Baekje
Baekje diadem ornament.
Korean name
Hangul 백제 Hanja 百濟 Revised Romanization Baekje McCune-Reischauer Paekche

Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE), or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language Romanization system in South Korea. McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language Romanization systems along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla. The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

Baekje was founded by Onjo, the third son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong, at Wirye-sung (around present-day Seoul). Onjo (?-28 r 18 BC&ndashAD 28 was the founding monarch of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo (58 - 19 BCE r 37 – 19 BCE"Dongmyeongseongwang"(東明聖王 also known by his birth name Jumong, was the founding Monarch Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Baekje, like Goguryeo, claimed to succeed Buyeo, a state established in present-day Manchuria around the time of Gojoseon's fall. Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people.

Baekje alternately battled and allied with Goguryeo and Silla as the three kingdoms expanded control over the peninsula. At its peak in the 4th century, Baekje controlled most of western Korean Peninsula, as far north as Pyongyang. Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. It became a significant regional sea power, with political and trade relations with China and Japan. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

In 660, it was defeated by an alliance of Silla and China's Tang Dynasty, submitting to Unified Silla. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of

Contents 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 Expansion 1.3 Ungjin period 1.4 Sabi period 1.5 Fall and restoration movement 2 Social and political structure 3 Language and culture 4 Foreign relations 4.1 Relations with China 4.1.1 Baekje's presence on the continent 4.2 Relations with Japan 4.2.1 Military assistance 4.2.2 The fall of Baekje and the retreat to Japan 5 Legacy 6 Notes 7 See also 8 External links

History

History of Korea
Prehistory  Jeulmun period  Mumun period Gojoseon 2333-108 BC  Jin state Proto-Three Kingdoms: 108-57 BC  Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye  Samhan: Ma, Byeon, Jin Three Kingdoms: 57 BC - 668 AD  Goguryeo 37 BC - 668 AD   Sui wars  Baekje 18 BC - 660 AD  Silla 57 BC - 935 AD  Gaya 42-562 North-South States: 698-935  Unified Silla 668-935  Balhae 698-926 Later Three Kingdoms 892-935 Goryeo 918-1392  Khitan wars  Mongol invasions Joseon 1392-1897  Japanese invasions 1592-1598  Manchu invasions Korean Empire 1897–1910 Japanese rule 1910–1945  Provisional Gov't 1919-1948 Division of Korea 1945–1948 North, South Korea 1948–present  Korean War 1950–1953
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Monarchs of Korea Baekje

Onjo 18 BCE–29 CE Daru 29–77 Giru 77–128 Gaeru 128–166 Chogo 166–214 Gusu 214–234 Saban 234 Goi 234–286 Chaekgye 286–298 Bunseo 298–304 Biryu 304–344 Gye 344–346 Geunchogo 346–375 Geungusu 375–384 Chimnyu 384–385 Jinsa 385–392 Asin 392–405 Jeonji 405–420 Guisin 420–427 Biyu 427–455 Gaero 455–475 Munju 475–477 Samgeun 477–479 Dongseong 479–501 Muryeong 501–523 Seong 523–554 Wideok 554–598 Hye 598–599 Beop 599–600 Mu 600–641 Uija 641–660

Founding

According to the Samguk Sagi, Baekje was founded in 18 BCE by King Onjo, who led a group of people from Goguryeo south to the Han River basin. The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. This article is about the prehistory of the Korean Peninsula, from circa 500000 BCE through 300 BCE The Jeulmun Pottery Period is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 8000-1500 B The Mumun pottery period is an Archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 1500-300 BC Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. Jin state was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE bordering the Korean Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the period after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan North South States Period ( 698 CE - 936 CE refers to the period in Korean history when Silla and Balhae Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an The Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (892 - 936 consisted of Silla, Hubaekje ("Later Baekje " and Taebong (also known as Hugoguryeo The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. The Mongol invasions of Korea (1231 - 1273 consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Goryeo, from 1231 to 1259 Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 The First Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1627 when Hong Taiji led the Manchu army against Korea 's Joseon dynasty. The Korean Empire was a former small empire of Korea that lasted from the Gwangmu Restoration of 1897 until Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910 Korea under Japanese rule refers to the period between 1910 and 1945 when Korea was forcibly annexed by the Japanese Empire. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a Government in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing, during the The division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending Japan For the history of Korea before its division, see History of Korea. For the history of the Korea before its division, see History of Korea. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates This is a Timeline of the History of Korea. Some dates prior to the 6th century CE are speculative or approximate Korea ' s military history spans back thousands of years beginning with the kingdom of Gojoseon and its repulsions of ancient China The naval history of Korea dates back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period when simple fishing ships were used Like most other regions in the world science and technology in Korea has experienced periods of intense growth as well as long periods of stagnation The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates Onjo (?-28 r 18 BC&ndashAD 28 was the founding monarch of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Daru of Baekje (?-77 r 28&ndash77 was the second king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Giru of Baekje (?-128 r 77&ndash128 was the third king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gaeru of Baekje (?-166 r 128-166 was the fourth king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Chogo of Baekje (?-214 r 166-214 was the fifth king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gusu of Baekje (?-234 r 214-234 was the 6th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Saban of Baekje (?–? r 234 was the 7th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goi of Baekje (?-286 r 234-286 was the 8th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Chaekgye of Baekje (?-298 r 286-298 was the ninth king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Bunseo of Baekje (?-304 r 298-304 was the tenth king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Biryu of Baekje (?-344 r 304-344 was the 11th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gye of Baekje (?-346 r 344-346 was the 12th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Geunchogo of Baekje (?-375 r 346-375 was the 13th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Geungusu of Baekje (r 375-384 was the 14th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Chimnyu of Baekje (?-385 r 384-385 was the 15th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Jinsa of Baekje (?-392 385-392 was the 16th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Asin of Baekje (?-405 r 392-405 was the 17th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Jeonji of Baekje (?-420 r 405-420 was the 18th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Guisin of Baekje (?–427 r 420–427 was the 19th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Biyu of Baekje (?-455 r 427-455 was the 20th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gaero of Baekje (?-475 455-475 was the 21st king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Munju of Baekje (?-477 r 475-477 was the 22nd king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Samgeun of Baekje (465?-479 r 477-479 was the 23rd king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Dongseong of Baekje (?-501 r 479-501 was the 24th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Muryeong of Baekje (462–523 r 501–523 was the 25th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Seong of Baekje (?-554 r 523-554 was the 26th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Wideok of Baekje (525-598 r 554-598 was the 27th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Hye of Baekje (? - 599 r 598 - 599 was the 28th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Beop of Baekje (? - 600 r 599 - 600 was the 29th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Mu of Baekje (600 - 641 ? - 641 was the 30th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Uija of Baekje (백제 의자왕/ ? - 660? r 641 - 660 was the 31st and final ruler of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Onjo (?-28 r 18 BC&ndashAD 28 was the founding monarch of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Han River is in South Korea is the confluence of the Namhan River (South Han River which originates in Mount Daedeok, and the Bukhan River According to the Chinese record San Guo Zhi, during the Samhan period, one of the chiefdoms of the Mahan confederacy was called Baekje. The Records of Three Kingdoms ( is the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong

The Samguk Sagi provides a detailed account of Baekje's founding. Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Jumong had left his son Yuri in Buyeo when he left that kingdom to establish the new kingdom of Goguryeo. King Yuri (? - 18 CE r 19 BCE - 18 CE was the second ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Jumong became King Dongmyeongseong, and had two more sons, Onjo and Biryu. King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo (58 - 19 BCE r 37 – 19 BCE"Dongmyeongseongwang"(東明聖王 also known by his birth name Jumong, was the founding Monarch Biryu (?&ndash18 BCE was the second son of Jumong and So Seo-no, and older brother of Onjo, the traditionally recognized founder of Baekje When Yuri later arrived in Goguryeo, Jumong promptly made him the crown prince. Realizing Yuri would become the next king, Onjo and Biryu decided to head south with their people, along with ten vassals.

Onjo settled in Wiryeseong (present-day Hanam), and called his country Sipje (meaning "Ten Vassals"), while Biryu settle in Michuhol (present-day Incheon), against the vassals' advice. Wiryeseong or Michuhol was the name of two early capitals of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Hanam is a city in Gyeonggi Province South Korea. Formerly a part of Gwangju County it was designated a city in 1989 Incheon is a metropolitan city and a major seaport on the west coast of South Korea, near Seoul. The salty water and marshes in Michuhol made settlement difficult, while the people of Wiryeseong lived prosperously.

Biryu then went to his brother Onjo, asking for the throne of Sipje. When Onjo refused, Biryu declared war, but lost. In shame, Biryu committed suicide, and his people moved to Wiryeseong, where King Onjo welcomed them and renamed his country Baekje ("Hundred Vassals").

King Onjo moved the capital from the south to the north of the Han river, and then south again, probably all within present Seoul, under pressure from other Mahan states. King Gaeru is believed to have moved the capital to the Bukhan Mountain Fortress in 132, probably in present-day Gwangju, to the southeast of Seoul. Gaeru of Baekje (?-166 r 128-166 was the fourth king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Bukhansan National Park in Seoul and Gyeonggi covers an area of 79 Gwangju is a city in Gyeonggi Province South Korea, southeast of Seoul.

Through the early centuries of the Common Era, sometimes called the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, Baekje gradually gained control over the other Mahan tribes. Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the period after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into

Expansion

During the reign of King Goi (234–286), Baekje became a full-fledged kingdom, as it continued consolidating the Mahan confederacy. Goi of Baekje (?-286 r 234-286 was the 8th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Events By Place Roman Empire Emperor Alexander Severus buys peace from the Alemanni. For the processor see Intel 80286. Events By Place Roman Empire March 1 — Diocletian In 249, according to the ancient Japanese text Nihonshoki, Baekje's expansion reached the Gaya confederacy to its east, around the Nakdong River valley. The, sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan The Nakdong River ( Rakdong in North Korean is the longest River in South Korea, and passes through major cities such as Daegu and Baekje is first described in Chinese records as a kingdom in 345. Events St Thomas visits Malayalam and assists the church there The first diplomatic missions from Baekje reached Japan around 367 (According to the Nihon Shoki : 247).

King Geunchogo (346–375) expanded Baekje's territory to the north through war against Goguryeo, while annexing the remaining Mahan societies in the south. Geunchogo of Baekje (?-375 r 346-375 was the 13th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Events By Place Asia In Korea, the Puyo tribes are absorbed by the Koguryŏ. Events By Place Roman Empire Valentinian I leaves Trier to repress the rebellious Quadi in Slovakia. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and During Geunchogo's reign, the territories of Baekje included most of the western Korean Peninsula (except the two Pyeongan provinces), and in 371, Baekje defeated Goguryeo at Pyongyang. Physical geography See also Geography of North Korea, Geography of South Korea Mountains cover 70 percent of the Korean Peninsula and arable plains are P'yŏngan ( P'yŏngan-do) was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Events By Place Roman Empire The fortified cities of the Danube, with Sirmium at the forefront contribute to stop an invasion Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. Baekje continued substantial trade with Goguryeo, and actively adopted Chinese culture and technology. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Buddhism became the official state religion in 384. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Events By Place Roman Empire The Forum of Theodosius I is built in Constantinople.

Baekje also became a sea power and continued mutual goodwill relationships with the Japanese rulers of the Kofun period, transmitting continental cultural influences to Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The is an era in the History of Japan from around 250 to 538 The word kofun is Japanese for the type of burial mounds dating from this era Chinese writing system, Buddhism, advanced pottery, ceremonial burial, and other aspects of culture were introduced by aristocrats, artisans, scholars, and monks throughout their relationship. Written Chinese comprises the written symbols used to represent Spoken Chinese and the rules about how they are arranged and punctuated Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware ^[1]

During this period, the Han River basin remained the heartland of the country. Han River is in South Korea is the confluence of the Namhan River (South Han River which originates in Mount Daedeok, and the Bukhan River

Ungjin period

In the 5th century, Baekje retreated under the southward military threat of Goguryeo, and in 475, the Seoul region fell to Goguryeo. The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. Events By place Western Roman Empire 28 August — Flavius Orestes forces western Julius Nepos to flee and declares Baekje's capital was located at Ungjin (present-day Gongju) from 475 to 538. Ungjin, also known as Gomnaru ( Hangul: 곰나루 literally " Bear port" is a former city on the Korean Peninsula. Gongju ( Gongju-si) also spelt Kongju, is a city in South Chungcheong province South Korea.

Isolated in mountainous terrain, the new capital was secure against the north but also disconnected from the outside world. It was closer to Silla than Wiryeseong had been, however, and a military alliance was forged between Silla and Baekje against Goguryeo. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

Most maps of the Three Kingdoms period show Baekje occupying the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces, the core of the country in the Ungjin and Sabi periods. Chungcheong ( Chungcheong-do) was one of the eight provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Jeolla ( Jeolla-do in Korean formerly spelled Cholla or Chŏlla) was one of the eight provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty

Sabi period

In 538, King Seong moved the capital to Sabi (present-day Buyeo County), and rebuilt his kingdom into a strong state. Events By Place Europe March 12 — Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Seong of Baekje (?-554 r 523-554 was the 26th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Buyeo County ( Buyeo-gun) is a county in South Chungcheong Province South Korea. From this time, the official name of the country was Nambuyeo ("South Buyeo"), a reference to Buyeo to which Baekje traced its origins. Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd The Sabi Period witnessed the flowering of Baekje culture, alongside the growth of Buddhism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices

Under pressure from Goguryeo to the north and Silla to the east, Seong sought to strengthen Baekje's relationship with China. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The location of Sabi, on the navigable Geum River, made contact with China much easier, and both trade and diplomacy flourished during the 6th and 7th centuries. The Geum-gang River is located in South Korea. It is a major river that originates in Jangsu-eub North Jeolla Province The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.

In the 7th century, with the growing influence of Silla in the southern and central Korean peninsula, Baekje began its decline. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.

Fall and restoration movement

In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China attacked Baekje, which was then allied with Goguryeo. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The capital Sabi eventually fell, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by Silla. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Uija and his son were sent into exile in China while some of the ruling class probably fled to Japan. King Uija of Baekje (백제 의자왕/ ? - 660? r 641 - 660 was the 31st and final ruler of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

Baekje forces attempted a brief restoration movement, but faced Silla-Tang joint forces of 130,000 men. General Boksin proclaimed Prince Buyeo Pung as the new king of Baekje, called King Pung (풍왕). Gwisil Boksin (?-663 was a military leader of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. Buyeo Pung, known as in Japan was one of the sons of King Uija of Baekje. Baekje requested Japanese aid, and King Pung returned to Baekje with a contingent of 5,000 soldiers. Before the ships from Japan arrived, his forces battled a contingent of Tang forces in Ungjin County.

In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the Battle of Baekgang. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Byzantine Emperor Constans II invades south Italy. The Battle of Baekgang, also known as Battle of Baekgang-gu or by the Japanese name Battle of Hakusukinoe (白村江の戦い Hakusuki-no-e no The Tang dynasty also sent 7000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered the lower reaches of Dongjin river, the Silla-Tang forces emerged victorious, and Buyeo Pung escaped to Goguryeo.

Social and political structure

The establishment of a centralized state in Baekje is usually traced to the reign of King Goi, who may have first established patrilineal succession. Goi of Baekje (?-286 r 234-286 was the 8th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages Like most monarchies, a great deal of power was held by the aristocracy. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations King Seong, for example, strengthened royal power, but after he was slain in a disastrous campaign against Silla, the nobles took much of that power away from his son. Seong of Baekje (?-554 r 523-554 was the 26th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

The Hae clan and the Jin clan were the representative royal houses who had considerable power from the early period of Baekje, and they produced many queens over several generations. The Hae clan was probably the royal house before the Buyeo clan replaced them, and both clans appear descended from the lineage of Buyeo and Goguryeo. Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Eight clans (Sa, Yeon, Hyeop, Hae, Jin, Guk, Mok, and Baek) were powerful nobles in the Sabi era, recorded in Chinese records such as Tongdian. Sabi was the capital of the Korean kingdom of Baekje from AD 538 until Baekje's fall to Silla in 660. The Tongdian ( is an important Chinese institutional history and encyclopedia text

Central government officials were divided into sixteen ranks, the six members of the top rank forming a type of cabinet, with the top official being elected every three years. In the Sol rank, the first (Jwapyeong) through the sixth (Naesol) officials were political, administrative, and military commanders. In the Deok rank, the seventh (Jangdeok) through the eleventh (Daedeok) officials may have headed each field. Mundok, Mudok, Jwagun, Jinmu and Geuku from the twelfth to the sixteenth, may have been military administrators.

According to the Samguk Yusa, during the Sabi period, the chief minister (Jaesang) of Baekje was chosen by a unique system. Samguk Yusa, or Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, is a collection of legends folktales and historical accounts relating to the Three Kingdoms of Korea ( Goguryeo The names of several candidates were placed under a rock (Cheonjeongdae) near Hoamsa temple. After a few days, the rock was moved and the candidate whose name had a certain mark was chosen as the new chief minister. Whether this was a form of selection-by-lot or a covert selection by the elite is not clear.

Language and culture

Baekje was established by immigrants from Goguryeo who spoke what could be a Buyeo language, a hypothetical group linking the languages of Gojoseon, Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje. Buyeo or Fuyu dialects ( Buyeo or Puyŏ in Korean, Fúyú (扶餘 in Chinese) are a hypothetical Language Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and The indigenous Samhan people, having migrated in an earlier wave from the same region, probably spoke a variation or dialect of the same language. Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula

Baekje artists adopted many Chinese influences and synthesized them into a unique artistic tradition. Buddhist themes are extremely strong in Baekje artwork. The beatific Baekje smile found on many Buddhist sculptures expresses the warmth typical of Baekje art. The Baekje smile is a term art historians use to refer to the common smile motif found in Baekje sculpture and bas-relief Taoist influences are also widespread. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Chinese artisans were sent to the kingdom by the Liang Dynasty in 541, and this may have given rise to an increased Chinese influence in the Sabi period. Liang Dynasty ( 梁[[wikt 朝|朝]] Pinyin: Liáng cháo (502-557 also known as Southern Liang Dynasty (南梁 was the third of Southern dynasties

The tomb of King Muryeong (501–523), although modeled on Chinese brick tombs and yielding some imported Chinese objects, also contained many funerary objects of the Baekje tradition, such as the gold crown ornaments, gold belts, and gold earrings. The Tomb of King Muryeong, also known as Songsan-ri Tomb No 7, is the ancient Tumulus of King Muryeong, who ruled the Baekje Kingdom from 501 The Crown of Baekje refers to several artifacts excavated that are believed to be the royal headgear of the kings queens and nobility of the Baekje Kingdom There are several gold girdles of Korea which have been excavated Mortuary practices also followed the unique tradition of Baekje. This tomb is seen as a representative tomb of the Ungjin period. Ungjin, also known as Gomnaru ( Hangul: 곰나루 literally " Bear port" is a former city on the Korean Peninsula.

Delicate lotus designs of the roof-tiles, intricate brick patterns, curves of the pottery style, and flowing and elegant epitaph writing characterize Baekje culture. The Buddhist sculptures and refined pagodas reflect religion-inspired creativity. A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered Tower with multiple Eaves common in China, Japan, Korea A splendid gilt-bronze incense burner (백제금동대향로) excavated from an ancient Buddhist temple site at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo County, exemplifies Baekje art. The Gilt-bronze Incense Burner of Baekje is the 287th National Treasure of Korea and it was designated on May 30, 1996. Buyeo County ( Buyeo-gun) is a county in South Chungcheong Province South Korea.

Little is known of Baekje music, but local musicians were sent with tribute missions to China in the 7th century, indicating that a distinctive musical tradition had developed by that time.

Foreign relations

Relations with China

In 372, King Geunchogo paid tribute to the Jin Dynasty of China, located in the basin of the Yangtze River. Geunchogo of Baekje (?-375 r 346-375 was the 13th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National After the fall of Jin and the establishment of Song Dynasty in 420, Baekje sent envoys seeking cultural goods and technologies. The Song Dynasty (宋朝 Pinyin: Sòng cháo Wade-Giles: Sung ( 420 – 479) was first of the four Southern Dynasties in China

Baekje sent an envoy to Northern Wei of Northern Dynasties for the first time in 472, and King Gaero asked for military aid to attack Goguryeo. The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 Pinyin: běi wèi 386 - 534) also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏 Later Wei (後魏 or Gaero of Baekje (?-475 455-475 was the 21st king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Kings Muryeong and Seong sent envoys to Liang several times and received titles of nobility. Muryeong of Baekje (462–523 r 501–523 was the 25th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Seong of Baekje (?-554 r 523-554 was the 26th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Liang Dynasty ( 梁[[wikt 朝|朝]] Pinyin: Liáng cháo (502-557 also known as Southern Liang Dynasty (南梁 was the third of Southern dynasties

Tomb of King Muryeong is built with bricks according with Liang's tomb style.

Baekje's presence on the continent

Although controversial, some Chinese and Korean records indicate that Baekje territory included parts of present-day China, across the Yellow Sea. The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a Marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. ^[2][3][4][5]

According to the Book of Song, “Goguryeo came to conquer and occupy Liaodong, and Baekje came to occupy Liaoxi (遼西) (in modern Tangshan, Hebei); the place that came to be governed by Baekje was called the Jinping District, Jinping Province. The Book of Song ( also called "The History of the Song" is a historical text of the Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties of The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria Tangshan ( is a mainly industrial Prefecture-level city in Hebei province People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. ”^[6] The records of Book of Jin on Murong Huang states that the alliance of Goguryeo, Baekje, and a Xianbei tribe took military action. The Book of Jin ( is one of the official Chinese historical works Early life Murong Huang's father Murong Hui had initially been a Xianbei chief who fought Jin forces during the late reign of Emperor Wu of Jin Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and The Xianbei ( were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. ^[7] The Samguk Sagi records that these battles occurred during the reign of King Micheon of Goguryeo (309-331). Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and King Micheon of Goguryeo (? - 331 r 300-331 was the 15th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

According to the Book of Liang, “during the time of Jin Dynasty (265-420), Goguryeo conquered Liaodong, and Baekje also occupied Liaoxi and Jinping, and established the Baekje provinces. The Book of Liang ( was compiled under Yao Silian, completed in 635. The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties ”^[8]

The Zizhi Tongjian, compiled by Sima Guang (1019-1086) of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), states that in 346, Baekje invaded Buyeo, located at Lushan, and as a result the people of the country were scattered westward toward Yan. The Zizhi Tongjian ( was a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography. Life profession and works He was born in 1019 in present-day Yuncheng Shanxi to a wealthy family and obtained early success as a scholar and officer The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Mount Lu ( also known as Mount Lushan) is a mountain in the People's Republic of China, situated south of the city of Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province Yan ( was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. ^[9] That year was the first year of the King Geunchogo’s reign (346-375) in Baekje. Geunchogo of Baekje (?-375 r 346-375 was the 13th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

The nearly contemporary record of the Book of Qi, as well as the later Zizhi Tongjian, state that a Northern Wei (386-534) army, comprised of 100,000 cavalry, attacked Baekje but were defeated in 488. The Book of Qi or Book of Southern Qi ( is a history of the Chinese dynasty Southern Qi covering the period from 479 to The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 Pinyin: běi wèi 386 - 534) also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏 Later Wei (後魏 or This account is confirmed by the Samguk-sagi records on the tenth year of King Dongseong’s reign (488). Dongseong of Baekje (?-501 r 479-501 was the 24th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ^[10] Since such an army could not have travelled from northern China to the southwestern corner of the Korean peninsula without passing through the hostile and powerful Goguryeo (in the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo (413-491)), without being recorded in contemporary chronicles, the “Baekje” in those records must refer to Baekje presence on the other side of Goguryeo, in Liaoxi. King Jangsu of Goguryeo (394 - 491 r 413 - 491 was the 20th Monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

The Book of Qi also records that in 495 Baekje's King Dongseong requested honorary titles for the generals who repulsed the Wei attack. The titles given by the Southern Qi court carried the names of their domains that sounded like some Liaoxi areas, such as Guangling, Qinghe, Chengyang, etc. The Southern Qi Dynasty 齊朝 ( Pinyin: Qí cháo ( 479 - 502) was the second of the Southern dynasties in China, followed by the ^[11]

The Territory Section of Mǎnzhōu Yuánliú Kǎo (满洲源流考, "Considerations on the Origin of Manchu") also summarizes Baekje's territories, obviously including a portion of Liaoxi:^[12]

The boundary of Baekje begins from the present-day Guangning and Jinyi provinces in the northwest and then crosses the sea in an easterly direction to arrive at the Joseon’s Hwanghae, Chungcheong, Jeolla, etc. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Haixi redirects here For the automobile manufacturer see Huanghai Bus Factory. Chungcheong ( Chungcheong-do) was one of the eight provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Jeolla ( Jeolla-do in Korean formerly spelled Cholla or Chŏlla) was one of the eight provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty provinces. Running east to west, Baekje’s territory is narrow; running north to south, it is long. Thus it occurs that if one looks at Baekje’s territory from the Liucheng and Beiping area, Silla is located in the southeast of Baekje, but if one looks from the Gyeongsang and Ungjin area of Baekje, Silla is located in the northeast. Gyeongsang ( Gyeongsang-do) was one of the eight provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Ungjin, also known as Gomnaru ( Hangul: 곰나루 literally " Bear port" is a former city on the Korean Peninsula. Baekje also borders Mohe in the north. The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. Its royal capital has two castles at two different places in the east and west. Both castles are called “Goma. ” The Book of Song says that the place governed by Baekje was called the Jinping district of the Jinping province. Tong-gao says that the the Jinping province was located between Liucheng and Beiping of the Tang period. ^[13]

Hence one of Baekje’s capitals was located in “Liaoxi,” and the other inside the "Joseon" provinces. It was during the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang that Baekje relocated its capital to southern Korea. Background Xiao Yan was born in 464 during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song.

Both the Old and the New History of Tang say that the old Baekje territories were divided up and taken by Silla and Balhae. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an ^[14] If Baekje was limited to the southwestern corner of the Korean peninsula, then it would have been impossible for the Balhae to occupy any of the old Baekje territories.

The Silla scholar and alleged Sinocentrist Choi Chi-won (857-?) wrote that “Goguryeo and Baekje at the height of their strength maintained strong armies numbering one million persons, and invaded Wu and Yue in the south and You, Yan, Qi, and Lu in the north of the mainland China, making grave nuisances to the Middle Kingdom”. Choe Chiwon (857-10th century was a noted Korean Confucian official philosopher and poet of the late Unified Silla period (668-935 ^[15]

According to these records, Baekje must have held the Liao-xi province for more than a hundred years.

Relations with Japan

Military assistance

To confront with the military pressure of Goguryeo and Silla, Baekje (Kudara in Japanese) established close relations with Japan. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. According to the Korean chronicle Samguk Sagi, Baekje and Silla sent their princes as hostages to the Japanese court. Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and ^[16] In exchange, Japan provided military support. ^[17]

The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms and Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms cite some of the Baekje royal family's descendants and some nobles as dignitaries in the Japanese court, maintaining Korean influence and ensuring the continuation of the Yamato alliance, as in the time of Emperor Yomei, when the Buddhist temple of Horyuji was constructed. Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Samguk Yusa, or Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, is a collection of legends folktales and historical accounts relating to the Three Kingdoms of Korea ( Goguryeo Emperor Yōmei (用明天皇 Yōmei-tennnō) (died 587 was the 31st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession is a Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture, Japan. Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji (法隆学問寺 or Learning Temple It is also known that Muryeong of Baekje, the twenty-fifth king, was born in Japan. Muryeong of Baekje (462–523 r 501–523 was the 25th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

The Chinese Book of Sui of the Sui Dynasty says that Baekje requested and received military support from Japan during the Baekchon river engagement. The Book of Sui ( was the official history of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty, and it ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. ^[18]

The controversial Nihon Shoki alleges that empress Jingu extracted tribute and pledges of allegiance from the kings of Baekje, Silla, and Goguryeo. The, sometimes translated as The Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Furthermore, it also claims that the Gaya Confederacy was a Yamato settlement. Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan No Korean or Chinese records ever mention the conquest of Korea by Yamato Japan.

The "Nihon Shoki" gives the invasion date of Silla and Baekje as the late 4th century. However, by this time, Japan was a confederation of local lordships, while the Three Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed, centralized powers. It is very unlikely that a developing state such as Yamato can ever extract tribute and gain suzerainty over Baekje, which heavily influenced Yamato Japan, much less Goguryeo, a dominant power at that time. The Nihon Shoki is widely regarded to be an unreliable source of information as it mixes heavy amounts of supposition and legend with facts. ^[19]

Some Japanese scholars interpret the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 by King Jangsu of Goguryeo, as describing a Japanese invasion in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. The Stele of King Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo was erected in 414 by King Jangsu as a memorial to his deceased father King Jangsu of Goguryeo (394 - 491 r 413 - 491 was the 20th Monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Others claim that characters were modified and that the tale Japanese presence in Korea was added by a Japanese soldier who rediscovered the stele, apparently attempting to justify the 1910 Japanese annexation of Korea. Some Chinese and Japanese scholars discredit the intentionally damaged stele theory, based on the study of the stele itself,^[20][21] and based on studies of the pre–Sakō and pre-lime-marred rubbings. ^[22]

The fall of Baekje and the retreat to Japan

Some members of the Baekje nobility and royalty emigrated to Japan even before the kingdom was overthrown. In response to Baekje's request, Japan in 663 sent the general Abe no Hirafu with 20,000 troops and 1,000 ships to revive Baekje with Buyeo Pung (known in Japanese as Hōshō), a son of Uija of Baekje who had been an emissary to Japan. Abe no Hirafu ( 阿部比羅夫) was a governor of Koshi Province. Buyeo Pung, known as in Japan was one of the sons of King Uija of Baekje. King Uija of Baekje (백제 의자왕/ ? - 660? r 641 - 660 was the 31st and final ruler of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Around August of 661, 10,000 soldiers and 170 ships, led by Abe no Hirafu, arrived. Additional Japanese reinforcement, including 27,000 soldiers led by Kamitsukeno no Kimi Wakako and 10,000 soldiers led by Iohara no Kimi also arrived at Baekje in 662.

This attempt, however, failed at the battle of Baekgang, and the prince escaped to Goguryeo. The Battle of Baekgang, also known as Battle of Baekgang-gu or by the Japanese name Battle of Hakusukinoe (白村江の戦い Hakusuki-no-e no According to the Nihon Shoki, 400 Japanese ships were lost in the battles. Only half of the troops were able to return to Japan.

The Japanese army retreated to Japan with many Baekje refugees. The former royal family members were initially treated as "foreign guests" (蕃客) and were not incorporated into the political system of Japan for some time.

Buyeo Pung's younger brother Sun-gwang (Zenkō in Japanese) (善光 or 禅広) used the family name Kudara no Konikishi ("King of Baekje") (百濟王) (they are also called the Kudara clan, as Baekje was called Kudara in Japanese). The Kudara no Konikishi (百済王 was a Japanese clan whose founder Zenkō (ja 善光 or ja 禅広 was a son of the last king of Baekje, King Uija. The mother of Emperor Kammu (737-806) was Takano no Niigasa, a descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje. (737&ndash806 was the 50th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Takano no Niigasa (高野新笠 (?&ndash790 was a Concubine of Emperor Kōnin and the mother of Emperor Kammu. Muryeong of Baekje (462–523 r 501–523 was the 25th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Emperor Kammu treated the Kudara no Konikishi clan as his "relatives by marriage". (737&ndash806 was the 50th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession The Kudara no Konikishi (百済王 was a Japanese clan whose founder Zenkō (ja 善光 or ja 禅広 was a son of the last king of Baekje, King Uija.

Baekje royalty are also the ancestors of the Ouchi clan, the Sue clan, and others. The was one of the most powerful and important families in Japan during the reign of the Ashikaga shogunate in the 12th to 14th centuries

Legacy

Baekje was briefly revived in the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea period, as Unified Silla collapsed. The Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (892 - 936 consisted of Silla, Hubaekje ("Later Baekje " and Taebong (also known as Hugoguryeo Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of In 892, General Gyeon Hwon established Hubaekje (“Later Baekje”), based in Wansan (present-day Jeonju). Gyeon Hwon (867?-936 reigned 900-935 was the king and founder of Hubaekje, one of the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea. Hubaekje, or Later Baekje, was one of the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Hugoguryeo and Silla. Jeonju is a city in South Korea, and the capital of Jeollabuk-do, or North Jeolla Province Hubaekje was overthrown in 936 by King Taejo of Goryeo. Taejo of Goryeo ( January 31, 877 - July 4, 943, r 918-943 was the founder of the Goryeo Dynasty which ruled Korea from

In contemporary South Korea, Baekje relics are often symbolic of the local cultures of the southwest, especially in Chungnam and Jeolla. Chungcheongnam-do (South Chungcheong is a province in the west of South Korea. Jeolla ( Jeolla-do in Korean formerly spelled Cholla or Chŏlla) was one of the eight provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty The gilt-bronze incense burner, for example, is a key symbol of Buyeo County, and the Baekje-era Buddhist rock sculpture of Seosan Maaesamjonbulsang is an important symbol of Seosan City. The Gilt-bronze Incense Burner of Baekje is the 287th National Treasure of Korea and it was designated on May 30, 1996. Buyeo County ( Buyeo-gun) is a county in South Chungcheong Province South Korea. Seosan is a city in South Chungcheong Province South Korea. It is located at.

Notes

See also

• List of Baekje monarchs
• List of Korea-related topics
• History of Korea
• List of Baekje researchers
• Crown of Baekje
• List of monarchies

External links

• Baekje History & Culture Hall maintained by South Chungcheong Province of South Korea
• Buyeo National Museum
• Gongju National Museum
• Baekje Research Institute eatablished in Chungnam National University
• East Asian History by Wontack Hong, Professor Emeritus, Seoul National University
• Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan, Wontack Hong, Seoul: Kudara International, 1994. The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates This is a list of articles on Korea -related people places things and concepts The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present List of Baekje -related researchers Korea researchers Best Jonathan: Professor Wesleyan University * Hong Won-tack The Crown of Baekje refers to several artifacts excavated that are believed to be the royal headgear of the kings queens and nobility of the Baekje Kingdom There are and were a very large number of monarchies in the world Chungcheongnam-do (South Chungcheong is a province in the west of South Korea. ISBN 89-85567-02-0 93910 Includes bibliographical references and index. Several PDF available online.

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