Alternate meaning: Bohai Sea

Balhae (698 - 926) (Bohai in Chinese) was an ancient multiethnic kingdom established after the fall of Goguryeo. Bo Hai ( also known as Bohai Sea or Bohai Gulf, is the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea on the coast of northeastern China. Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language Romanization system in South Korea. McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language Romanization systems along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-young, a former Goguryeo general, whose father was Dae Jung-sang, established Jin (振, Zhen in Chinese), later called Balhae, by uniting various Mohe and Goguryeo elements. Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Dae Jung-sang was the contribute of Balhae, and the father of Dae Joyeong, who was the founder of Balhae. The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Balhae was a successor state to Goguryeo. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and ^[1]

Balhae occupied southern parts of Manchuria (Northeast China) and Primorsky Krai, and the northern part of the Korean peninsula. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Northeast China ( is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers from Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) Physical geography See also Geography of North Korea, Geography of South Korea Mountains cover 70 percent of the Korean Peninsula and arable plains are It was defeated by the Khitans in 926, and most of its northern territories were absorbed into the Liao Dynasty while the southern parts were absorbed into Goryeo. The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon.

History

History of Korea
Prehistory  Jeulmun period  Mumun period Gojoseon 2333-108 BC  Jin state Proto-Three Kingdoms: 108-57 BC  Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye  Samhan: Ma, Byeon, Jin Three Kingdoms: 57 BC - 668 AD  Goguryeo 37 BC - 668 AD   Sui wars  Baekje 18 BC - 660 AD  Silla 57 BC - 935 AD  Gaya 42-562 North-South States: 698-935  Unified Silla 668-935  Balhae 698-926 Later Three Kingdoms 892-935 Goryeo 918-1392  Khitan wars  Mongol invasions Joseon 1392-1897  Japanese invasions 1592-1598  Manchu invasions Korean Empire 1897–1910 Japanese rule 1910–1945  Provisional Gov't 1919-1948 Division of Korea 1945–1948 North, South Korea 1948–present  Korean War 1950–1953
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Founding

Stele from Balhae at the National Museum of Korea. The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. This article is about the prehistory of the Korean Peninsula, from circa 500000 BCE through 300 BCE The Jeulmun Pottery Period is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 8000-1500 B The Mumun pottery period is an Archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 1500-300 BC Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. Jin state was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE bordering the Korean Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the period after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan North South States Period ( 698 CE - 936 CE refers to the period in Korean history when Silla and Balhae Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of The Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (892 - 936 consisted of Silla, Hubaekje ("Later Baekje " and Taebong (also known as Hugoguryeo The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. The Mongol invasions of Korea (1231 - 1273 consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Goryeo, from 1231 to 1259 Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 The First Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1627 when Hong Taiji led the Manchu army against Korea 's Joseon dynasty. The Korean Empire was a former small empire of Korea that lasted from the Gwangmu Restoration of 1897 until Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910 Korea under Japanese rule refers to the period between 1910 and 1945 when Korea was forcibly annexed by the Japanese Empire. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a Government in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing, during the The division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending Japan For the history of Korea before its division, see History of Korea. For the history of the Korea before its division, see History of Korea. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates This is a Timeline of the History of Korea. Some dates prior to the 6th century CE are speculative or approximate Korea ' s military history spans back thousands of years beginning with the kingdom of Gojoseon and its repulsions of ancient China The naval history of Korea dates back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period when simple fishing ships were used Like most other regions in the world science and technology in Korea has experienced periods of intense growth as well as long periods of stagnation Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. Yan ( was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. Gija Joseon (? - 194 BC describes the period after the alleged arrival of Gija in northern (or in the northwest of Korean peninsula. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes Donghu ( literally "eastern hu" was an ancient nomadic tribe or tribal union in Northeast China Wiman Joseon (194 - 108 BC was the part of the Gojoseon period (2333 BC - 108 BC of Korean history. The Wuhuan ( were a nomadic people who inhabited northern China, in what is now the provinces of Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi, the municipality Sushen was an ancient ethnic group or people who dwelt in the northeastern part of China and the Russian Maritime Province. Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd The Xianbei ( were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties The Yuwen ( is a Chinese compound surname first originated from the a pre-state Clan of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms The Former Yan ( 337 - 370) was a State of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Former Qin ( 351 - 394) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Later Yan ( 383 - 407 or 409) was a Murong - Xianbei state locate in north-east of current China during the era of Sixteen The Northern Yan ( 407 or 409 - 436) was a State of Han Chinese during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. Shiwei (Chinese 室[[wikt 韦|韦]] is one Ethnic groups in Chinese history, who once reside at the eastern part of Mongolia and Manchuria The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it The Kumo Xi ( called the Xi since the Sui dynasty) were a Steppes people located in current Manchuria (north East China The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 Pinyin: běi wèi 386 - 534) also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏 Later Wei (後魏 or The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Far Eastern Republic (Дальневосто́чная Респу́блика ДВР romanised: Dalnevostochnaya Respublika DVR) sometimes called the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Northeast China ( is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers from Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The National Museum of Korea is the flagship museum of Korean history and art in South Korea and is the cultural organization that represents Korea.

The earliest extant recorded mention of Balhae come from the Book of Tang, which was compiled between 941 to 945. The Book of Tang ( or the Old Book of Tang (舊唐書/旧唐书 is the first classic work about the Tang Dynasty. Southern Manchuria and northern Korea were previously the territory of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula Goguryeo fell to the allied forces of Silla and the Tang Dynasty in 668. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The Tang annexed much of western Manchuria, while Silla unified the Korean peninsula south of the Taedong River and became Unified Silla. The Taedong River is a large river in North Korea. It rises in the Rangrim Mountains of the country's north Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of In the "New Book of Tang", it was recorded that the founder of Balhae, Dae Joyeong (大祚榮) was a former Goguryeo general. The New Book of Tang ( is a classic work of history about the Tang Dynasty edited by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi (宋祁 and other official scholars of the Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and

Expansion and foreign relations

The second king Mu, who felt encircled by Tang, Silla and Black Water Malgal along the Amur River, attacked Tang with his navy in 732 and successfully attacked and killed a Tang prefect based on the Shandong Peninsula. Dae Muye, also known as King Mu ( (r 718 - 737 was the second king of the ancient kingdom of Balhae. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. For the area code see Area code 732. Events By Place Europe October 10 — Battle of The Shāndōng Peninsula ( also known as the Jiāodōng Peninsula (胶东半岛 膠東半島 is a Peninsula in the Shāndōng Province of ^[2] Later, a compromise was forged between Tang and Balhae, which resumed tributary missions to Tang. He also sent a mission to Japan in 728 to threaten Silla from the southeast. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Balhae kept diplomatic and commercial contacts with Japan until the end of the kingdom. Balhae dispatched envoys to Japan 34 times, while Japan sent envoys to Balhae only 13 times. ^[3] Because of its proximity to many powerful states, Balhae became a buffer zone for the region.

The third king Mun expanded its territory into the Amur valley in the north and the Liaodong Peninsula in the west. Dae Heummu (r 737-793 was the personal name of Emperor Mun, the third and longest-reigning ruler of the kingdom of Balhae, the successor state to Goguryeo The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria He also established Holhan fortress, the permanent capital near Lake Jingpo in the south of today's Heilongjiang province around 755. Lake Jingpo, or Jingbo 镜泊湖 is a Lake located on the Wandashan Mountains, in Ningan County, Heilongjiang in China, in the upper ( Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang Manchu: Sahaliyan ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern During his reign, a trade route with Silla, called Sillado, was established.

By the 8th century, Balhae controlled northern Korea, all of Northeastern Manchuria, the Liaodong peninsula, and what is now Primorsky Krai of Russia. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) Its strength was such that Silla was forced to build a northern wall in 721 as well as maintain active defences along the common border.

Fall and legacy

Traditionally, historians believed that the ethnic conflicts between the ruling Koreans and underclass Malgal weakened the state. The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. Recent study suggests that the downfall of Balhae is largely due to the catastrophic eruption in the 10th century of Baekdu Mountain located at the center of Balhae territory. Baekdu Mountain, also known as Changbai Mountain in China, is a volcanic Mountain on the border between China and North Korea Baekdu mountain still has one of the biggest volcanic caldera in the world Heaven Lake. Ashes of this eruption can still be found in a large area, even in a sedimentary layer in northern Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. This massive explosion century created tremendous volcanic ash, damaging the agriculture and even societal integrity. Volcanic ash consists of small Tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions less than in diameter The Khitans took advantage of this natural disaster.

Eventually, Balhae would succumb to the Khitans, an emerging power in the Liaoxi area (east of current Beijing area). After destroying Balhae in 926, the Khitan established the puppet Dongdan Kingdom, which was soon followed by the annexation by Liao in 936. Dongdan Kingdom (926-936 (동단 東丹 was the puppet kingdom established by the Khitan to rule the realm of the Balhae Kingdom in Eastern Manchuria The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria Some Balhae aristocrats were moved to Liaoyang but Balhae's eastern territory remained politically independent. Some Balhae people including aristocrats (est. 1 million), led by the last Crown Prince Dae Gwang-hyeon, fled southward to Goryeo, the new self-claimed successor of Goguryeo (934). Dae Gwang-hyeon (대광현 大光顯 ? ~ ? was a member of the Balhae Royal Family and was the leader of the Balhae Refugees who sought refuge in the Korean The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Many descendants of the Balhae royal family in Goryeo, changed their family name to Tae (태, 太) while Crown Prince Dae Gwang-hyeon was conferred family name Wang (왕, 王), the royal family name of Goryeo dynasty. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. Balhae was the last state in Korean history to hold any significant territory in Manchuria, although later Korean dynasties would continue to regard themselves as successors of Goguryeo and Balhae. Moreover that was the beginning of series of northern expansion of later Korean dynasties.

The Khitans themselves eventually succumbed to the Jurchen people, who founded the Jin Dynasty. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Jin dynasty favored the Balhae people as well as the Khitans. Jurchen proclamations emphasized the common descent of the Balhae and Jurchen people from the seven Wuji (勿吉) tribes, and proclaimed "Jurchen and Balhae are from the same family". The fourth, fifth and seventh emperors of Jin were mothered by Balhae consorts. The 13th century census of Northern China by the Mongols distinguished Balhae from other ethnic groups such as Goryeo, Khitan and Jurchen. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu This suggests that the Balhae people still preserved their identity even after the conquest of the kingdom.

Aftermath

After the fall of Balhae and its last king in 926, it was renamed Dongdan by its new Khitan masters ^[4], who had control over most of Balhae's old territories. Dongdan Kingdom (926-936 (동단 東丹 was the puppet kingdom established by the Khitan to rule the realm of the Balhae Kingdom in Eastern Manchuria However, starting from 927, many rebellions were triggered throughout the domains. These rebellions were eventually turned into several Balhae revivals. Out of these, only three succeeded and established kingdoms: Later Balhae, Jeong-an kingdom, Heung-yo kingdom and Daewon kingdom. Later Balhae ( 927 - 935 ? 1003 ? 1007 ? 1114 ? was established in 927 by the Dae Royal family The Jeong-ahn Kingdom ( 935 ? or 938 ? - 985 ? was a successor state of Balhae founded by Yeol Manhwa. Heung-yo kingdom (興遼國 흥료국 (1029-1030 was founded by Dae Yeon-rim, who was the 7th-generation descendant of Dae Joyeong, the founder of Balhae These three kingdoms were able to temporarily chase the Khitan and their Dongdan Kingdom out into the Liaodong peninsula, but they were all eventually decimated by the Liao Empire. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria

In 934, Dae Gwang-hyeon, the last Crown Prince of Balhae, revolted against their Khitan masters. Events By Place Asia The Goryeo army defeats Hubaekje forces in present-day Hongseong County. Dae Gwang-hyeon (대광현 大光顯 ? ~ ? was a member of the Balhae Royal Family and was the leader of the Balhae Refugees who sought refuge in the Korean After being defeated, he fled to Goryeo, where he was granted protection and the imperial surname. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. This resulted in the Liao breaking off diplomatic relations with Goryeo, but there was no threat to invade. ^[5]

Government and culture

The people of Balhae were made up of former Goguryeo elements and of several Tungusic peoples present in Manchuria, of which the Mohe (Malgal) made up the largest element. The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus Tungus are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria.

Its culture and government was heavily influenced by Tang China. It modeled its system of government upon that of Tang China, to an even greater extent than Silla. The government operated three chancelleries and six ministries, and its capital, Sanggyong, was modeled after Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. In addition, Balhae sent many students to Tang China to study, and many went on to take and pass the Chinese civil service examinations. The Imperial examinations ( in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the state's Bureaucracy. ([1][2])

An important source of cultural information on Balhae was discovered at the end of the 20th century at the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, especially the Mausoleum of Princess Jeong-Hyo. The Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain ( Hangul: 육정산 고분군 are a collection of twelve Burials for royalty of the Balhae (Bohai Kingdom The Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo/Zhenxiao) was made in 793 by the people of early Balhae kingdom (Bohai and is a part of the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain

Characterization and political interpretation

Controversy rests over the ethnic makeup of the people of Balhae. That Balhae was founded by a former general from Goguryeo is undisputed, but there is some dispute over his ethnicity, due to ambiguous wording in historical sources. No written records from Balhae itself survive.

Koreans have regarded Balhae as a Korean state, particularly from the Joseon Dynasty onwards. The 18th century, during the Joseon Dynasty, was a period in which Korean scholars began a renewed interest in Balhae. The Qing and Joseon dynasties had negotiated and demarcated the Sino-Korean border along the Yalu and Tumen rivers in 1712, and Jang Ji-yeon (1762–1836), journalist, writer of nationalist tracts, and organizer of nationalist societies, published numerous articles arguing that had the Joseon officials considered Balhae part of their territory, they would not be as eager to "give up" lands north of the rivers. The Yalu River ( Chinese) or the Amnok River ( Korean) is a River on the border between China and North Korea. The Tumen or Tuman River is a 521 km-long river that serves as part of the boundary between China, North Korea, and Russia, rising in Yu Deuk-gong in his eighteenth-century work Balhaego (An investigation of Balhae) argued that Balhae should be included as part of Korean history, and that doing so would justify territorial claims on Manchuria. Yu Deuk-gong (1749–1807 was a Korean scholar during the Joseon Dynasty. Balhaego (발해고 渤海考 is a Balhae 's history book written by Yu Deuk-gong who was a practical scientist (실학 at Joseon dynasty. Korean historian Sin Chae-ho, writing about Jiandao in the early twentieth century, bemoaned that for centuries, Korean people in their “hearts and eyes considered only the land south of the Yalu River as their home” and that “half of our ancestor Dangun ancient lands have been lost for over nine hundred years. Shin Ch'ae-ho (1880-1936 was an Anarchist, the founder of the nationalist historiography of Korea, and is often referred to as “Korea’s greatest historian” Jiandao, known in Korean as Gando, refers to a small piece of marsh land between Yanbian region and Long county in northeast China The Yalu River ( Chinese) or the Amnok River ( Korean) is a River on the border between China and North Korea. Dangun Wanggeom was the legendary founder of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom around present-day Liaoning, Manchuria, and the Korean ” Sin also criticized Kim Busik, author of the Samguk Sagi, for excluding Balhae from his historical work and claiming that Silla had achieved unification of Korea. Kim Busik (1075-1151 was an official and a scholar during Korea 's Goryeo period Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of ^[6] Inspired by ideas of Social Darwinism, Sin wrote:

How intimate is the connection between Korea and Manchuria? When the Korean race obtains Manchuria, the Korean race is strong and prosperous. Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies When another race obtains Manchuria, the Korean race is inferior and recedes. Moreover, when in the possession of another race, if that race is the northern race, then Korea enters that northern race's sphere of power. If an eastern race obtains Manchuria, then Korea enters that race's sphere of power. Alas! This is an iron rule that has not changed for four thousand years. ^[7]

Neither Silla nor the later Goryeo wrote an official history for Balhae, and some modern scholars argue that had they done so, Koreans might have had a stronger claim to Balhae's history and territory. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. [3]

In modern North and South Korea, Balhae is regarded as a Korean state and is positioned in the "North South States Period" (with Silla) today, although such a view has had proponents in the past. North South States Period ( 698 CE - 936 CE refers to the period in Korean history when Silla and Balhae They emphasize its connection with Goguryeo and minimize that with the Mohe. While South Korean historians think the ethnicity ruling class was of Goguryeo and the commoners were mixed, including Mohe, North Korean historians think Balhae ethnography was mostly Goguryeo. The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. Koreans believe the founder Dae Joyeong was of Goguryeo stock. The Book of Tang says that Dae Joyeong was a minority of Goguryeo" (고려별종, 高麗別種),[4] and the New Book of Tang states that he is "from the Sumo Mohe of the former realm of Goguryeo. The Book of Tang ( or the Old Book of Tang (舊唐書/旧唐书 is the first classic work about the Tang Dynasty. The New Book of Tang ( is a classic work of history about the Tang Dynasty edited by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi (宋祁 and other official scholars of the The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. "

In the West, Balhae is generally characterized as a successor to Goguryeo that traded with China and Japan, and its name is romanized from Korean. [5] [6] [7] [8] It is seen as composed of peoples of northern Manchuria and northern Korea, with its founder and the ruling class consisting largely of the former aristocrats of Goguryo. Korean scholars believe Balhae founder Dae Joyeong was of Goguryeo ethnicity, while others believe he was an ethnic Mohe from Goguryeo. The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. [9] [10][11] [12] [13] [14]

A dragon head artifact from Balhae at the National Museum of Korea. The National Museum of Korea is the flagship museum of Korean history and art in South Korea and is the cultural organization that represents Korea.

Like many ancient Korean kingdoms and other states, Balhae sometimes paid tribute to China, and a heir who lacks this sanction was called by China 知國務 ("State Affairs Leader"), not king; also, China considered every king simultaneously the Prefect of Holhan/Huhan Prefecture (忽汗州都督府都督). However, Balhae rulers called themselves emperors and declared their own era names. Chinese historians consider Balhae to be composed of the Balhae ethnic group, which was mostly based on the Mohe. Historically, the Jurchens (later renamed the Manchus, considered themselves as sharing ancestry with the Mohe (Malgal). The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in According to the Book of Jin (金史), the history of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, both the Jurchen and Balhae people originally descended from the seven tribes of the Wuji. The Book of Jin ( is one of the official Chinese historical works The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty After defeating the Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchens proclaimed "The Jurchens and Balhae are from the same family. The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria (女直渤海本同一家) ^[8] The People's Republic of China continues to consider Balhae as part of the history of its ethnic Manchus. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES [15]

The People's Republic of China is accused of limiting Korean archealogists access to historical sites located within Liaoning and Jilin. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern Starting from 1994, increasing numbers of South Korean tourists began to visit archaeological sites in China and often engaged in nationalistic displays. This was aggravated by a series of tomb robberies and vandalism at several of these archaeological sites between 1995 and 2000, which were widely believed to have been perpetrated by ethnic Koreans. ^[9]

South Korean archeologist Song Ki-ho, who is a noted professor of Seoul National University and has published several papers criticizing the Chinese government, made several visits to China in the 1990s, 2000, 2003, and 2004, examined several historical sites and museums. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Seoul National University ( SNU) is a national Research university in Seoul, South Korea. However, he found himself restricted by limitations on note-taking and photography and even ejected from several sites by museum employees. [16] [17] [18]

North Korea has restricted independent archaeologists from its historical sites since at least the early 1960s. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Foreign scholars have criticized political bias in North Korean historiography, and have accused North Korean scholars of reconstructing or even fabricating historical sites. ^[10]

Russian archaeologists and scholars, like those from China, think of Balhae as an independent Mohe state, with Central Asian and Chinese influence. [19]

In relations with Japan, Balhae referred to itself as Goguryeo, and Japan welcomed this as a kind of restoration of its former friendly relationship with Goguryeo. [20] [21]

Sovereigns of Balhae 698-926

Note : Dae Heummu had another era name Boryeok (Hangul :보력 Hanja: 寶曆; 774-?)

Media

Balhae is mentioned in a Korean film called Shadowless Sword, which is about the last prince of Balhae. A personal name is the Proper name identifying an individual Person. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as Dae Jung-sang was the contribute of Balhae, and the father of Dae Joyeong, who was the founder of Balhae. Dae Muye, also known as King Mu ( (r 718 - 737 was the second king of the ancient kingdom of Balhae. Dae Heummu (r 737-793 was the personal name of Emperor Mun, the third and longest-reigning ruler of the kingdom of Balhae, the successor state to Goguryeo Dae Won-ui (r 793-794 died 794 was the 4th ruler of the kingdom of Balhae. Seong of Balhae, sometimes called by his birth-name Dae Hwa-yeo, was the 5th ruler of the kingdom of Balhae. Gang of Balhae (r 795-809 died 809 was the sixth to rule the kingdom of Balhae. Jeong of Balhae (r 809-812? d 812? was the seventh king of the kingdom of Balhae. Hui of Balhae (r 812?-817 d 817 was the eighth king of the kingdom of Balhae. Gan of Balhae (r 817-818 died 818 king of the kingdom of Balhae. Dae Insu or Tae Insu (r 818-830 was the 10th king of Balhae. He restored national strength and is remembered today as the last of the great Balhae rulers Dae Ijin (r 830-857 was the king of Balhae, a kingdom in northeast Asia from AD 698 to 926 occupying parts of Manchuria, northern Korea, and Geonhwang of Balhae (r 857 - 871) was the 12th ruler of the kingdom of Balhae. Dae Hyeonseok, otherwise known as King Gyeong, was the king of Balhae kingdom from 871 to 895. Dae Wihae (r 894-906 died 906 was the 14th king of the kingdom of Balhae. Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated Shadowless Sword is a 2005 South Korean film A martial arts epic filmed in China, the film follows the exploits of the last prince of the Also in a Korean TV drama, which started in September of 2006, featured the founder of Balhae Dae Jo Yeong. Dae Joyeong (대조영 is a historical drama aired on KBS1.The Korean drama Dae Jo-yeong (spelled Dae Jo-young in the English release is about the life Currently the series has completed airing.

References and notes

1. ^ Bohai: Encyclopedia - Bohai
2. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 213. The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography.
3. ^ 9 Balhae and Japan Northeast Asian History Foundation
4. ^ [Mote p. 49]
5. ^ [Mote p. 62]
6. ^ Andre Schmid (2000). "Looking North toward Manchuria". The South Atlantic Quarterly 99 (1): 219-240.  
7. ^ Andre Schmid (1997). "Rediscovering Manchuria: Sin Ch'aeho and the Politics of Territorial History in Korea". The Journal of Asian Studies 56 (1): 30.   Sin was criticizing previous generations of Korean historians, who had traced Korean history back to the ancient peoples of the Korean peninsula. Sin believed that by doing so, and regarding "minor peoples" as their ancestors, they were diluting and weakening the Korean people and their history. He believed that the Korean race was in fact mainly descended from northern peoples, such as Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Balhae, and (re)claiming such a heritage would make them strong. Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and
8. ^ Book of Jin (金史)
9. ^ Mark Byington (2004). "The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided".
10. ^ Leonid A. Petrov (2004). "Restoring the Glorious Past: North Korean Juche Historiography and Goguryeo". The Review of Korean Studies 7 (3): 231-252.  

• Mark Byington (October 7 - 8, 2004). "“A Matter of Territorial Security: Chinese Historiographical Treatment of Koguryo in the Twentieth Century”". International Conference on Nationalism and Textbooks in Asia and Europe, Seoul, The Academy of Korean Studies. .  

Work Cited

F. W. Mote (1999). Imperial China, 900-1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674012127.  

See also

• Mohe
• History of Korea
• List of Korea-related topics
• Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain
• Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao
• List of Provinces of Balhae

External links

• Encyclopedia Britannica
• Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
• the state of Parhae (or Bohai in Chinese) from The Encyclopedia of World History Sixth Edition, Peter N. The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present This is a list of articles on Korea -related people places things and concepts The Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain ( Hangul: 육정산 고분군 are a collection of twelve Burials for royalty of the Balhae (Bohai Kingdom The Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo/Zhenxiao) was made in 793 by the people of early Balhae kingdom (Bohai and is a part of the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain The Balhae kingdom controlled most of the historical region of Manchuria within the Amur River until the sea The Encyclopedia of World History is a classic single volume work detailing world history Stearns (general editor), © 2001 The Houghton Mifflin Company, at Bartleby.com. Bartlebycom is an electronic text archive headquartered in New York and named after Herman Melville 's Bartleby the Scrivener.
• Columbia Encyclopedia
• U.S. Library of Congress: Country Studies
• Metropolitan Museum of Art
• (Korean)Provinces of Balhae Kingdom in 820
• (Korean) RootsInfo.co.kr
• (Korean) Balhae creation and it's Extension