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"Bald" redirects here. For other uses, see Bald (disambiguation).
Alopecia
Classification and external resources
An example of a man with Male Pattern Baldness.
ICD-10 L65.9
ICD-9 704.0
DiseasesDB 14765

Baldness involves the state of lacking hair where it often grows, especially on the head. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings L00-L99 - Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous tissue (L00-L08 Infections of the Skin and Subcutaneous tissue The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. The most common form of baldness is a progressive hair thinning condition called androgenic alopecia or 'male pattern baldness' that occurs in adult male humans and other species. Androgenic Alopecia (also known as androgenetic alopecia or alopecia androgenetica) is a common form of hair loss in both male and female For the 2008 British film by Noel Clarke see Adulthood (film. The amount and patterns of baldness can vary greatly; it ranges from male and female pattern alopecia (androgenic alopecia, also called androgenetic alopecia or alopecia androgenetica), alopecia areata, which involves the loss of some of the hair from the head, and alopecia totalis, which involves the loss of all head hair, to the most extreme form, alopecia universalis, which involves the loss of all hair from the head and the body. Alopecia or hair loss is the medical description of the loss of hair from the head or body sometimes to the extent of Baldness. Androgenic Alopecia (also known as androgenetic alopecia or alopecia androgenetica) is a common form of hair loss in both male and female Alopecia areata ( AA) is a condition affecting humans in which hair is lost from areas of the body usually from the Scalp. Alopecia totalis is the loss of all head Hair. Its causes are unclear but it is an Autoimmune disorder. Alopecia universalis or alopecia areata universalis is a Medical condition involving rapid loss of all hair including Eyebrows and Eyelashes

Contents

Background, cause and incidence


Human hair
By area
By type
Related topics
v • d • e

The average human head has about 100,000 hair follicles. Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. Androgenic hair, colloquially Body hair, is the Terminal hair on the Human body developed during and after Puberty. Facial hair is a Secondary sex characteristic in human Males Many Men start developing facial hair in the later years of Puberty, approximately The term chest hair is generally used to describe Hair that grows on the Chest of human males in the region between the Neck and the abdomen Underarm Hair (also called axillary hair or armpit hair) is the composition of Hair in the Underarm area The term abdominal hair refers to the Hair that grows on the abdomen of humans and non-human Mammals, in the region between the Pubic area and Pubic hair is Hair in the frontal Genital area the crotch, and sometimes at the top of the inside of the legs these areas form the pubic region Leg hair is hair that grows on the legs of humans generally appearing at the onset of adulthood Vellus hair is short fine "peach fuzz" Body hair. It is a very soft and short hair that grows in most places on the human body in both sexes such as the face and Terminal hair is developed Hair, which is generally longer coarser thicker and darker than the shorter and finer Vellus hair. Lanugo is fine downy Hair; it is a type of Pelage. In humans Fetal development Hair color is the pigmentation of hair follicles due to the two types of melanin Eumelanin and Phaeomelanin. Hypertrichosis, congenital generalized Hypertrichosis or werewolf syndrome is a medical term referring to a condition of excessive body Hair. Trichophilia or hair fetishism is a Paraphilia in which one becomes sexually aroused by or is extremely fond of human Hair removal describes any method of removing Hair, especially from the human body A hair follicle is part of the Skin that grows Hair by packing old cells together Each follicle will grow an average of about 20 individual hairs in a person's lifetime. [1] Average hair loss is about 100 strands a day.

Incidence of pattern baldness varies from population to population based on genetic background. Environmental factors do not seem to affect this type of baldness greatly. One large scale study in Maryborough, in central Victoria (Australia) showed the prevalence of mid-frontal hair loss increases with age and affects 57% of women and 73. 5% of men aged 80 and over. According to Medem Medical Library's website, male pattern baldness affects roughly 40 million men in the United States. Approximately 25 percent of men begin balding by age 30; two-thirds begin balding by age 60.

Male pattern is characterized by hair receding from the lateral sides of the forehead, known as "receding hairline". Receding hairlines are usually seen in males above the ages of 25.

An additional bald patch may develop on top (vertex). In Arthropod and Vertebrate Anatomy, the vertex (or cranial vertex) refers to the upper surface of the head The trigger for this type of baldness (called androgenetic alopecia) is DHT, a powerful sex hormone, body, and facial hair growth promoter that can adversely affect the hair on the head as well as the prostate. Androgenic Alopecia (also known as androgenetic alopecia or alopecia androgenetica) is a common form of hair loss in both male and female Dihydrotestosterone ( DHT) (Full name 5α-Dihydrotestosterone, abbreviating to 5α-DHT; INN: androstanolone; commonly called [2]

The mechanism by which DHT accomplishes this is not yet understood. Dihydrotestosterone ( DHT) (Full name 5α-Dihydrotestosterone, abbreviating to 5α-DHT; INN: androstanolone; commonly called In genetically-prone scalps, DHT initiates a process of follicular miniaturization. Through the process of follicular miniaturization, hair shaft width is progressively decreased until scalp hair resembles fragile vellus hair or "peach fuzz" or else becomes non-existent. Vellus hair is short fine "peach fuzz" Body hair. It is a very soft and short hair that grows in most places on the human body in both sexes such as the face and Onset of hair loss sometimes begins as early as end of puberty, and is mostly genetically determined. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Male pattern baldness is classified on the Hamilton-Norwood scale I-VII. The progression of Male pattern baldness is generally classified on the Hamilton-Norwood scale, which ranges from stages

It was previously believed that baldness was inherited from the maternal grandfather. While there is some basis for this belief, both parents contribute to their offspring's likelihood of hair loss. Most likely, inheritance is technically "autosomal dominant with mixed penetrance" (see 'baldness folklore' below)

There are several other kinds of baldness:

Evolutionary theories of male pattern baldness

There is no consensus regarding the details of the evolution of male pattern baldness. Scientific consensus is the collective judgement position and Opinion of the community of Scientists in a particular field of Science at a particular eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 A number of other primate species also experience hair loss following puberty, and some primate species clearly use an enlarged forehead, created both anatomically and through strategies such as frontal balding, to convey increased status and maturity. A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. In Human anatomy, the forehead or brow is the bony part of the head above the Eyes Cultural Aspects A popular Stereotype Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration The assertion that MPB is intended to convey a social message is supported by the fact that the distribution of androgen receptors in the scalp differs between men and women, and older women or women with high androgen levels often exhibit diffuse thinning of hair as opposed to male pattern baldness.

One theory, advanced by Muscarella and Cunningham[5], suggests baldness evolved in males through sexual selection as an enhanced signal of aging and social maturity, whereby aggression and risk-taking decrease and nurturing behaviours increase. Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm Parenting is the process of raising and educating a Child from birth, or before until Adulthood In the case of humans it is usually This may have conveyed a male with enhanced social status but reduced physical threat, which could enhance ability to secure reproductive partners and raise offspring to adulthood.

In a study by Muscarella and Cunnhingham [5], males and females viewed 6 male models with different levels of facial hair (beard and moustache or clean) and cranial hair (full head of hair, receding and bald). Facial hair is a Secondary sex characteristic in human Males Many Men start developing facial hair in the later years of Puberty, approximately Participants rated each combination on 32 adjectives related to social perceptions. In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Males with facial hair and those with bald or receding hair were rated as being older than those who were clean-shaven or had a full head of hair. Beards and a full head of hair were seen as being more aggressive and less socially mature, and baldness was associated with more social maturity. A review of social perceptions of male pattern baldness has been provided by Henss (2001) [6]Henss, R. (2001). "Social perceptions of male pattern baldness. A review". Dermatology and Psychosomatics 2 (1): 63-71.  </ref> .

Non-human baldness

Baldness is not only a human trait. Some other primates, such as chimpanzees, stump-tailed macaques, and South American nakari show progressive thinning of the hair on the scalp after adolescence. A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. The macaques (məˈkæk constitute a genus ( Macaca, /məˈkækə/ of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Adult stump-tailed macaques, in fact, are commonly used in laboratories for the testing of hair-regrowth treatments.

The different predecessors of Old World and New World vultures convergently evolved a bald head, preventing feathers from retaining material from the vulture's diet of rotting meat, as well as helping in heat regulation. Old World vultures belong to the family Accipitridae, which also includes Eagles Buzzards kites and Hawks Old World vultures The New World vulture family Cathartidae contains seven Species found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas. Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages [7]

Approaches to baldness

Psychological effects

Retired bald NASA astronaut Story Musgrave.
Retired bald NASA astronaut Story Musgrave. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained Franklin Story Musgrave (born August 19, 1935) is an American Doctor and a retired NASA Astronaut.

The psychological effects for individuals experiencing hair loss vary widely. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Some people adapt to the change comfortably, while others have severe problems relating to anxiety, depression, social phobia, and in some cases, identity change.

Alopecia induced by cancer chemotherapy has been reported to cause changes in self-concept and body image. Body image does not return to the previous state after regrowth of hair for a majority of patients. In such cases, patients have difficulties expressing their feelings (alexithymia) and may be more prone to avoiding family conflicts. Alexithymia (əˌlɛksəˈθaɪmiə from the Greek words λεξις and θυμος (literally "without words for Emotions " is a term coined by Peter Family therapy can help families to cope with these psychological problems if they arise. [8]

Psychological problems due to baldness, if present, are typically most severe at the onset of symptoms. [9]

Some balding men may feel proud of their baldness, feeling a kindred relationship with famous charismatic bald men, much of whose perceived masculinity and handsomeness derives from their most obvious distinguishing feature. The word charisma (origin from the Greek word χάρισμα (kharisma, "gift" or "divine favor" from kharizesthai, "to favor" Baldness has, in recent years, in any case become less of a (supposed) liability due to an increasing fashionable prevalence of very short, or even completely shaven, hair among men, at least in western countries.

Many companies have built a successful business selling products that reverse baldness, by allegedly regrowing hair, transplanting hair or selling hairpieces. There is very little evidence that any of those which claim hair regrowth actually work.

Preventing and reversing hair loss



Main article: Baldness treatments

Treatments for the various forms alopecia have limited success. More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry Some hair loss sufferers make use of so-called "clinically proven treatments" such as finasteride and topically applied minoxidil (in solution) in an attempt to prevent further loss and regrow hair. Finasteride (marketed as Proscar, Propecia, Fincar, Finpecia, Finax, Finast, Finara, Finalo, Minoxidil (trade names Rogaine and Regaine) is a Vasodilator Medication known for its ability to slow or stop hair loss and promote As a general rule, it is easier to maintain remaining hair than it is to regrow; however, the treatments mentioned will help some of the users suffering from Androgenetic alopecia, and there are new technologies in cosmetic transplant surgery and hair replacement systems that can be completely undetectable. The effectiveness of finasteride and minoxidil is not universally accepted.

In the USA, there are only two drug-based treatments that have been approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and one product that has been cleared by the FDA for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia, otherwise known as male or female pattern hair loss. Androgenic Alopecia (also known as androgenetic alopecia or alopecia androgenetica) is a common form of hair loss in both male and female The two FDA approved treatments are finasteride (marketed for hair loss as Propecia) and minoxidil. Finasteride (marketed as Proscar, Propecia, Fincar, Finpecia, Finax, Finast, Finara, Finalo, Finasteride (marketed as Proscar, Propecia, Fincar, Finpecia, Finax, Finast, Finara, Finalo, Minoxidil (trade names Rogaine and Regaine) is a Vasodilator Medication known for its ability to slow or stop hair loss and promote

Finasteride
Main article: Baldness treatments#Finasteride

Minoxidil
Main article: Baldness treatments#Minoxidil

Low-level laser therapy
Main article: Baldness treatments#Low-level laser therapy

Surgery
Main article: Baldness treatments#Hair Transplantation

Hair multiplication
Main article: Baldness treatments#Hair multiplication (under development)

Ketoconazole
Main article: Baldness treatments#Ketoconazole

Unsaturated fatty acids
Main article: Baldness treatments#Unsaturated fatty acids

Exercise



Regular aerobic exercise can help keep androgen levels (particularly free testosterone levels) naturally lower while maintaining overall health, lowering stress and increasing SHBG. More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry Aerobic exercise refers to Exercise that involves or improves oxygen consumption by the body Sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG) is a Glycoprotein that binds to Sex hormones, specifically Testosterone and Estradiol. [1] [2]

Weight training without aerobic exercise may increase testosterone. [3]; [4] [5] [6] One study suggests that both heavy exercise and increased fat intake, in combination, are required for increased free testosterone in strength trainers. Increased total or free testosterone would help them build and repair muscle, but may cause susceptible individuals to lose hair. [7]

However, there is at least one study that indicates a decline in free testosterone combined with an increase in strength due to an (unspecified) strength training regime. [10]

Stress reduction

Stress reduction can be helpful in slowing hair loss. Stress management encompasses techniques intended to equip a person with effective coping mechanisms for dealing with psychological stress, with stress defined as a person's (see Baldness Folklore)

Immunosuppressants

Immunosuppressants applied to the scalp have been shown to temporarily reverse alopecia areata, though the side effects of some of these drugs make such therapy questionable. Baldness involves the state of lacking hair where it often grows especially on the head An immunosuppressant is a substance that performs Immunosuppression of the Immune system. [8][9]

Saw palmetto
Main article: Baldness treatments#Saw palmetto

Saw palmetto extract has been demonstrated to inhibit both isoforms of alpha-5-reductase and does not interfere with the cellular capacity to secrete PSA

Polygonum multiflorum

Polygonum multiflorum is a traditional Chinese cure for hair loss. More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry Polygonum multiflorum, better known as Chinese knotweed or Flowery knotweed, is a widely used Chinese herb. P. multiflorum contains stilbene glycosides similar to resveratrol. Resveratrol is a Phytoalexin produced naturally by several Plants when under attack by Pathogens such as Bacteria or Fungi [10]

Beta sitosterol

Beta sitosterol, which is a constituent in many seed oils, can help to treat BHP by lowering cholesterol. β-sitosterol is one of several Phytosterols with Chemical structures similar to that of Cholesterol. If used for this purpose, an extract is best. Consuming large amounts of oil to get at small quantities of beta sitosterol is likely to exacerbate male pattern baldness.

Anti-androgens

While drastic, broad spectrum anti-androgens such as flutamide are sometimes used topically. Flutamide is an oral Antiandrogen drug primarily used to treat Prostate cancer. Flutamide is potent enough to have a feminizing effect in men, including growth of the breasts.

Hedgehog agonists
Main article: Baldness treatments#Hedgehog agonists

WNT gene related
Main article: Baldness treatments#Hair multiplication (under development)

Coffee Beans
Main article: Baldness treatments#Caffeine

Concealing hair loss

Head

One method of hiding hair loss is the "comb over", which involves restyling the remaining hair to cover the balding area. More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry More than half of men are affected by Male pattern baldness by age 50 and baldness treatments are estimated to be a US $1 billion per year industry A comb over or combover is a Hairstyle worn by Bald or balding men in which the Hair on one side of the head is grown long and then combed It is usually a temporary solution, useful only while the area of hair loss is small. As the hair loss increases, a comb over becomes less effective. When this reaches a stage of extreme effort with little effect — it can make the person the object of teasing or scorn.

Another method is to wear a hat or a hairpiece — a wig or toupee. A wig is a head of Hair made from horse-hair human hair wool feathers buffalo hair or synthetic worn on the head for fashion or various other aesthetic and stylistic A toupée is a hairpiece or partial wig of natural or synthetic hair worn to cover partial Baldness or for theatrical purposes The wig is a layer of artificial or natural hair made to resemble a typical hair style. In most cases the hair is artificial. Wigs vary widely in quality and cost. In the United States, the best wigs — those that look like real hair — cost up to tens of thousands of dollars. Organizations also collect individuals' donations of their own natural hair to be made into wigs for young cancer patients who have lost their hair due to chemotherapy or other cancer treatment in addition to any type of hair loss. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer.

Eyebrows

Though not as common as the loss of hair on the head, chemotherapy, hormone imbalance, forms of alopecia, and other factors can also cause loss of hair in the eyebrows. Artificial eyebrows are available to replace missing eyebrows or to cover patchy eyebrows. Micro tattooing is also available.

Embracing baldness

See also: Head shaving

Instead of concealing hair loss, one may embrace it. Head shaving is the practice of Shaving the Hair from a person 's head, either completely or nearly A shaved head will grow stubble in the same manner and at the same rate as a shaved face. Stubble on a person's face is the unshaven hair growth that exists before it becomes long enough to cover the skin and be considered a full Beard or Moustache. The general public has become accepting of the shaved head as well, but female baldness is less socially accepted.

Baldness folklore

There are many myths regarding the possible causes of baldness and its relationship with one's virility, intelligence, ethnicity, job, social class, wealth etc. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. While skepticism is warranted due to lack of scientific validation, some of these myths may have a degree of underlying truth.

Etymology

The term alopecia (pronounced /ˌæloʊˈpiːʃə/) is formed from the Greek alópix (αλώπηξ), meaning fox. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small The origin of this usage is because this animal sheds its coat twice a year.

The term bald likely derives from the English word balde, which means "white, pale", or Celtic ball, which means "white patch or blaze", such as on a horse's head. [19]

Latest research

Research is also looking into connections between hair loss and other health issues. While there has been speculation about a connection between early-onset androgenetic alopecia and heart disease, a review of articles from 1954 to 1999 found no conclusive connection between baldness and coronary artery disease. The dermatologists who conducted the review suggested further study was needed. [20]

Environmental factors are also under review. A 2007 study indicated that smoking may be a factor associated with age-related hair loss among Asian men. The study controlled for age and family history, and found statistically significant positive associations between moderate or severe androgenetic alopecia and smoking status. [21]

In February 2008 researchers at the University of Bonn announced they have found the genetic basis of two distinct forms of inherited hair loss, opening a broad path to treatments for baldness. The University of Bonn ( German: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) is a public research university located in Bonn, Germany They found that a gene, P2RY5, causes a rare, inherited form of hair loss called Hypotrichosis simplex. Purinergic receptor P2Y G-protein coupled 5, also known as P2RY5, is a human Gene. It is the first receptor in humans known to play a role in hair growth. The fact that any receptor plays a specific role in hair growth was previously unknown to scientists and with this new knowledge a focus on finding more of these genes may be able to lead to therapies for very different types of hair loss. [12][13]

In May 2008, researchers at the University Pennsylvania unveiled a new scientific breakthrough that may cure baldness with stem cells. A product could be on the market within three years. [14][15].

See also

References

External links

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Growth of Human Hair" Procter & Gamble, 2003.
  2. ^ Rebora A (2004). "Pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia. ". J Am Acad Dermatol 50 (5): 777-9. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2003.11.073. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15097964.  
  3. ^ Nnoruka E, Nnoruka N (Oct 2005). "Hair loss: is there a relationship with hair care practices in Nigeria?". Int J Dermatol 44 Suppl 1: 13-7. PMID 16187950.  
  4. ^ Pappas P, Kauffman C, Perfect J, Johnson P, McKinsey D, Bamberger D, Hamill R, Sharkey P, Chapman S, Sobel J (1995). "Alopecia associated with fluconazole therapy. ". Ann Intern Med 123 (5): 354-7. PMID 7625624.  
  5. ^ a b Muscarella, F. & Cunningham, M. R. (1996). "The evolutionary significance and social perception of male pattern baldness and facial hair. ". Ethology and Sociobiology 17 (2): 99-117. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(95)00130-1. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  6. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Henss
  7. ^ Stanley Rice (September 1987). "On the Problem of Apparent Evil in the Natural World". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 39: 150-157.  
  8. ^ Poot F (2004). "[Psychological consequences of chronic hair diseases]". Rev Med Brux 25 (4): A286-8. PMID 15516058.  
  9. ^ Passchier J, Erdman J, Hammiche F, Erdman R (2006). "Androgenetic alopecia: stress of discovery. ". Psychol Rep 98 (1): 226-228. doi:10.2466/PR0.98.1.226-228. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16673981.  
  10. ^ Ara, I. ; Perez-Gomez, J. ; Vicente-Rodriguez, G. ; Chavarren, J. ; Dorado, C. ; Calbet, J. A. L. (2006). "Serum free testosterone, leptin and soluble leptin receptor changes in a 6-week strength-training programme.". British Journal of Nutrition 96 (6): 1053-9. doi:10.1017/BJN20061956. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  11. ^ Hillmer A, Hanneken S, Ritzmann S, Becker T, Freudenberg J, Brockschmidt F, Flaquer A, Freudenberg-Hua Y, Jamra R, Metzen C, Heyn U, Schweiger N, Betz R, Blaumeiser B, Hampe J, Schreiber S, Schulze T, Hennies H, Schumacher J, Propping P, Ruzicka T, Cichon S, Wienker T, Kruse R, Nothen M (2005). "Genetic variation in the human androgen receptor gene is the major determinant of common early-onset androgenetic alopecia. ". Am J Hum Genet 77 (1): 140-8. doi:10.1086/431425. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15902657.  
  12. ^ Chumlea W, Rhodes T, Girman C, Johnson-Levonas A, Lilly F, Wu R, Guo S (2004). "Family history and risk of hair loss. ". Dermatology 209 (1): 33-9. doi:10.1159/000078584. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15237265.  
  13. ^ Genetics of Pattern Baldness
  14. ^ Christiansen K (1993). "Sex hormone-related variations of cognitive performance in !Kung San hunter-gatherers of Namibia. ". Neuropsychobiology 27 (2): 97-107. doi:10.1159/000118961. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 8515835.  
  15. ^ Schmidt J (1994). "Hormonal basis of male and female androgenic alopecia: clinical relevance. ". Skin Pharmacol 7 (1-2): 61-6. PMID 8003325.  
  16. ^ Remes K, Kuoppasalmi K, Adlercreutz H (1985). "Effect of physical exercise and sleep deprivation on plasma androgen levels: modifying effect of physical fitness. ". Int J Sports Med 6 (3): 131-5. PMID 4040893.  
  17. ^ Toone B, Wheeler M, Nanjee M, Fenwick P, Grant R (1983). "Sex hormones, sexual activity and plasma anticonvulsant levels in male epileptics. ". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46 (9): 824-6. PMID 6413659.  
  18. ^ Davidson J, Kwan M, Greenleaf W (1982). "Hormonal replacement and sexuality in men. ". Clin Endocrinol Metab 11 (3): 599-623. doi:10.1016/S0300-595X(82)80003-0. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 6814798.  
  19. ^ Harper, Douglas. Entry for "bald". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2006-12-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
  20. ^ Baldness and Coronary Artery Disease Archives of Dermatology 2001;137:943-947
  21. ^ Asian men who smoke may have increased risk for hair loss Archives of Dermatology 2007;143(11):1401-1406.

Dictionary

baldness

-noun

  1. The state of being bald (said of a human).
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