Bangalore which started offering internet services in early 1990s. An Internet service provider ( ISP, also called Internet access provider or IAP) is a company which primarily offers their customers access to the Internet ^[96] This internet service was however restricted to corporates, till VSNL started offering dial-up internet services to the general public at the end of 1995. Tata Communications, formerly known Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited or VSNL, is India 's largest Telecommunication company in international long Dial-up Internet Access is a form of Internet access via Telephone lines The user's computer or Router uses an attached Modem connected to a ^[97] Currently, Bangalore has the largest number of broadband internet connections in India. Broadband Internet access, often shortened to just Broadband, is high-speed Internet access—typically contrasted with dial-up access over a Modem ^[98]

Sister Cities

• Minsk, Belarus. Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east ^[99]
• San Francisco, California, United States. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[100]
• Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[101]
• Kharkiv, Kharkiv oblast, Ukraine

See also

• Tourist attractions in Bangalore

References

Further reading

• Hasan, Fazlul. Bangalore Through The Centuries. Bangalore: Historical Publications, 1970.
• Plunkett, Richard. South India. Lonely Planet, 2001. Lonely Planet Publications (usually known as Lonely Planet or LP) is one of the largest travel Guidebook publishers in the world ISBN 1864501618
• Vagale, Uday Kumar. "Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections"PDF (773 KiB). Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• "Environmental Impact Analysis"PDF. Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited. . 2006. Government of Karnataka. 2005.
• Hunter, Cotton, Burn, Meyer. "The Imperial Gazetteer of India". 2006. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1909.
• "Bangalore. " Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911 ed.
• Hayavadana Rao, The Mysore State Gazetteer, 1929

External links

• Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike - (Municipal government)
• Bangalore one service portal
• Bangalore at the Open Directory Project
• Bangalore travel guide from Wikitravel
• Bangalore's satellite map from Wikimapia