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Baen Books is an American publishing company established in 1983 by long time Science Fiction publisher and editor Jim Baen. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) James Patrick "Jim" Baen ( October 22, 1943 Pennsylvania – June 28, 2006 Raleigh North Carolina) was a noted It is a science fiction and fantasy publishing house that emphasizes space opera, hard science fiction, military science fiction, and fantasy. Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Space opera is a subgenre of Speculative fiction or Science fiction that emphasizes romantic, often Melodramatic adventure set mainly or entirely Hard science fiction is a category of Science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific or technical detail or on scientific accuracy or on both Military science fiction is a Subgenre of Science fiction in which the principal characters are members of a military service and an armed conflict is taking Soon after Baen died prematurely on 28 June 2006, he was succeeded as publisher by long-time executive editor Toni Weisskopf. Toni Weisskopf (born 1965 is a Science fiction editor and the publisher of Baen Books.

Founding of Baen Books

Baen Books was founded in 1983 out of a negotiated agreement between Jim Baen and Simon & Schuster. James Patrick "Jim" Baen ( October 22, 1943 Pennsylvania – June 28, 2006 Raleigh North Carolina) was a noted Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L Simon & Schuster was undergoing massive reorganization and wanted to hire Jim Baen to head up and revitalize its science fiction line of its Pocket Books division. Pocket Books is a division of Simon & Schuster that primarily publishes Paperback books Jim Baen, with financial backing from some friends, counter-offered with a proposal to start up a new company named Baen Books and provide Simon & Schuster with an SF line to distribute instead. Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L [1]

Growth and Philosophy

From his days in magazine publishing, Jim Baen had a reputation for being able to recognize a gem in the rough and the ability to take a new author and nurture and train him up able to write salable material, and establish himself, which were some of the qualities desired by Simon and Shuster on their team.

In the later nineties, the publisher embraced the newly emerging internet as a means of "spreading the word" about a book or author and created one of the first, if not the first, writer-to-fan discussion forums "Baen's Bar" capable of using a mix of technologies to support the overall promotion and interest in reading books for education and entertainment. The web board became very dedicated to expanding the shrinking reader base for printed works by using the electronic internet to recapture interest.

One project which came about from this focus was the compendium of great science fiction "The World Turned upside down", and the practice begun circa 2002, of republishing older good science fiction in collections and omnibus editions, such as the works of the sixties authors Christopher Anvil and others. Christopher Anvil (born 1922 is a pseudonym used by author Harry C

Electronic publishing strategy

Baen's Bar and e-ARC both redirect to here.

e

Baen's Bar Website

Baen's Bar is an online community created around Baen Books' author to fan discussion forums where each author has at least one of their own (originally implimented as Bulletin board system), or with sufficient interest in their works, perhaps several. A virtual community, e-community or online community is a group of people that primarily interact via communication media such as Newsletters An, or message board, is a Bulletin board system in the form of a discussion site A Bulletin Board System, or BBS, is a Computer system running software that allows users to connect and login to

It has survived numerous crashes and the critical illness of Baen's original main webmaster. There are three ways of accessing it: via e-mail, an NNTP (newsgroup) interface, and a website based on MPNews which replaced the previous two versions of Akiva Corporation WebBoard (in use since the upgrade from text BBS system at least 1997). Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving The Network News Transfer Protocol or NNTP is an Internet application protocol used primarily for reading A newsgroup is a Repository usually within the Usenet system for messages posted from many users in different locations A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Baen's Bar is best browsed using a newsreader, for message threads frequently repeat snippets from prior posts as lead ins. While it is a members-only site, the only cost is the momentary "fee" of registering one's email address and responding to a validation message before one can access the inner sanctum.

Forum regulars include a number of New York Times bestselling writers (including David Weber, Eric Flint, and John Ringo), other writers who publish through Baen, formerly, the founder/co-owner/CEO the late Jim Baen, various employees including Toni Weisskopf— who has succeed Baen as publisher in chief, and a large active number of readers. A bestseller is a Book that is identified as extremely popular by its inclusion on lists of currently top selling titles that are based on publishing industry and book trade David Mark Weber is an American Science fiction and Fantasy author. Eric Flint (born 1947 is an American Alternate history and Fantasy author, editor, and e-publisher. John Ringo (b March 22 1963 is an American Science fiction and military fiction author who writes full time James Patrick "Jim" Baen ( October 22, 1943 Pennsylvania – June 28, 2006 Raleigh North Carolina) was a noted Toni Weisskopf (born 1965 is a Science fiction editor and the publisher of Baen Books. Members of this community are referred to as barflies.

The bar is divided into several sections—some for administrivia, but most concerning specific authors and their fictional universes. Popular forums include Flint's 1632 Tech Manual, Ringo's Ringo's Tavern, Weber's Honorverse and Sarah Hoyt's Diner. The Legacy of the Aldenata, also known as the Posleen War Series is the fictional Universe of one of John Ringo 's Military science fiction series Note This is the 'Main' article for the Honor Harrington related Book series and Sub-series by David Weber.

Site Notability

Baen's Bar is the only submission mechanisms for submitting stories to two professional SF Magazines. All stories submitted to the Grantville Gazette must be submitted through the 1632 Slush conference on the Bar, and all stories submitted for the "introducing" slots in Jim Baen's Universe must be submitted through the Universe Slush conference.

The Bar Makes history

Baen was not shy about harnessing the tools of technology to further the company, and having already placed on line Webscriptions to sell e-books, E-ARCs for readers who couldn't wait (or those who just liked the five for one bargain pricing) the popularity of, demand for more of, and production bottlenecks facing the Ring of Fire series plus a soft demand overall in publishing for anthologies lead him to agree to a trial of the experimental Grantville Gazettes — which became a e-zine serialized in three installments as are the E-ARCs — and which became a self-sustaining success and revenue producer. Baen Books is an American Publishing company established in 1983 by long time Science Fiction publisher and editor Jim Baen. See also Baen's Bar, 1632 Editorial Board, 1632 series The Grantville Gazettes are a set of Collaborative writing works

The History there, is much tied in with that of the 1632 Tech Manual, where hundreds of collaborators have carefully put their collective brainpower together to explore what technology and what effect it would likely have on the new history of the 1632-verse world. See 1632 Editorial Board for a further description of the creation of collaborative fiction on going in Eric Flint's 1632 series—a collaboration which has lead now to a handful of best sellers in rapid succession, and continued quarterly sales growth of the flagship novel and all it's sequels when most books' sales would have tapered off to nothing. Collaborative fiction is a form of writing by two or more authors who take it in turns to write a portion of the story.

Before Baen's death, the sixth (Grantville Gazette VI) was the last published as an adapted E-ARC, primarily because Baen Books was not geared up to deal with the deadlines implicit in magazine formats. See also 1632 series Note The two main articles covering this large rapidly growing Book series and this specific Sub-series are Baen Books is an American Publishing company established in 1983 by long time Science Fiction publisher and editor Jim Baen. After Baen's passing, the Grantville Gazettes were spun off as a separately operated entity on a paid subscription basis and are currently publishing a new issue every other month. While a Baen's experiment, editor Eric Flint had hoped to reach a rate of three to four per year, but that pace could not be supported by Baen's.

External links and references

Initially, the company invested resources in "Baen's Bar", its online community service that provides a forum for customers, authors and editors to interact, beginning as a BBS. A virtual community, e-community or online community is a group of people that primarily interact via communication media such as Newsletters In the early 2000's, a blogger wrote: "Like every other publisher, Baen set up a website. But several of his authors and fan friends convinced him to put a chat client on his site. Since he was interested, and since several of those authors (like Jerry Pournelle, former columnist for Byte Magazine, for instance) were very Internet savvy, he did. Jerry Eugene Pournelle (born August 7, 1933) is an American Science fiction Writer, Essayist and Journalist Byte magazine was an influential Microcomputer magazine in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s because of its wide-ranging editorial coverage The chat client grew into an incredibly vibrant community called Baen's Bar. "[2]

In recent years, beginning in mid 1999, Baen has emphasized electronic publishing and Internet-focused promotions for its publications. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Electronic publishing includes the digital publication of E-books and Electronic articles and the development of digital libraries and catalogues The discussions on Baen's bar convinced him to do so. [3] Baen's electronic strategy is explained exhaustively in a series of "letters" or "essays" called The Prime Palavar by Baen Free Library (link) "First Librarian" Eric Flint, but in a nutshell, emphasizes distribution of unencrypted digital versions of its works free of Digital Rights Management copy protection schemes through webscriptions, misunderstood by many to be a part of Baen Books, but which only provides the services and is de facto an independent e-publisher. The Baen Free Library is a Digital library of the Science fiction and Fantasy Publishing house Baen Books where (as of February 2007 Eric Flint (born 1947 is an American Alternate history and Fantasy author, editor, and e-publisher. Digital rights management ( DRM) is a generic term that refers to Access control technologies used by hardware manufacturers publishers and Copyright holders Webscription services References and Notes Electronic publishing includes the digital publication of E-books and Electronic articles and the development of digital libraries and catalogues Webscriptions does not apply DRM for Baen, and Baen's Webscriptions, but Baen is the customer and so defines the relationship by contract. It is fair to say that Baen and Flint scoff at Digital encryption strategies and feel they do more harm than good to a publisher. Consequently, Baen also makes its entire catalog available in multiple formats for downloading and typically prices electronic versions of its books at or below that of paperback editions—and makes a profit doing it. [4] According to essays on Baen's science fiction e-magazine Jim Baen's Universe, also edited by Flint, the strategy is if anything, getting stronger and more fruitful with the passage of time.

Baen's Webscriptions

Other electronic marketing tactics Baen employs include distributing ARC serialized e-book versions of Electronic Advance Reader Copies (ARCs), or E-ARCs at reduced prices, scheduled beginning two or so months in advance of print publication. An e-book (for electronic book: also ebook) is the Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed Book. Baen called this Webscriptions, but contracted implementation to his web services consulting guru Arnold Bailey, who established Webwrights and it's internet lifeline, Webscriptions. net[1] which now also features other publishers such as SF genre rival Tor Books. Tor Books is one of two Imprints of Tom Doherty Associates LLC based in New York City

The Baen's Webscriptions installments include roughly a third of each book, with the last third coinciding with the print release. Baen in turn links to digital data using webwrights/webscriptions which Baen produces and provides. Whichever website sells the books goes through webwrights during the purchasing, who then pays Baens. The relationship is near incestuously close, but webwrights is credited as the e-published version copyright holder, Baen's webscriptions does accounting and pays the real copyright holders, the authors their cut on the e-books. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for

The electronic versions by Baen's are produced in five common formats from webwrights, including word processor friendly versions, all unencrypted in drastic contrast to the rest of the e-publishing industries strategy. Jim Baen disliked Adobe pdf format for reading purposes, but webwrights offers some titles in that format as well at the clients request. The "marketing gimmick" Jim Baen tried was making the E-ARCs are available in a five for a single price subscription option, which allows a subscriber an even more cost effective price for a lot of reading material.

After print publication, the "cleaned up and finalized" electronic copy is available both on line through webscriptions and through the parallel practice Baen instituted of using promotional CD-ROMs with permissive copyright licenses with many of its stable of authors works. CD-ROM (an initialism of "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory " is a pre-pressed Compact Disc that contains data accessible to but not writable Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for Whether downloaded or by CD-ROM, the source material is available in all the formats Baen supports, which includes some for e-book readers.

Magazine experiments

The Grantville Gazettes

Baen's assayed the experimental publication of The Grantville Gazette, an e-magazine anthology series specifically related to the popular Ring of Fire alternate history plenum. See also Baen's Bar, 1632 Editorial Board, 1632 series The Grantville Gazettes are a set of Collaborative writing works The Grantville Gazette (later Grantville Gazette I or more recently yet Grantville Gazette Volume 1) is the first of a series of An online magazine is a Magazine that is delivered in an electronic form Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction In fact, today Baen serves as a distributor of the e-zines and occasionally buys an issue and prints it; the real publisher (Switch over from production at Baen Books to under Paula Goodlett occurred between volumes Grantville Gazette IV and Grantville Gazette VI ) is the milieu creator Eric Flint, while the actual publications are copyrighted to "1632. See also 1632 series, 1632 Editorial Board The Grantville Gazette IV ( Main article The Grantville Gazettes is the See also 1632 series Note The two main articles covering this large rapidly growing Book series and this specific Sub-series are org, Inc. " which pays the anthologies' authors. Starting in 2007 the Gazettes were e-published through a separate dedicated website as well as through the Webscriptions.

Jim Baen's Universe

Main article: Jim Baen's Universe

That semi-failure lead in turn to a separate establishment of two self-sustaining e-zine enterprises with a separate staff for each, both spearhead by Eric Flint: Jim Baen's Universe and the reconfigured (after Grantville Gazette V ended the initial spin-off production mode using the E-ARCs mode as an e-zine. Jim Baen's Universe (JBU is a bimonthly online fantasy and Science fiction magazine created by Jim Baen (founder and long-time publisher Eric Flint (born 1947 is an American Alternate history and Fantasy author, editor, and e-publisher. Jim Baen's Universe (JBU is a bimonthly online fantasy and Science fiction magazine created by Jim Baen (founder and long-time publisher See also 1632 series, The Grantville Gazettes, 1632 Editorial Board Note The two main articles covering this large rapidly ) Gazettes magazine.

In contrast, the general audience speculative fiction anthology Baen's Universe is available only on-line. Speculative fiction is a term used as an inclusive descriptor covering a group of Fiction Genres that speculate about worlds that are unlike the real world in Jim Baen's Universe (JBU is a bimonthly online fantasy and Science fiction magazine created by Jim Baen (founder and long-time publisher At approximately 120,000 words, this latter publication is unusually large when compared to most traditional print editions of science fiction magazines, and the average size of the newly reconfigured Gazettes is similarly generous. A science fiction magazine is a Magazine that publishes primarily Science fiction, in print or on the internet or both

In 1999, Baen launched its "Webscriptions" service, which provides customers with the opportunity to purchase access to a "bundled" discount package of electronic releases from Baen's catalog, varying in composition from month to month. Webscription services References and Notes

For a fee, a customer subscribes to a set of approximately five novels and/or anthologies. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Each package is commonly a mix of new releases and older titles.

Upcoming titles (in both Webscriptions and as individual purchases) are released to the customer in increments in advance of the scheduled publication month. The usual method is to make the work available for reading as increments in HTML-only encoding. HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure Two months prior, the subscriber may read 30-50% of the work; one month before publication, 50-75% becomes accessible. The complete text becomes available in multiple digital formats in the day and month of the released print publication.

All titles in a particular month's Webscription remain available in that "bundle" henceforth (as do all of the packages offered since the onset of the Webscription service in December 1999), and may be purchased retroactively.

The subscription aspect of the term "Webscription" refers not only to the serial manner of treating with new releases, but also to the way in which the purchaser is obliged to accept all of the selections in a particular monthly package, in much the same way as he/she would accept all of an editor's choices when buying a copy of a monthly science fiction magazine. This actively encourages purchasers to read outside their usual preferences by making available to them works by authors (and materials in subgenres of speculative fiction) that might not have come into their hands otherwise.

Because Baen subsequently maintains the great majority of their electronically released publications on its Web site for purchase, the publishing house has been able to make midlist titles available to readers long after they would typically have gone out of print under traditional publishing practices. Out of print refers to an item typically a book (see Out of print books) but can include any print or visual media or Sound recording, that is no longer being published

Baen has made liberal use of free content in its marketing efforts. For example, free sample chapters of its books are typically available on the Baen Web site. The "Baen Free Library" allows free access to dozens of titles from the company's backlist, often the first book published in a series by a Baen author. The Baen Free Library is a Digital library of the Science fiction and Fantasy Publishing house Baen Books where (as of February 2007 Baen also provides free electronic copies of its books to readers who are blind, paralyzed, dyslexic, or are amputees.

Baen's emphasis on electronic publishing has generated press coverage for the company. Wired magazine has described Baen's Webscriptions service as "innovative". Wired is a full-color monthly American Magazine and on-line periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993 [5] Charles N. Brown, publisher of Locus Magazine, has praised Baen's approach in an interview in The New York Times, saying "Baen has shown that putting up electronic versions of books doesn't cost you sales. Charles Nikki Brown is the founder and editor of Locus, a news and reviews magazine dealing with the Science fiction and Fantasy genres of literature Locus is a monthly American Magazine, subtitled "The Magazine Of The Science Fiction & Fantasy Field" It gains you a larger audience for all of your books. As a result, they've done quite well. "[6]

Baen Digital Object Identifiers (DOI)

Baen Books has since 1999 been releasing electronic versions of forthcoming books by subscription as e-ARCs ('electronic Advanced Reader Copies'), released in roughly, one-third of whole installments, the last coinciding with the print release, and incorporating the installments, as a full e-book. Baen Books is an American Publishing company established in 1983 by long time Science Fiction publisher and editor Jim Baen. An e-book (for electronic book: also ebook) is the Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed Book. Later marketing innovations have seen Baen include copies of the e-books as free material on CD-ROM discs, bundled with a hardcover book release. CD-ROM (an initialism of "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory " is a pre-pressed Compact Disc that contains data accessible to but not writable A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) is a Book bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with Cloth

These electronic versions, whether full or partial releases, are produced by Webscriptions under contract for Baen Books in various (at least five) common digital formats which complicates the issue of identifying electronic versions, so that Baen and Webscriptions do not use the DOI registration system, though until circa 2005, webscriptions still listed DOI identifiers, and Baen's website continues to use the abbreviation into and as of 2008. Webscription services References and Notes Webscription services References and Notes A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Under the registered DOI system, each installment release, and the final e-work, in all the formats produced should have a unique and specific Digital Object Identifier, which in terms of economic costs, is simply too high to bear.

The electronic e-ARC practices also complicates things in "publications dates", since the first released text starts two to three months before the release of the print copy, though the released text is not guaranteed to be fully copy edited—and so occasionally differs from the final released fully copy edited versions.

Thus, like the Grantville Gazettes the e-publication date antedates the print copy by about two months—the interval before the release of the last third and the hardcover print edition is simultaneously released. See also Baen's Bar, 1632 Editorial Board, 1632 series The Grantville Gazettes are a set of Collaborative writing works

Baen Books authors

Although Baen himself was politically conservative, Baen Books has published works covering a broad spectrum of political philosophies. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined

Baen authors include:

The market for SF in the United States

In 2004, more than 2,500 titles in the genres of science fiction, fantasy and horror were published in the U. An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Poul William Anderson ( November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American Science fiction author who wrote during a Golden Robert Lynn Asprin ( June 28, 1946 – May 22, 2008) was an American Science fiction and fantasy author best known Lois McMaster Bujold (born November 2, 1949, Columbus, Ohio) is an American author of Science fiction and Fantasy Paul Chafe was born in Toronto Ontario in 1965 and grew up in Hamilton Ontario. Carolyn Janice Cherry (born September 1, 1942) better known by the Pseudonym C Lyon Sprague de Camp, ( November 27 1907 – November 6 2000) was an American science fiction and fantasy author Dr Virginia DeMarce (born 28 November 1940) is a historian who specializes in Early modern European history as well as a prominent author in the 1632 Ann Downer (born November 28, 1960 in Arlington Virginia) is an American writer principally of fantasy novels for children and young David Drake (born September 24, 1945) is an author of Science fiction and Fantasy literature Eric Flint (born 1947 is an American Alternate history and Fantasy author, editor, and e-publisher. Esther Friesner ( July 16, 1951 –) is an American Science fiction and Fantasy author best known for her humorous pieces Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. James Patrick Hogan (born June 27, 1941) is a British Science fiction Author. Sarah de Almeida Hoyt (also known as Sarah Hoyt or Sarah A Hoyt) is an award-winning fiction author Mercedes Lackey (born June 24, 1950) New York New York (also known as Misty Lackey) is a prolific American author of fantasy novels Holly Lisle (born 1960 is an American Writer of Fantasy, Science fiction, Paranormal romance and Romantic suspense novels Laurence van Cott Niven (born April 30, 1938 Los Angeles California) is a US Science fiction author. Andre Alice Norton ( February 17, 1912 &ndash March 17, 2005) was an American Science fiction and Fantasy author Jerry Eugene Pournelle (born August 7, 1933) is an American Science fiction Writer, Essayist and Journalist John Ringo (b March 22 1963 is an American Science fiction and military fiction author who writes full time Spider Robinson (born November 24, 1948) is an American-born Canadian Hugo and Nebula award winning Science fiction Joel Rosenberg (born May 1 1954) is a science fiction and fantasy author with dual American and Canadian citizenship who Stephen Michael Stirling is a French -born Canadian - American Science fiction and Fantasy author Travis Shane Taylor is a Science fiction Author who lives near Huntsville Alabama in the southeastern United States. David Mark Weber is an American Science fiction and Fantasy author. Michael Z Williamson (born 1967 is a Science fiction and Military -fiction author S. by 248 publishers. According to the 2004 Book Summary,[7] Baen Books was the ninth most active publisher in terms of most books published in the genres indicated, and the fifth most active publisher of the dedicated SF imprints, publishing a total of 67 titles (of which 40 were original titles). It is difficult to judge the issue of quality but, based on the number of times a title published by Baen Books appeared in the bestseller lists produced by the major bookselling chains, it is ranked the seventh most popular SF publisher. In 2005 Baen moved up to the eighth position in the total books published with 72 books published (of which 40 were original titles). [8] It was the sixth most active publisher of the dedicated SF imprints, and the fifth most popular SF publisher based on the number of bestseller list appearances.

Baen Books series

Notes and References

  1. ^ "JIM BAEN October 22, 1943–June 28, 2006", Baen's obituary by David Drake, david-drake. David Drake (born September 24, 1945) is an author of Science fiction and Fantasy literature com.
  2. ^ Baen's Bar, A Successful Community. Retrieved on 2007-11-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
  3. ^ Baen's Bar, A Successful Community. Retrieved on 2007-11-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
  4. ^ Baen's Bar, A Successful Community. Retrieved on 2007-11-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats
  5. ^ M. J. Rose, "Come and get 'em", Wired, March 13, 2001. Wired is a full-color monthly American Magazine and on-line periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993 Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
  6. ^ Pamela LiCalzi O'Connell. "Publisher's Web Books Spur Hardcover Sales", The New York Times (registration required), 2001-03-13. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.  
  7. ^ Locus, February 2005. Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 50–54.
  8. ^ Locus, February 2006, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 50–53.

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