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Illes Balears
Balearic Islands
Flag of the Balearic Island Coat-of-arms of the Balearic Island
Flag Coat of arms
Map of the Balearic Island
Capital Palma de Mallorca
Official languages Catalan and Spanish
Area
 – Total
 – % of Spain
Ranked 17th
 4,992 km²
 1. Palma is the major City and port on the island of Majorca and capital city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Here is a list of the autonomous communities of Spain in order of Area. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here areas between 1000 km2 and 10000 km2 Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 0%
Population
 – Total (2006)
 – % of Spain
 – Density
Ranked 14th
 1,001,062
 2. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Here is a list of the autonomous communities and autonomous cities of Spain in order of Population ( 2005) 2%
 196. 94/km²
Demonym
 – English
 – Spanish
 – Catalan

 Balearic
 balear
 balear
Statute of Autonomy
March 2, 2007
 – Congress seats
 – Senate seats


 8
 6 (5 elected and 1 appointed)
President Francesc Antich Oliver (PSIB-PSOE)
ISO 3166-2 IB
Govern de les Illes Balears

The Balearic Islands (Catalan and official:[1] Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Cortes Generales ( Spanish for General Courts or Cortes Españolas, Spanish Courts) is the Legislature of Spain. The Spanish Congress of Deputies (Spanish Congreso de los Diputados) is the lower house of the Cortes Generales, Spain 's Legislative branch. The Spanish Senate ( Senado de España in Spanish) is the upper house of Spain 's Parliament, the Cortes Generales. During the democracy Jeroni Albertí Picornell July 24, 1978 - September 27, 1982 ( UCD) Francesc Tutzó The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, commonly abbreviated by its Spanish initials PSOE ( P artido S ocialista O brero E spañol is ISO 3166-2 is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes The section that applies to Spain codes the Provinces of Spain. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra They form an autonomous community and a province of Spain, of which the capital city is Palma de Mallorca. An autonomous community is a first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. In addition to its autonomous communities, Spain is divided into fifty Provinces. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Palma is the major City and port on the island of Majorca and capital city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain The co-official languages in the Balearic Islands are Spanish and Catalan (i. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official e. mallorquí, menorquí and eivissenc, as Catalan is known by its speakers in this territory).

Contents

Etymology

The Balearic islands /ˈbeɪ̯lɪˌæɹɪk ˈaɪ̯ləndz/ have many names, in many languages. (Catalan: "Illes Balears" /ˈiʎəz bəɫeˈaː(r)s/, Spanish: "Islas Baleares", /ˈis·las·ba·leˈaː·res/, Greek: GymnesiaeΓυμνησίαι, Balliareis - Βαλλιαρεῖς, Diod. v. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly 17, Eustath. ad Dion. 457; Baliareis - Βαλιαρεῖς, Baliarides - Βαλιαρίδες, Steph. B.; Balearides - Βαλεαρίδες, Strabo; Balliarides - Βαλλιαρίδες, Ptol. ii. Stephanus of Byzantium, also known as Stephanus Byzantinus ( Greek:; fl Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca 6. § 78; Baleariae - Βαλεαρίαι, Agathem. , Latin: Baleares)

There are various theories on the origins of the two ancient Greek and Latin names for the islands – Gymnasiae and Baleares. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Two survive in classical sources.

According to one account, the islands were called Gymnesiae (gymnos - γυμνός means naked in Greek) because its inhabitants were often nude. Nudity is the state of wearing no Clothing. The term' "nudity" can also occasionally be used to refer to wearing significantly less clothing than expected

The Greek and Roman writers generally derive the name of the people from their skill as slingers (baleareis, βαλεαρεῖς, from ballo, βάλλω), although Strabo considered the name to be of Phoenician origin. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. He observed that it was the Phoenician equivalent for the Greek word for lightly-armoured soldiers (γυμνῆτας) (gymnetas) [2]

The root bal does point to a Phoenician origin; perhaps the islands were sacred to the god Baal; and the accidental resemblance to the Greek root ΒΑΛ (in βάλλω - ballo), coupled with the occupation of the people, would be quite a sufficient foundation for the usual Greek practice of assimilating the name to their own language. Ba'al (pronounced; Hebrew בעל (ordinarily spelled Baal in English is a Northwest Semitic title and honorific meaning "master" or "lord" That it was not, however, Greek at first, may be inferred with great probability from the fact that the common Greek name of the islands is not Βαλεαρεῖς (Baleareis), but Γυμνησίαι (Gymnesiai), the former being the name used by the natives, as well as by the Carthaginians and Romans. (Plin. ; Agathem. ; Dion Cass. ap. Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 533; Eustath. ) The latter name, of which two fancied etymologies have been already referred to, is probably derived from the light equipment of the Balearic troops (γυμνῆται- gymnetae). [2]

History of the archipelago

Ancient history

There is little history on the earliest inhabitants of the islands, though many legends exist. The story, preserved by Lycophron, that certain shipwrecked Boeotians were cast nude on the islands, was evidently invented to account for the name Gymnesiae. Lycophron was a Greek Poet and Grammarian (although the Oxford Classical Dictionary regards these as two different men Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the There is also a tradition that the islands were colonized from Rhodes after the Trojan war. Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her [2]

The islands had a very mixed population, of whose habits several strange stories are told. In some stories, it is said that the people went naked or were clothed only in sheep-skins — whence the name of the islands (an instance of folk etymology) — until the Phoenicians clothed them with broad-bordered tunics. Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun In other stories they were naked only in the heat of summer.

Other legends hold that the inhabitants lived in hollow rocks and artificial caves, that they were remarkable for their love of women would give three or four men as the ransom for one woman, that they had no gold or silver coin, and forbade the importation of the precious metals, so that those of them who served as mercenaries took their pay in wine and women instead of money. Their marriage and funeral customs, peculiar to Roman observers, are related by Diodorus (v. 18).

Map of the Balearic Islands
Map of the Balearic Islands

In ancient times, the islanders of the Gymnesian Islands constructed talayots, and were famous for their skill with the sling. The talaiots, or talayots, are Bronze Age Megaliths on the islands of Minorca and Majorca. A sling is a projectile Weapon typically used to throw a blunt Projectile such as a stone As slingers they served, as mercenaries, first under the Carthaginians, and afterwards under the Romans. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC They went into battle ungirt, with only a small buckler, and a javelin burnt at the end, and in some cases tipped with a small iron point; but their effective weapons were their slings, of which each man carried three, wound round his head (Strabo p. 168; Eustath. ), or, as others tell us, one round the head, one round the body, and one in the hand. (Diodorus) The three slings were of different lengths, for stones of different sizes; the largest they hurled with as much force as if it were flung from a catapult; and they seldom missed their mark. To this exercise they were trained from infancy, in order to earn their livelihood as mercenary soldiers. It is said that the mothers only allowed their children to eat bread when they had struck it off a post with the sling. (Strabo; Diod. ; Flor. iii. 8; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. )

The Phoenicians took possession of the islands in very early times (Strabo iii. pp. 167, 168); a remarkable trace of their colonization is preserved in the town of Mago (Mahon in Minorca). Mahón (alternately Maó in Catalan) is a Municipality and the capital city of the Balearic Island of Minorca (the Balearic Islands Minorca ( Catalan and Spanish: Menorca; from Latin Balearis Minor, later Minorica "minor island" is one of the After the fall of Carthage, the islands seem to have been virtually independent. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Notwithstanding their celebrity in war, the people were generally very quiet and inoffensive. (Strabo; but Florus gives them a worse character, iii. 8. ) The Romans, however, easily found a pretext for charging them with complicity with the Mediterranean pirates, and they were conquered by Q. Caecilius Metellus, thence surnamed Balearicus, in 123 BC. Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus (b c 170 BC was a son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. (Livy Epit. Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome Ix. ; Freinsh. Supp. lx. 37; Florus, Strabo ll. cc. ) Metellus settled 3,000 Roman and Spanish colonists on the larger island, and founded the cities of Palma and Pollentia. The Caecilii Metelli were one of the most important and wealthiest families in the Roman Republic. Palma is the major City and port on the island of Majorca and capital city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain Pollenza is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Macerata in the Italian region Marche, located about 40 km southwest of (Strabo, Mela, Pliny the Elder) The islands belonged, under the Roman Empire, to the conventus of Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena), in the province of Hispania Tarraconensis, of which province they formed, the fourth district, under the government of a praefectus pro legato. Mela is a Sanskrit word meaning 'gathering' or 'to meet' It is used in the Indian subcontinent for all sizes of gathering and can be religious commercial cultural Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Cartagena ( is a Spanish Mediterranean city and naval station in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in the autonomous community of Region of Murcia In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. An inscription of the time of Nero mentions the PRAEF. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called PRAE LEGATO INSULAR. BALIARUM. (Orelli, No. 732, who, with Muratori, reads pro for prae. ) They were afterwards made a separate province, probably in the division of the empire under Constantine. Constantine ( Latin: Cōnstantīnus, Greek:) is a given name and surname derived from the Latin word constans, meaning constant or (Notitia Dignitatum Occid. The Notitia Dignitatum is a unique document of the Roman imperial chanceries c. xx. vol. ii. p. 466, Böcking. )

The two largest islands (the Balearic Islands, in their historical sense) had numerous excellent harbours, though rocky at their mouth, and requiring care in entering them (Strabo, Eustath. ; Port Mahon is one of the finest harbours in the world). Both were extremely fertile in all produce, except wine and olive oil. (Aristot. de Mir. Ausc. 89; Diodorus, but Pliny praises their wine as well as their corn, xiv. 6. s. 8, xviii. 7. s. 12: the two writers are speaking, in fact, of different periods. ) They were celebrated for their cattle, especially for the mules of the lesser island; they had an immense number of rabbits, and were free from all venomous reptiles. (Strabo, Mela; Pliny l. c. , viii. 58. s. 83, xxxv. 19. s. 59; Varro, R. R. iii. 12; Aelian, H. A. xiii. 15; Solin. 26. ) Among the snails valued by the Romans as a diet, was a species from the Balearic isles, called cavaticae, from their being bred in caves. (Pliny xxx. 6. s. 15. ) Their chief mineral product was the red earth, called sinope, which was used by painters. (Pliny xxxv. 6. s. 13; Vitruv. vii. 7. ) Their resin and pitch are mentioned by Dioscorides (Materia Medica i. 92). The population of the two islands is stated by Diodorus at 30,000.

The part of the Mediterranean east of Spain, around the Balearic Isles, was called "Mare Balearicum" (τὸ Βαλλεαρικὸν πέλαγος, Ptol. ii 4. § 3), or "Sinus Balearicus". (Flor. iii. 6. § 9. )

Post Roman Empire and Aragonese conquest

In the chaos surrounding the fall of the Roman Empire, the islands were conquered by the Vandals. They were subsequently reconquered by the Byzantine Empire, but soon fell to the Moors after the their conquest of Iberia. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent The Umayyad conquest of Hispania ( 711 – 718) began as an army of the Umayyad Caliphate consisting largely of Berbers inhabitants

Between 1113 and 1115, a Tuscan and Lombard fleet, led by Ugo da Parlascio Ebriaco and Archbishop Pietro Moriconi of the Republic of Pisa, made a successful expedition against the Balearic Islands. Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the Ugo da Parlascio Ebriaco (died 30 May 1136) was a leading citizen in the Republic of Pisa in the early twelfth century The Republic of Pisa was a ''de facto'' independent state centered on the Tuscany city of Pisa during the late tenth and eleventh centuries The expedition was launched with the support of Constantine I of Logudoro and his base of Porto Torres. Constantine I (circa 1064 &ndash 1128 was the Giudice of Logudoro. Porto Torres ( Latin: Turris Libyssonis, Turris Libissonis, or Turris Libisonis; Greek: &ndash Pyrgos Libyssonos;

In the 13th century, king James I of Aragon conquered the islands which led to subsequent founding of the Kingdom of Mallorca, but in 1344 it ceased to exist and it was directly incorporated into the Crown of Aragon, which was later united dynastically with Castile as a result of the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon to become part of the newborn Spain. James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

The Balearic Islands were frequently attacked by Barbary pirates from North Africa, the Formentera was even temporarily left by its population. The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from Formentera is the smallest and southernmost Island of the Illes Pitiüses group (which includes Ibiza and Formentera and belongs to the Balearic Islands In 1514, 1515 and 1521 coasts of the Balearic Islands and the Spanish mainland were raided by Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha ( Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa or Hızır Hayreddin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the

The island of Minorca was a British dependency most of the 18th century as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht, when Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain after being captured during the War of the Spanish Succession. Minorca ( Catalan and Spanish: Menorca; from Latin Balearis Minor, later Minorica "minor island" is one of the The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 A dependent territory dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political Independence or Sovereignty as a The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting It was finally and permanently ceded to Spain by the Treaty of Amiens in 1802 during the French Revolutionary Wars. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Treaty of Amiens temporarily ended the hostilities between France and the United Kingdom during the French Revolutionary Wars. The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states

Geography, politics and culture

View of the Serra de Tramuntana mountain range, Mallorca
View of the Serra de Tramuntana mountain range, Mallorca

The Balearic Islands are one of the Catalan-speaking territories designated by the cultural term of Catalan Countries. The Serra de Tramuntana is a Mountain range running southwest-northeast which forms the northern backbone of the Spanish island of Majorca. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Different meanings Països Catalans is a polysemic expression and so it has different meanings depending on the context Majorca and Minorca are the Balearic Islands proper, while the other islands are included in the appellation as part of the Autonomous Community of the Balearic Islands. Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. Minorca ( Catalan and Spanish: Menorca; from Latin Balearis Minor, later Minorica "minor island" is one of the An autonomous community is a first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. The main islands of the autonomous community are Majorca (Mallorca in Catalan), Minorca (Menorca), Eivissa (Eivissa), and Formentera, all of which are popular tourist destinations. Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. Minorca ( Catalan and Spanish: Menorca; from Latin Balearis Minor, later Minorica "minor island" is one of the Ibiza (Eivissa is an island located in the Mediterranean Sea about 80 km off the coast of Spain Formentera is the smallest and southernmost Island of the Illes Pitiüses group (which includes Ibiza and Formentera and belongs to the Balearic Islands Among the minor islands is Cabrera, which is the location of the Parc Nacional de l'Arxipèlag de Cabrera. Cabrera ( Capraia) is one of the minor Balearic Islands belonging to Spain just south of Mallorca, in the Mediterranean Sea, at approximately Cabrera ( Capraia) is one of the minor Balearic Islands belonging to Spain just south of Mallorca, in the Mediterranean Sea, at approximately The islands can be further grouped, with Majorca, Minorca, and Cabrera as the Gymnesian Islands, and Eivissa and Formentera as the Pine Islands. The collective name of the Gymnesian Islands ( Catalan: Illes Gimnèsies; Spanish: Islas Gimnesias) distinguishes the two Pine Islands or Pityuses ( Islas Pitiusas; Catalan: Illes Pitiüses, from the Greek: πιτύα pitýa, Pine tree


Trivia

References

  1. ^ Ley 3/1986, de 19 de abril, de normalización linguística. Ley 13/1997, de 25 de abril, por la que pasa a denominarse oficialmente Illes Balears la Provincia de Baleares. Ley Orgánica 1/2007, de 28 de febrero, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de las Illes Balears.
  2. ^ a b c Strab. xiv. p. 654; Plin. l. c "The Rhodians, like the Baleares, were celebrated slingers"
    Sil. Ital. iii. 364, 365: "Jam cui Tlepolemus sator, et cui Lindus origo, Funda bella ferens Balearis et alite plumbo. "
  3. ^ CBC News: Analysis & Viewpoint: Thomas Rose

See also

External links

Balearic cuisine is a Mediterranean cuisine as cooked in the Balearic Islands, Spain. This is a list of the municipalities in the province and Autonomous community of the Balearic Islands, Spain. The collective name of the Gymnesian Islands ( Catalan: Illes Gimnèsies; Spanish: Islas Gimnesias) distinguishes the two Pine Islands or Pityuses ( Islas Pitiusas; Catalan: Illes Pitiüses, from the Greek: πιτύα pitýa, Pine tree Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. Minorca ( Catalan and Spanish: Menorca; from Latin Balearis Minor, later Minorica "minor island" is one of the Ibiza (Eivissa is an island located in the Mediterranean Sea about 80 km off the coast of Spain Isla de S'Espalmador, or S'Espalmador or Espalmador, is a small uninhabited island located in the Balearic Islands. Formentera is the smallest and southernmost Island of the Illes Pitiüses group (which includes Ibiza and Formentera and belongs to the Balearic Islands The Battle of Mallorca, known as the Mallorca Landings in Spanish (optimistically called the Reconquest of Mallorca by the Republicans was an

Dictionary

Balearic Islands

-proper noun

  1. A group of Mediterranean islands off the east coast of Spain. The population speaks Catalan.
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