Forensic science
Physiological sciences
Forensic pathology · Forensic dentistry
Forensic anthropology · Forensic entomology
Social sciences
Forensic psychology · Forensic psychiatry
Other specializations
Fingerprint analysis · Forensic accounting
Ballistics  · Bloodstain pattern analysis  · Forensic arts
DNA analysis · Forensic toxicology
Forensic footwear evidence
Questioned document examination
Cybertechnology in forensics
Information forensics · Computer forensics
Related disciplines
Forensic engineering
Forensic materials engineering
Forensic polymer engineering
Fire investigation
Vehicular accident reconstruction
People in Forensics
Auguste Ambroise Tardieu
Edmond Locard
Bill Bass
Gil Grissom
Related articles
Crime scene · CSI Effect
Trace evidence · Skid mark
Use of DNA in forensic entomology
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Ballistics (gr. βάλλειν ('ba'llein'), "throw") is the science of mechanics that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, especially bullets, gravity bombs, rockets, or the like; the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so as to achieve a desired performance. Forensic pathology is a branch of Pathology concerned with determining the Cause of death by examination of a cadaver Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology is the proper handling Examination and Evaluation of dental Evidence, which will be then Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of Physical anthropology and human Osteology (the study of the Human skeleton) in a legal setting Forensic entomology is the application and study of Insect and other Arthropod biology to criminal matters Forensic psychology is the intersection between Psychology and the Legal system. Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty of Psychiatry. It encompasses the interface between Law and psychiatry A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger Forensic accounting is the specialty practice area of Accountancy that describes engagements that result from actual or anticipated disputes or Litigation. Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA is one of several specialties in the field of Forensic science. The term forensic comes from the Roman forum where law and politics were debated Forensic toxicology is the use of Toxicology and other disciplines such as Analytical chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical chemistry to aid medicolegal Forensic footwear Examiniation is the study of footwear impressions evidence created Questioned document examination (QDE is the forensic discipline pertaining to documents that are (or may be in dispute in a court of law Information Forensics is the science of investigation into systemic Processes that produce Information. Computer forensics is a branch of Forensic science pertaining to legal evidence found in computers and digital storage mediums Forensic Engineering is the investigation of materials, products, Structures or components that fail or do not operate/function as A branch of Forensic engineering, the subject focuses on the material evidence from crime or accident scenes seeking defects in those materials which might explain why an accident occurred The study of failure in Polymeric products is called forensic polymer engineering. Fire investigation, sometimes referred to as origin and cause investigation, is the analysis of fire-related incidents Vehicular accident reconstruction s are often conducted by specialized units in law enforcement agencies, to answer questions about automobile accidents, such as who The son of French artist and mapmaker Ambroise Tardieu Auguste Ambroise Tardieu (1818-1879 became the pre-eminent forensic medical scientist of the mid-19th century Dr Edmond Locard (1877 – 1966 was a pioneer in Forensic science who became known as the Sherlock Holmes of France. William M Bass is a US forensic anthropologist, renowned for his research on human Osteology and human decomposition Gilbert "Gil" Grissom, PhD is a Fictional character portrayed by William Petersen on the American TV Crime drama. A crime scene is a location where an illegal act took place and comprises the area from which most of the physical evidence is retrieved by trained law enforcement The " CSI Effect " (sometimes referred to as the " CSI syndrome " is a reference to the phenomenon of popular television shows such as the ''CSI'' franchise Trace evidence contends that every contact no matter how slight will leave a trace In motoring terms a skid mark is the mark a tire makes when a vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of the road Forensic entomology contains three aspects medicocriminal entomology urban entomology and Stored product entomology. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements A projectile is any object propelled through space by the exertion of a force which ceases after launch A bullet is a solid Projectile propelled by a Firearm or Air gun and is normally made from metal (usually Lead) A gravity bomb is an Aircraft -delivered Bomb that does not contain a Guidance system and hence simply follows a ballistic Trajectory A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the

A ballistic body is a body which is free to move, behave, and be modified in appearance, contour, or texture by ambient conditions, substances, or forces, as by the pressure of gases in a gun, by rifling in a barrel, by gravity, by temperature, or by air particles. A gun is a particular Weapon that propels Projectiles The projectile is generally fired through a hollow tube known as the gun's barrel. Rifling refers to the Helix -shaped pattern in the barrel of a Firearm, which imparts a spin to a Projectile around its long axis Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature A ballistic missile is a missile designed to operate in accordance with the laws of ballistics. A ballistic missile is a Missile that follows a Sub-orbital ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering a warhead to a predetermined target A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a self-propelled explosive Projectile used as a weapon towards a target

In the field of forensic science, forensic ballistics is the science of analyzing firearm usage in crimes. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion

Gun ballistics

Gun ballistics is the study of projectiles from the time of firing to the time of impact with the target. Gun ballistics is often broken down into the following four categories, which contain detailed information on each category:^[1]

• Internal ballistics, the study of the processes originally accelerating the projectile, for example the passage of a bullet through the barrel of a rifle;
• Transition ballistics, (sometimes called intermediate ballistics) the study of the projectile's behavior when it leaves the barrel and the pressure behind the projectile is equalized. Internal ballistics, a subfield of Ballistics, is the study of a Projectile 's behavior from the time its Propellant 's igniter is initiated until it exits A bullet is a solid Projectile propelled by a Firearm or Air gun and is normally made from metal (usually Lead) A rifle is a Firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves ("rifling" cut into the barrel walls Transitional ballistics, also known as intermediate ballistics is the study of a projectile's behavior from the time it leaves the muzzle until the pressure behind the projectile
• External ballistics, the study of the passage of the projectile through space or the air; and
• Terminal ballistics, the study of the interaction of a projectile with its target, whether that be flesh (for a hunting bullet), steel (for an anti-tank round), or even furnace slag (for an industrial slag disruptor). External ballistics is the part of the science of Ballistics that deals with the behaviour of a non-powered projectile in flight Terminal ballistics, a sub-field of Ballistics, is the study of the behavior of a Projectile when it hits its target Anti-tank refers to any method of combating military Armored fighting vehicles notably Tanks The most common anti-tank systems Slag is the By-product of Smelting Ore to purify Metals They can be considered to be a mixture of metal Oxides however

Forensic ballistics

Forensic ballistics involves analysis of bullets and bullet impacts to determine the type. A bullet is a solid Projectile propelled by a Firearm or Air gun and is normally made from metal (usually Lead) Separately from ballistics information, firearm and tool mark examinations involve analyzing firearm, ammunition, and tool mark evidence in order to establish whether a certain firearm or tool was used in the commission of a crime.

Rifling, which first made an appearance in the 15th century, is the process of making grooves in gun barrels that imparts a spin to the projectile for increased accuracy and range. Rifling refers to the Helix -shaped pattern in the barrel of a Firearm, which imparts a spin to a Projectile around its long axis Bullets fired from rifled weapons acquire a distinct signature of grooves, scratches, and indentations which are somewhat unique to the weapon used.

The first firearms evidence identification can be traced back to England in 1835 when the unique markings on a bullet taken from a victim were matched with a bullet mold belonging to the suspect. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common When confronted with the damning evidence, the suspect confessed to the crime.

The first court case involving firearms evidence took place in 1902 when a specific gun was proven to be the murder weapon. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The expert in the case, Oliver Wendell Holmes, had read about firearm identification, and had a gunsmith test-fire the alleged murder weapon into a wad of cotton wool. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr ( March 8, 1841 &ndash March 6, 1935) was an American Jurist who served on the Supreme A magnifying glass was used to match the bullet from the victim with the test bullet.

Calvin Goddard, physician and ex-army officer, acquired data from all known gun manufacturers in order to develop a comprehensive database. Colonel Calvin Hooker Goddard (1891 – 1955 was a Forensic scientist, army officer Academic, Researcher and a pioneer in forensic ballistics With his partner, Charles Waite, he catalogued the results of test-firings from every type of handgun made by 12 manufacturers. Waite also invented the comparison microscope. A comparison microscope, sometimes known also as Stereomicroscope or dissecting microscope is a device used to analyze side-by-side specimens With this instrument, two bullets could be laid adjacent to one another for comparative examination.

In 1925 Goddard wrote an article for the Army Ordnance titled "Forensic Ballistics" in which he described the use of the comparison microscope regarding firearms investigations. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A comparison microscope, sometimes known also as Stereomicroscope or dissecting microscope is a device used to analyze side-by-side specimens He is generally credited with the conception of the term "forensic ballistics," though he later admitted it to be an inadequate name for the science.

In 1929 the St. Valentine's Day Massacre led to the opening of the first independent scientific crime detection laboratory in the United States. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Saint Valentine's Day massacre is the name given to the murder of seven people as part of a Prohibition Era conflict between two powerful criminal gangs in Chicago The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

See also

• Ballistic fingerprinting
• Bullet
• Cartridge
• Gun
• Physics of firearms
• Trajectory
• Vaporific Effect
• Gunshot injury
• Stopping Power
• Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners
• Mechanics

References

External links

• Ballistic Trajectories by Jeff Bryant, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.

Ballistic comparison

• Ballistic Chart
• AmmoGuide
• Federal Cartridge
• JBM Small Arms Ballistics — Trajectory and related calculators

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