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For other uses, see Banat (disambiguation) and Ban (title). Also see Banate and Banovina. Banat may refer to In geography Banat, a geographical and Ban (baːn is a Title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century
Location of Banat in Europe
Location of Banat in Europe
Map of the Banat region
Map of the Banat region

The Banat is a geographical and historical region of Central Europe currently divided between three countries: the eastern part lies in Romania (the counties of Timiş, Caraş-Severin, Arad (part of it, south of Mures/Maros river), and Mehedinţi), the western part in Serbia (the Serbian Banat, mostly included in the Vojvodina region, except for a small part included in Central Serbia), and a small northern part in Hungary (Csongrád county). Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Timiş ('timiʃ Hungarian: Temes, Serbian: Tamiš/Тамиш, Banat Bulgarian: Timiš) is a county ( Judeţ Caraş-Severin ('karaʃ seve'rin Serbian: Караш Северин Karaš Severin, Croatian: Karaš-Severin; Hungarian: Arad (a'rad Hungarian: Arad, Serbian: Arad/Арад) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana, with Mehedinţi (mehe'dinʦi is a county ( judeţ) of Romania, in the historical provinces of Oltenia (mostly and Banat (a little part in the Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Political status The region of Central Serbia is not an administrative division of Serbia as such it is under the direct jurisdiction of the republic authorities Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic This article is about the county For the town see Csongrád. For the historical comitatus see Csongrád (former county. It's populated by Serbs, Romanians, Hungarians, Slovaks and by many other in smaller number. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is People who live in Banat are called Banatians.

The Banat is a part of the Pannonian plain bordered by the River Danube to the south, the River Tisza (Theiss, Tissa, Tisa) to the west, the River Mureş to the north, and the Southern Carpathian Mountains to the east. The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation. The Mureş ( Romanian) ( Maros, Latin Marisus, Croatian Moriš, German Mieresch Marosch or Muresch, Serbian Мориш The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати Its historical capital was Timişoara, now in Timiş county in Romania. Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Timiş ('timiʃ Hungarian: Temes, Serbian: Tamiš/Тамиш, Banat Bulgarian: Timiš) is a county ( Judeţ Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Contents

Names

The term "banate" or "banat" designated a frontier province governed by a ban. Also see Banate and Banovina. Banat may refer to In geography Banat, a geographical and Ban (baːn is a Title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century

The word ban is of Serbo-slavic origin meaning lord or governor. Thus Banat maybe translated loosely as "province". In the 1920s and 30's the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was divided into several banovinas: Zeta, Drinska, Savska, Moravaska etc.

There were several banats in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, such as the banats of Dalmatia, Slavonia, Bosnia, and Croatia; these disappeared during the course of the Ottoman wars in Europe. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Not to be confused with Slovenia, a nearby country Slavonia ( Croatian, Serbian: Slavonija, Cyrillic script Historically and geographically the Region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna; Cyrillic: Босна lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe are also sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Wars or as Turkish Wars, particularly in older European But when the word is used without any other qualification, it indicates the Banat of Temeswar, which strangely acquired this title after the 1718 Treaty of Passarowitz, though it was never governed by a ban. The Banat of Temeswar ( German: Temeswarer Banat, Romanian: Banatul Timişoarei, Serbian: Tamiški Banat or Тамишки The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Požarevac was the Peace treaty signed in Požarevac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пожаревац

The name of the Banat is similar in the languages of the region; Romanian: Banat, Serbian: Банат (Banat), Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság, German: Banat, Turkish: Banat, Slovak: Banát, Banat Bulgarian: Banát, and Standard Bulgarian: Банат (Banat). Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" The Banat Bulgarians ( Banat Bulgarian: palćene or banátsći balgare; common банатски българи banatski balgari) are a distinct Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group

History

Early history

The first known inhabitants of present day Banat were the sarmatian Iazyges. The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Iazyges ( Jazyges is an orthographic variant were a nomadic tribe The mountainous borderlands of the region was the part of the country of dacians. The Dacians ( Lat Daci, Gr Dákai) were a Thracian people the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area The balance of power in the area changed during campaign of emperor Traianus against the dacians: the territory of Banat became roman domain, since it became an important link between Dacia province and the other parts of the empire. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " However, the roman rule didn't mean serious colonization: they only established a few guard stations, but didn't settle in the region. This also meant that the sarmatian - who were recognized as roman allies - control over Banat remained solid. After 150 years of roman rule, emperor Aurelianus gave up and abandoned Dacia, so the roman presence in Banat vanished. Lucius Domitius Aurelianus ( September 9, 214 or 215 &ndashSeptember or October 275 known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270&ndash275 Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " The area fell into the hands of the sarmatians again, and later to the goths, who also took control of Dacia (the present day Transsylvania). The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The goths were forced out by the huns, who organized their ruling center in the carpathian basin, more accurately in the northwestern part of today's Banat. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy After the death of Attila, the hunnic empire disintegrated, and the previously subjected gepids formed a new kingdom in the carpathian basin, only to be defeated 100 years later by the Avars. The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. One governing center of the avars was formed in the region which had important rule in the avar-Byzantine wars. The Avar rule over the area lasted until the 9th century, until Charlemagne's campaigns. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his The eastern part of the carpathian basin became part of the Bulgarian empire a few decades later. The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language Still, the archeological trace of the Avars and even gepids living here, can be tracked until the middle of the century, moreover it is likely that the gepid survivors lasted here for the longest length of time. The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were The Avar rule also meant considerable Slavic migration to the carpathian basin. In 895, the magyars living in Etelköz entered the Byzantine-Bulgarian war on the side of Byzantium, and defeated the bulgars. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. See Pannonian basin before Hungary for the prehistory of Hungary (as opposed to the prehistory of the Hungarian people Because of this, the Bulgarians allied with the Pechenegs, who attacked the magyar settlements. The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται This led to the process of what we know as the magyar conquest of the carpathian basin called hometaking in Hungarian. This also resulted in the loss of the territories north of the danube for the Bulgarian empire. Banat was under magyar rule from this time, up until 1552, when the regional center of Temesvár was taken by the Ottoman empire. Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

Hungarian rule (early 10th century - 16th century)

The area of the Temes river was not the land of the magyar royal tribe, and from the middle of the 10th century - the weakening of the royal rule - the local tribes began to pursue a more and more independent foreign policy. As a consequence, in the eastern part of the carpathian basin, the Byzantine rite started to gain ground. This was halted with the establishment of the Hungarian kingdom, and István I's country-unitive efforts, who made the last tribal leader, Ajtony (Ahtum in other sources) bow. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Saint Stephen I ( Hungarian: I (Szent István) (967/969/975 Esztergom, Hungary – August 15, 1038, Esztergom-Szentkirály Ahtum ( Bulgarian and Serbian Cyrillic: Ахтум Hungarian: Ajtony; also spelled Ohtum or Achtum) was an early In the 14th century, the region became a number one priority, as the southern border of the Banat was the most important defensive line against Ottoman expansion. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

Ottoman rule (1552-1716)

The Banat was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1552, and became an Ottoman eyalet (province) named the Eyalet of Temeşvar. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire were Administrative divisions of the State organisation of the Ottoman Empire based on military administration but The Province of Temeşvar or Eyalet-i Temeşvar was a first-level administrative unit ( Eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire located in the Banat region Due to the continuous ottoman raids and war destruction the local Hungarian population fled to the north or were killed, and serbs and vlachs migrated to the area. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe Since the 16th century, the Banat was mainly populated by Rascians (Serbs) and Vlachs (Romanians); thus in some historical sources it was mentioned under name Rascia and in some other as Wallachia. For other meanings see Raci/RACI and Rac/RAC (disambiguation pages Raci (Раци Rác, Rácok, Ratzen Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni In 1594 Serbs in Banat started a large uprising against Ottoman rule. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Romanians also participated in this uprising.

Habsburg rule

Eyalet of Temeşvar
Eyalet of Temeşvar

In the 17th century, parts of the Banat were incorporated into the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria. The Province of Temeşvar or Eyalet-i Temeşvar was a first-level administrative unit ( Eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire located in the Banat region Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich In 1716, Prince Eugene of Savoy took the last parts of the Banat from the Ottomans. This article refers to the Austrian Habsburg military leader for the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte see Eugène de Beauharnais. It received the title of the Banat of Temeswar after the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), and remained a separate province of Habsburg Monarchy under military administration until 1751, when Empress Maria Theresa of Austria introduced a civil administration. The Banat of Temeswar ( German: Temeswarer Banat, Romanian: Banatul Timişoarei, Serbian: Tamiški Banat or Тамишки The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Požarevac was the Peace treaty signed in Požarevac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пожаревац Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant The Banat of Temeswar province was abolished in 1778. The southern part of the Banat region remained within the Military Frontier (Banat Krajina) until the Frontier was abolished in 1871. Military Frontier (Military Border Military Krajina Vojna Krajina, Војна Крајина, Militärgrenze, Confiniaria militaria, Határőrvidék The Banat Krajina or Banatian Military Frontier was a section of the Habsburg Monarchy 's Military Frontier ( Krajina) located in the Banat

During the Ottoman rule, parts of Banat had a low population density after years of warfare, and much of the area was left almost desolate in marsh, heath, and forest. Count Claudius Mercy (1666-1734), who was appointed governor of the Banat of Temeswar in 1720, took numerous measures for the regeneration of the Banat. Count Claudius Florimund De Mercy ( Longwy, 1666 - Parma, 1734 was an Imperial Field marshal, born at Longwy in The marshes near the Danube and Tisza rivers were cleared, roads and canals were built at great expense of labour, German artisans and other settlers were attracted to colonize the district, and agriculture and trade encouraged. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation.

Banat of Temeswar, province of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1739
Banat of Temeswar, province of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1739
Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat (1849-1860)
Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat (1849-1860)
Counties in Banat, Bačka and Srem after 1881, the five counties, which were formed in the territory of former Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat
Counties in Banat, Bačka and Srem after 1881, the five counties, which were formed in the territory of former Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat
Banat Republic in 1918
Banat Republic in 1918

Maria Theresa also took a great interest in the Banat; she colonized the region with large numbers of German peasants, encouraged the exploitation of the mineral wealth of the country, and generally developed the measures introduced by Mercy. The Banat of Temeswar ( German: Temeswarer Banat, Romanian: Banatul Timişoarei, Serbian: Tamiški Banat or Тамишки See also Vojvodina (disambiguation, Banat (disambiguation The Serbian Voivodship and Tamiš Banat was a Voivodship ( Duchy) of the Bačka ( Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, See also Vojvodina (disambiguation, Banat (disambiguation The Serbian Voivodship and Tamiš Banat was a Voivodship ( Duchy) of the Banat (disambiguationThe Banat Republic (Republica Bănăţeană Banater Republik Banatska republika / Банатска република Bánáti Köztársaság was a Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia see also names in other languages; May 13, 1717 November 29 1780) was the Archduchess regnant This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general German settlers arrived from Swabia, Alsace and Bavaria, as well as people from Austria. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Many settlements in the eastern Banat thus were mostly German-inhabited. The ethnic Germans in the Banat region became known as the Danube Swabians, or Donauschwaben. The Danube Swabians (Donauschwaben Dunai svábok or Dunamenti németek Şvabi or Şvabi Dunăreni Дунавске Швабе Dunavske Švabe, Podunavski Some of them, coming from French-speaking or linguistically mixed communes in Lorraine, maintained for some generations the French language, and a specific ethnic identity, later labelled as Banat French, Français du Banat. Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. [1] Hungarians were not allowed to settle down in Banat after the colonization for a long time.

In 1779, the Banat region was incorporated back into Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, and the three counties Torontál, Temes and Krassó were created. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Torontál ( Hungarian: Torontál, Serbian: Torontal or Торонтал) is the name of administrative county ( Comitatus Temes ( Hungarian: Temes, Romanian: Timiş, Serbian: Tamiš or Тамиш) is the name of an administrative Krassó-Szörény ( Hungarian: Krassó-Szörény, Romanian: Caraş-Severin, Serbian: Karaš-Severin or Караш-Северин In 1848, the western Banat became part of the Serbian Vojvodina, a Serbian autonomous region within the Habsburg Monarchy. The Serbian Vojvodina ( Serbian Voivodship, Serbian Duchy, Srpska Vojvodina, Српска Војводина was a Serbian autonomous region within the During the Revolutions of 1848–1849, the Banat was respectively occupied by Serbian and Hungarian troops. The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European The Serbian Vojvodina ( Serbian Voivodship, Serbian Duchy, Srpska Vojvodina, Српска Војводина was a Serbian autonomous region within the The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 The date also started expandment of Greater Serbian propaganda against the Banatians. Serbian nationalism is the Ethnic nationalism of the Serb people

After the Revolution of 1848–1849, the Banat (together with Syrmia and Bačka) was made into a separate Austrian crownland known as the Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat, but, in 1860 this province was abolished and incorporated again into Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. Bačka ( Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. See also Vojvodina (disambiguation, Banat (disambiguation The Serbian Voivodship and Tamiš Banat was a Voivodship ( Duchy) of the

After 1871, the former Military Frontier located in southern parts of the Banat came under civil administration and was incorporated into the Banat counties. Military Frontier (Military Border Military Krajina Vojna Krajina, Војна Крајина, Militärgrenze, Confiniaria militaria, Határőrvidék Krassó and Szörény were united into Krassó-Szörény in 1881. Krassó-Szörény ( Hungarian: Krassó-Szörény, Romanian: Caraş-Severin, Serbian: Karaš-Severin or Караш-Северин Krassó-Szörény ( Hungarian: Krassó-Szörény, Romanian: Caraş-Severin, Serbian: Karaš-Severin or Караш-Северин Krassó-Szörény ( Hungarian: Krassó-Szörény, Romanian: Caraş-Severin, Serbian: Karaš-Severin or Караш-Северин

In 1918, the Banat Republic was proclaimed in Timişoara in October, and the government of Hungary recognized its independence. Banat (disambiguationThe Banat Republic (Republica Bănăţeană Banater Republik Banatska republika / Банатска република Bánáti Köztársaság was a Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar However, it was short-lived. After just two weeks, Serbian troops invaded the country, and that was the end of the Banat Republic. The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Србија Serbian Latinica Kraljevina Srbija) was created when Prince Milan Obrenović ruler

In 1918 and 1919, most of the Banat became part of Romania (Krassó-Szörény completely, two-thirds of Temes, and a small part of Torontál). Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Krassó-Szörény ( Hungarian: Krassó-Szörény, Romanian: Caraş-Severin, Serbian: Karaš-Severin or Караш-Северин Temes ( Hungarian: Temes, Romanian: Timiş, Serbian: Tamiš or Тамиш) is the name of an administrative Torontál ( Hungarian: Torontál, Serbian: Torontal or Торонтал) is the name of administrative county ( Comitatus The southwestern part (most of Torontál, one-third of Temes) became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which became Yugoslavia). Torontál ( Hungarian: Torontál, Serbian: Torontal or Торонтал) is the name of administrative county ( Comitatus Temes ( Hungarian: Temes, Romanian: Timiş, Serbian: Tamiš or Тамиш) is the name of an administrative The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian A small area near Szeged became part of newly independent Hungary. Szeged ( (approximate pronunciation Seg-ed (known also by alternative names) is the fourth largest City of Hungary, the Regional centre Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic These borders were confirmed by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor

The territory of the Banat is presently part of the Romanian counties Timiş, Caraş-Severin, Arad and Mehedinţi, the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina and Belgrade City District, and the Hungarian Csongrád County. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Timiş ('timiʃ Hungarian: Temes, Serbian: Tamiš/Тамиш, Banat Bulgarian: Timiš) is a county ( Judeţ Caraş-Severin ('karaʃ seve'rin Serbian: Караш Северин Karaš Severin, Croatian: Karaš-Severin; Hungarian: Arad (a'rad Hungarian: Arad, Serbian: Arad/Арад) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana, with Mehedinţi (mehe'dinʦi is a county ( judeţ) of Romania, in the historical provinces of Oltenia (mostly and Banat (a little part in the Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. This article is about the county For the town see Csongrád. For the historical comitatus see Csongrád (former county.

Geography

Romanian Banat

Map of Romania with Romanian Banat highlighted
Map of Romania with Romanian Banat highlighted

In 1938, the counties of Timiş-Torontal, Caraş, Severin, Arad, and Hunedoara were joined to form Ţinutul Timiş, which encompassed the Romanian Banat. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Ţinutul Timiş was one of the ten Romanian ţinuturi founded in 1938, after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by

On 6 September 1950, the province was replaced by the Timişoara Region (formed by the present-day counties of Timiş and Caraş-Severin). Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Timiş ('timiʃ Hungarian: Temes, Serbian: Tamiš/Тамиш, Banat Bulgarian: Timiš) is a county ( Judeţ Caraş-Severin ('karaʃ seve'rin Serbian: Караш Северин Karaš Severin, Croatian: Karaš-Severin; Hungarian:

In 1956, the southern half of the existing Arad Region was incorporated to the Timişoara Region.

In December 1960, the Timişoara Region was named the Banat Region.

On 17 February 1968, a new territorial division was made and today's Timiş, Caraş-Severin and Arad counties were formed. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Timiş ('timiʃ Hungarian: Temes, Serbian: Tamiš/Тамиш, Banat Bulgarian: Timiš) is a county ( Judeţ Caraş-Severin ('karaʃ seve'rin Serbian: Караш Северин Karaš Severin, Croatian: Karaš-Severin; Hungarian: Arad (a'rad Hungarian: Arad, Serbian: Arad/Арад) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana, with

Since 1998, Romania has been split into eight development regions, which act as a form of territorial autonomy divisions. The Vest development region is composed of four counties: Arad, Timiş, Hunedoara, and Caraş-Severin; thus it has almost same borders as the Timiş Province of 1929. Vest ( West) is a development region in Romania created in 1998 The Vest development region is also a part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisa Euroregion. Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisza ( Romanian: Dunăre-Criş-Mureş-Tisa, Hungarian: Duna-Körös-Maros-Tisza, Serbian: Dunav-Karaš-Moriš-Tisa In European Politics, a Euroregion is a form of Transnational co-operation structure between two (or more territories located in different European A minority of Hungarians make up 5. 6% of the population.

The Romanian Banat is mountainous in the south and southeast, while in the north, west and south-west it is flat and in some places marshy. The climate, except in the marshy parts, is generally healthy. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize, flax, hemp and tobacco are grown in large quantities, and the products of the vineyards are of a good quality. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Oats redirects here It may mean either the common cereal oat discussed here or any cultivated or wild species of the Genus Avena. Rye ( Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (binomial name Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Game is plentiful and the rivers swarm with fish. The mineral wealth is great, including copper, tin, lead, zinc, iron and especially coal. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Amongst its numerous mineral springs, the most important are those of Mehadia, with sulphurous waters, which were already known in the Roman period as the Termae Herculis (Băile Herculane). Băile Herculane (Herkulesbad Herkulesfürdő Aqua Herculis is a town in Romanian Banat, in Caraş-Severin County, situated in the valley of the The present "Banat Region" of Romania includes some areas that are mountainous and were not part of the historical Banat or of the Pannonian plain.

Serbian Banat

Proclaimed borders of Serbian Vojvodina in 1848 (including Western Banat)
Proclaimed borders of Serbian Vojvodina in 1848 (including Western Banat)
Serbian Banat within Vojvodina
Serbian Banat within Vojvodina

The Serbian Banat (Western Banat) was part of Serbian Vojvodina (1848-1849) and part of the Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat (1849-1860). The Serbian Vojvodina ( Serbian Voivodship, Serbian Duchy, Srpska Vojvodina, Српска Војводина was a Serbian autonomous region within the The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság The Serbian Vojvodina ( Serbian Voivodship, Serbian Duchy, Srpska Vojvodina, Српска Војводина was a Serbian autonomous region within the See also Vojvodina (disambiguation, Banat (disambiguation The Serbian Voivodship and Tamiš Banat was a Voivodship ( Duchy) of the After 1860, the Serbian Banat was part of Torontál and Temes counties of Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. Torontál ( Hungarian: Torontál, Serbian: Torontal or Торонтал) is the name of administrative county ( Comitatus Temes ( Hungarian: Temes, Romanian: Timiş, Serbian: Tamiš or Тамиш) is the name of an administrative The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 The center of Torontál county was Veliki Bečkerek, the current Zrenjanin. Zrenjanin ( Serbian Cyrillic: Зрењанин is a city and a municipality located in Serbia.

The region was county of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes between 1918 and 1922 (in 1918-1919, county was part of the province of Banat, Bačka and Baranja) and from 1922 to 1929 it was divided between Belgrade oblast and Podunavlje oblast. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Also see Banat (disambiguation, Bačka (disambiguation, and Baranja (disambiguation The Banat Bačka and Baranja (Serbian Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Also see Podunavlje (disambiguation Podunavlje (Подунавље is the name of the Danube river basin parts located in In 1929, most of the region was incorporated into the Danube Banovina (Danubian Banat), a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, while the city of Pančevo was incorporated into self-governed Belgrade district. The Danube Banovina or Danube Banate ( Serbian and Croatian: Дунавска бановина or Dunavska banovina; Hungarian: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Pančevo ( Serbian: Панчево is a city and municipality located in Serbia at 44

Between 1941 and 1944, the Serbian Banat was occupied by the World War II Axis powers. The Banat was a political entity established after occupation and partition of Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Formally it was part of Serbia, but it actually was a virtually separate autonomous region ruled by its German minority. Since 1945, the Serbian Banat (together with Bačka and Syrmia), has been part of the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, first as part of the Second and Third Yugoslavias, then as part of Serbia and Montenegro, and, since 2006, as part of an independent Serbia. Bačka ( Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, Socialist Republic of Serbia ( Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Република Србија Socijalistička Republika Srbija) was a Socialist Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Војводина Socijalistička Autonomna The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country

In Serbia, the Banat is mostly plains. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize, hemp and sunflower are grown, and mineral wealth consists of oil and natural gas. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Oats redirects here It may mean either the common cereal oat discussed here or any cultivated or wild species of the Genus Avena. Rye ( Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) is an Annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, A popular tourist destination in the Banat is Deliblatska Peščara. Deliblatska Peščara (Делиблатска Пешчара or Deliblato Sand is a large Sand area situated in the Vojvodina province Serbia There is also a sizeable Hungarian minority, which makes up 10. 21% of the population.

The districts of Serbia in Banat are:

Serbian Banat also includes the area known as Pančevački Rit, which belongs to the Belgrade municipality of Palilula. See also Subdivisions of Serbia Districts (Окрузи Okruzi) are the Administrative units of Serbia, comprising several municipalities North Banat District ( Serbian: Севернобанатски округ, Severnobanatski okrug, Hungarian Ada ( Serbian: Ада Ada, Hungarian: Ada) is a town and municipality in Serbia. For the Moth Genus, see Senta (moth. Senta ( Serbian: Сента or Senta, Hungarian Kanjiža ( Serbian: Кањижа or Kanjiža; Hungarian: Magyarkanizsa or Kanizsa) is a town and municipality in the North Bačka ( Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, Central Banat District ( Serbian: Средњебанатски округ Srednjebanatski okrug) is a northeastern South Banat District ( Serbian: Јужнобанатски округ Južnobanatski okrug) is a northeastern Pančevački Rit (Панчевачки Рит is a small geographical area in south-western Banat, Serbia. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Palilula ( Serbian: Палилула is an urban neighborhood and one of 17 municipalities which constitute the City of Belgrade, the capital of

See also: Geographical regions in Serbia

Hungarian Banat

The Hungarian Banat consists of a small northern part of the region, which is part of the Csongrád County of Hungary. The regions of Serbia include geographical and to the lessre extent traditional and historical areas This article is about the county For the town see Csongrád. For the historical comitatus see Csongrád (former county. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic In addition to the Hungarian population, there's a small minority of Serbs (e. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, g. in Deszk, Szőreg). Deszk (Serbian Деска / Deska) is a village near the city of Szeged, in county Csongrád, in Hungary. Szőreg ( Serbian: Сириг or Sirig) is a settlement which forms a part of Szeged in Csongrád County Banat ( Hungarian

Demographics

The Whole Banat

1660–1666:

In 1660–1666, Serbs lived in western (flat) part of the Banat, while Romanians lived in the eastern (mountainous) part. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni [2]

1743–1753:

In 1743–1753, ethnic composition of Banat looked as follows: [3]

1774:

According to 1774 data, the population of the Banat of Temeswar numbered 375,740 people and was composed of: [4]

1900:

In 1900, the population of Banat numbered 1,431,329 people, including: [5]

1910:

According to the 1910 census, the population of the Banat region (counties of Torontál, Temes, and Krassó-Szörény) numbered 1,582,133 people, including: [6] [7] [8] (*)

(*) Note: according to the 1910 census, the population of Romanian Banat included 52. 6% Romanians, 25. 6% Germans, 12. 2% Hungarians, and 4. 9% Serbs, while population of Serbian Banat included 40. 53% Serbs, 22. 14% Germans, 19. 18% Hungarians, 12. 94% Romanians, and 2. 86% Slovaks. In Serbia the German population mostly fled or was expelled from the region after World War II, as a consequence of war time events. In Romania they mostly migrated after 1989 from economic reasons. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)

Population table:

The historical population of the Banat region in different time periods:

Year Total
1717 85,166
1743 125,000
1753 210,992
1774 375,740
1797 667,912
1900 1,431,329
1910 1,582,133

Romanian Banat

The historical population of the Romanian Banat (the Timiş [9], [10] and Caraş-Severin [11], [12] counties) was as following:

Year Total Romanians Hungarians Germans Serbs Roma
1880 744,367 426,368 (57. Year 1717 ( MDCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1753 ( MDCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Timiş ('timiʃ Hungarian: Temes, Serbian: Tamiš/Тамиш, Banat Bulgarian: Timiš) is a county ( Judeţ Caraş-Severin ('karaʃ seve'rin Serbian: Караш Северин Karaš Severin, Croatian: Karaš-Severin; Hungarian: The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania consisting of 1434377 people and making up 6 The Germans of Romania or Rumäniendeutsche were 700000 strong in 1938 The Roma ( Roma in Romany; Romi, Rromi or Ţigani in Romanian) constitute one of the major minorities in Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year 3%) 37,586 (5. 0%) 202,698 (27. 2%) 46,983 (6. 3%) n/a
1890 812,799 446,816 (55. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 0%) 50,899 (6. 3%) 233,006 (29. 9%) 41,356 (5. 1%) n/a
1900 871,598 468,508 (53. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar 8%) 78,656 (9. 0%) 243,582 (27. 9%) 41,960 (4. 8%) n/a
1910 902,210 474,787 (52. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting 6%) 109,873 (12. 2%) 231,391 (25. 6%) 44,598 (4. 9%) n/a
1920 822,639 450,817 (54. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar 8%) 79,955 (9. 7%) 208,774 (25. 4%) n/a n/a
1930 878,877 473,781 (53. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 9%) 91,421 (10. 4%) 215,031 (24. 5%) 37,113 (4. 2%) 16,471 (1. 9%)
1941 898,262 505,448 (56. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 3%) 80,575 (9. 0%) 213,840 (23. 8%) n/a n/a
1956 896,668 589,369 (65. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 7%) 85,790 (9. 6%) 137,697 (15. 4%) 40,018 (4. 5%) 9,309 (1. 0%)
1966 966,322 674,062 (69. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. 8%) 85,358 (8. 8%) 133,197 (13. 8%) 38,535 (4. 0%) 6,769 (0. 7%)
1977 1,082,461 796,007 (73. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays 5%) 86,763 (8. 0%) 119,972 (11. 1%) 29,514 (2. 7%) 15,755 (1. 5%)
1992 1,076,380 886,958 (82. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) 4%) 70,742 (6. 6%) 38,658 (3. 6%) 25,029 (2. 3%) 22,612 (2. 1%)
2002 1,011,145 859,690 (85. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. 0%) 56,380 (5. 6%) 20,323 (2. 0%) 19,355 (1. 9%) 23,998 (2. 4%)

Serbian Banat

Main article: Demographic history of Serbian Banat

According to 2002 census, the population of Serbian Banat (excluding its part near Belgrade) numbered 616,202 people and was composed of: [13]

Symbols

The traditional heraldic symbol of the Banat is a lion, which is nowadays present in both the Coat of Arms of Romania and the Coat of Arms of Vojvodina. The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. The Coat of arms of Romania was adopted in the Romanian Parliament on 10 September, 1992 as a representative coat of arms for Romania The Parliament of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (located in northern Serbia) adopted the coat of arms of the province on 28 June 2002.

Cities

The largest cities in the Banat are:

Gallery

Timişoara, Romania, the Orthodox Cathedral

Timişoara, Romania, a fountain in the city centre

Timişoara, Romania, the Catholic Cathedral

Zrenjanin, Serbia, City Hall and monument of king Petar I of Serbia

Vršac, Serbia

Orşova, Romania

Oţelu Roşu, Romania, Town center

Kikinda, Serbia

Skorenovac, Serbia

Lugoj, Romania

Jimbolia, Romania

Pančevo, Serbia

References

Notes

  1. ^ Smaranda Vultur, De l’Ouest à l’Est et de l’Est à l’Ouest : les avatars identitaires des Français du Banat, Texte presenté a la conférence d'histoire orale "Visibles mais pas nombreuses : les circulations migratoires roumaines", Paris, 2001
  2. ^ Dr. Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 2, Novi Sad, 1990.
  3. ^ Dr. Dušan J. Popović (see above)
  4. ^ Miodrag Milin, Vekovima zajedno (iz istorije srpsko-rumunskih odnosa), Temišvar, 1995.
  5. ^ Banatul.com - History and Information about Banat, Serbia and Banat, Romania
  6. ^ Torontál County
  7. ^ Temes County
  8. ^ Krassó-Szörény County
  9. ^ Ethnic composition of the Timiş County (1850-1992)
  10. ^ Recensământ 2002, Census 2002: Timiş County
  11. ^ Ethnic composition of the Caraş-Severin County (1850-1992)
  12. ^ Recensământ 2002, Census 2002: Caraş-Severin County
  13. ^ Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova 2002. Knjiga 1: Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima. Republika Srbija, Republički zavod za statistiku Beograd 2003. ISBN 86-84443-00-09

External links

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