Bamburgh Castle is an imposing castle located on the coast at Bamburgh in Northumberland, England (grid reference NU184350). A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. Bamburgh is a large village on the coast of Northumberland, England. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude It is a Grade I listed building. A listed building in the United Kingdom is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural historical or cultural significance ^[1]

Contents 1 History 2 Vicinity features 3 Environmental factors 4 Archaeology at Bamburgh 5 Miscellany 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links 9 References

History

Built on a basalt outcrop, the castle was known to the native Britons as Din Guardi and had been the capital of the British Kingdom of Bryneich from the realm's foundation in c. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland and the North-East of 420 until 547, the year of the first written reference to the castle. In that year the citadel was captured by the Anglo-Saxon ruler Ida of Bernicia (Bryneich) and became Ida's seat. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south It was briefly retaken by the Britons from his son Hussa during the war of 590 before being relieved later the same year. Hussa ruled from 585 to 592 and was the seventh known ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Summer - Maurice agrees to Khosrau's entreaties and agrees to restart the war with Persia

His grandson Æðelfriþ passed it on to his wife Bebba, from whom the early name Bebbanburgh was derived. Æthelfrith (died c 616 was King of Bernicia from c 593 until c The Vikings destroyed the original fortification in 993. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas

The Normans built a new castle on the site, which forms the core of the present one. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. William II unsuccessfully besieged it in 1095 during a revolt supported by its owner, Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland. William II (c 1056 &ndash 2 August 1100) the third son of William I of England (William the Conqueror was King of England from 1087 After Robert was captured, his wife continued the defence until coerced to surrender by the king's threat to blind her husband.

Bamburgh then became the property of the reigning English monarch. Henry II probably built the keep. As an important English outpost, the castle was the target of occasional raids from Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. In 1464 during the Wars of the Roses, it became the first castle in England to be defeated by artillery, at the end of a nine-month siege by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Richard Neville Jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick and Suo jure 6th Earl of Salisbury ( 22 November

The Forster family of Northumberland^[2] provided the Crown with twelve successive governors of the castle for some 400 years until the Crown granted ownership to Sir John Forster. The family retained ownership until Sir William Forster (d. 1700) was posthumously declared bankrupt, and his estates, including the castle, were sold to Lord Crew, Bishop of Durham ( husband of his sister Dorothy) under an Act of Parliament to settle the debts. Nathanial Crew 3rd Baron Crew ( January 31 1633 &ndash1721 was Bishop of Oxford from 1671 to 1674 then Bishop of Durham from 1674 to 1721

The castle deteriorated but was restored by various owners during the 18th and 19th centuries. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar It was finally bought by the Victorian industrialist William Armstrong, who completed the restoration. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities A business magnate, sometimes referred to as a mogul, tycoon, baron, or industrialist, is a person who has reached a prominent place in Sir William George Armstrong 1st Baron Armstrong ( November 26 1810 &ndash December 27 1900) was a Tyneside industrialist who

During the Second World War, the Royal Navy corvette HMS Bamborough Castle was named after it. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) A corvette is a small maneuverable lightly armed Warship, originally smaller than a Frigate and larger than a coastal patrol craft, although many HMS Bamborough Castle (K412 was a Royal Navy Castle-class Corvette.

Vicinity features

About 10 kilometres to the south on a point of coastal land is the ancient fortress Dunstanburgh Castle and to the north approximately 15 kilometres is Lindisfarne Castle on Holy Island. Dunstanburgh Castle lies on a spectacular headland on the coast of Northumberland in northern England, between the villages of Craster and Embleton Lindisfarne Castle is a 16th-century Castle located on Holy Island, near Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England, much altered Lindisfarne () (variant spelling Lindesfarne is a Tidal island off the north-east coast of England.

Environmental factors

Air quality levels at Bamburgh Castle are excellent due to the absence of industrial sources in the region. Sound levels near the north-south highway passing by Bamburgh Castle are in the range of 59 to 63 dBA in the daytime (Northumberland Sound Mapping Study, Northumberland, England, June, 2003). dba (dba Luftfahrtgesellschaft mbH is a low-cost airline based in Munich, Germany. Nearby are breeding colonies of Arctic and common terns on the inner Farne Islands, and of Atlantic puffin, shag and razorbill on Staple Island. The Farne Islands (also referred to less formally as the Farnes) are a group of islands off the coast of Northumberland, England. The Atlantic Puffin ( la Fratercula arctica) is a Seabird Species in the Auk family. The Razorbill, Alca torda, is a large Auk, 38-43 cm in length with a 60-69 cm wingspan Staple Island is a small rocky island that is one of the outer Farne Islands in Northumberland, England.

Archaeology at Bamburgh

Since 1996, the Bamburgh Research Project has been investigating the archaeology and history of the Castle and Bamburgh area. The project has concentrated on the fortress site and the early medieval burial ground at the Bowl Hole, to the south of the castle.

Archaeological excavations were started in the 1960s by Dr. Brian Hope-Taylor, who discovered the gold plaque known as the Bamburgh Beast as well as the Bamburgh Sword. The Bamburgh Sword is an Anglo-Saxon artifact from the seventh century

The project runs a training dig for 10 weeks every summer for students to learn more about archaeological techniques and to further research into the Castle.

Miscellany

Bamburgh Castle has served as a shooting location for a number of films including Becket (1964) and The Tragedy of Macbeth (1971). Becket is a 1964 Film adaptation of the play Becket or the Honour of God by Jean Anouilh made by Hal Wallis Productions Macbeth is a 1971 film directed by Roman Polanski, based on William Shakespeare 's The Tragedy of Macbeth, about the Scots Lord

Bebbanburg Castle is the ancestral home of Uhtred in Bernard Cornwell's "The Last Kingdom", "The Pale Horseman", "The Lords of the North" and "Sword Song". Bernard Cornwell OBE (born February 23, 1944) is a prolific and popular English Historical novelist He is best known for his The Last Kingdom is the first book in The Saxon Stories series by Bernard Cornwell. The Pale Horseman is a novel based in 9th Century Wessex and Cornwall. The Lords of the North is a novel based in 9th Century Anglo-Saxon kingdoms Wessex and Northumbria.

See also

• Bamburgh Sword
• Bebbanburg

Notes

External links

• Bamburgh Castle Guide from VisitNorthumberland.com - Includes Video
• Bamburgh Castle - Map

References

• Bamburgh Castle
• Bamburgh Research Project
• Images of Bamburgh castle
• Glen Lyndon Dodds, (Albion Press, 2002), Historic Sites of Northumberland & Newcastle upon Tyne, pp 33-39
• David Ford Nash, "Early British Kingdoms".
• Fry, Plantagenet Somerset (1980). Plantagenet Somerset Fry, born Peter George Robin Fry ( 3 January 1931 &ndash 10 September 1996) was a British The David & Charles Book of Castles. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 182–183. ISBN 0-7153-7976-3.  

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