Tomahawk cruise missile
Type	Long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile
Service history
In service	1983
Production history
Manufacturer	Raytheon/McDonnell Douglas
Unit cost	$900,000[1]
Specifications
Weight	1,440 kilograms (3,200 lb)
Length	Without booster: 5. A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow Raytheon Company ( is a major American Defense contractor and industrial corporation with core Manufacturing concentrations in Defense systems McDonnell Douglas was a major American Aerospace manufacturer and Defense contractor, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft 56 m With booster: 6. 25 m
Diameter	0. 52 m
Warhead	Conventional: 1,000 lb (450 kg) Bullpup, or submunitions dispenser with BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb, or a 200 kiloton of TNT (840 terajoule) W80 nuclear device (inactivated per SALT)
Detonation mechanism	FMU-148 since TLAM Block III, others for special applications
Engine	Williams International F107-WR-402 turbofan using TH-dimer fuel and a solid-fuel booster
Wingspan	2. The BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb is the Submunition used in several Cluster bomb type weapon systems Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity The W80 is a small Thermonuclear warhead (fusion weapon in the nuclear stockpile of the USA with an adjustable explosive yield of between 5 and 150 Williams International is a manufacturer of small Gas turbine engines based in Walled Lake Michigan, United States. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine TH-dimer, RJ-4 or misspelt as RJ4 also called tetrahydromethylcyclopentadiene is a rocket fuel used in missiles. 67 m
Operational range	2500km
Speed	Subsonic - about 550 mph (880 km/h)
Guidance system	GPS, TERCOM, DSMAC
Launch platform	Vertical Launch System (VLS) and horizontal submarine torpedo tubes (known as TTL (torpedo tube launch)

The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM navigation system uses an on-board contour map of the terrain that a Cruise missile will be flying over A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow Introduced by General Dynamics in the 1970s, it was designed as a medium- to long-range, low-altitude missile that could be launched from a submerged submarine. General Dynamics Corporation ( is a defense conglomerate formed by Mergers and Divestitures and as of 2008 it is the fifth largest Defense contractor A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability It has been improved several times and, by way of corporate divestitures and acquisitions, is now made by Raytheon. Raytheon Company ( is a major American Defense contractor and industrial corporation with core Manufacturing concentrations in Defense systems Some Tomahawks were also manufactured by McDonnell Douglas. McDonnell Douglas was a major American Aerospace manufacturer and Defense contractor, producing a number of famous commercial and military aircraft ^[2]

Contents 1 Description 2 Tactical Tomahawk 3 Launch systems 4 Other details 5 Operators 5.1 United States Navy 5.2 Royal Navy 5.3 Spanish Navy 6 Popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Description

There have been several variants of the BGM-109 Tomahawk employing various types of warheads. The operational versions include the unitary conventional land attack TLAM-C, the bomblet-dispensing land attack TLAM-D, the nuclear land attack TLAM-A and TLAM-N,^[3] and the Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile (TASM). Ground Launch Cruise Missiles (GLCM) and their truck-like launch vehicles were destroyed to comply with the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. The Ground Launched Cruise Missile, or GLCM, (officially designated BGM-109G Gryphon was a ground-launched Cruise missile developed by the United States The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF) was a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The Block III TLAMs that entered service in 1993 can fly farther and use Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to strike more precisely. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth Block IV TLAMs have a better Digital Scene Matching Area Correlator (DSMAC) system as well as improved turbojet engines. The WR-402 engine provided the new BLK III with a throttle control, allowing the missile to slow down or speed up during flight. This engine also provided better fuel economy. The Block IV Phase II TLAMs have better deep-strike capabilities and are equipped with a real-time targeting system for striking moving targets.

Tactical Tomahawk

A major improvement to the Tomahawk is its network-centric warfare-capablilities, using data from multiple sensors (aircraft, UAVs, satellites, foot soldiers, tanks, ships) to find its target. Network-centric warfare (NCW, now commonly called network-centric operations (NCO, is a new Military doctrine or theory of war pioneered by the United States It will also be able to send data from its sensors to these platforms. It will be a part of the networked force being implemented by the Pentagon.

”Tactical Tomahawk” equips the TLAM with a TV-camera for battlefield observation loitering that allows warfighting commanders to assess damage to the target and to redirect the missile to an alternative target. Additionally the Tactical Tomahawk is able to be reprogrammed in-flight to attack one of 16 predesignated targets with GPS coordinates stored in its memory or to any other GPS coordinates. Also, the missile can send data about its status back to the commander. It entered service with the Navy in late 2004.

Launch systems

Each missile is stored and launched from a pressurized canister that protects it during transportation and storage and acts as a launch tube. These canisters are racked in Armored Box Launchers (ABL), as on the battleship Missouri, Vertical Launch Systems (VLS) in other surface ships, Capsule Launch Systems (CLS) in the later Los Angeles class submarines, and in submarines' torpedo tubes. The Armored Box Launcher ( ABL) is a four-round protected launch container for the BGM-109 Tomahawk Cruise Missile Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class " A Vertical Launching System ( VLS) is a type of Missile -firing system used aboard the Submarines and surface vessels of several navies around the Characteristics Capabilities According to the US government the top speed of Los Angeles -class submarines is over 25 knots (46 km/h 29 mph All ABL equipped ships have been decommissioned.

For submarine-launched missiles (called UGM-109s), after being ejected by gas pressure (vertically via the VLS) or by water impulse (horizontally via the torpedo tube), the missile exits the water and a solid-fuel booster is ignited for the first few seconds of airborne flight until transition to cruise. After achieving flight, the missile's wings are unfolded for lift, the airscoop is exposed and the turbofan engine is employed to provide propulsion, called cruise flight. Over water, the Tomahawk uses inertial guidance or GPS to follow a preset course; once over land, the missile's guidance system is aided by Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM). Terminal guidance is provided by the Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) system or GPS, producing a claimed accuracy of about 10 meters.

The Tomahawk Weapon System consists of the missile, Theater Mission Planning Center (TMPC)/Afloat Planning System, and either the Tomahawk Weapon Control System (on surface ships) or Combat Control System (for submarines).

Several versions of control systems have been used, including:

• v2 TWCS - Tomahawk Weapon Control System (1983), also known as "green screens," was based on an old tank computing system.
• v3 ATWCS - Advanced Tomahawk Weapon Control System (1994), first Commercial Off the Shelf, uses HP-UX. HP-UX (Hewlett Packard UniX is Hewlett-Packard 's proprietary implementation of the Unix Operating system, based on System V (initially
• v4 TTWCS - Tactical Tomahawk Weapon Control System, (2003).
• v5 TWCS - Next Generation weapon control system. (2006)

Other details

The TLAM-D contains 166 submunitions in 24 groups; 22 groups of seven each, and two groups of six each to conform to the dimensions of the airframe. The submunitions are the same type of Combined Effects Bomblet used in large quantities by the U. S. Air Force. The submunitions can be deployed four groups at a time, however, in order to achieve a sufficient density of coverage typically more than four groups are dispensed at a time. When used in this manner one Tomahawk can attack multiple targets.

TERCOM - Terrain Contour Matching. Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM navigation system uses an on-board contour map of the terrain that a Cruise missile will be flying over An in-flight altimeter measures the height from the TLAM to the ground and the missile will check to see if it is in the right spot from the height. It will make corrections if it does match the prestored height

DSMAC - Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation. A small image is taken of the flight path and downloaded into the TLAM before it is launched. During the flight the missile will verify that the images that it has stored correlates with the image it sees below itself. If the pictures do not match it will correct itself and then finish its mission.

• Total program cost: $11,210,000,000

Operators

United States Navy

In the 1991 Persian Gulf conflict, 288 Tomahawks were launched. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The first salvo was fired by two attack submarines on January 17, 1991, USS Pittsburgh and Louisville. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Stations and deployments The Louisville transited the Panama Canal in January 1987 to make her home base at Point Loma Naval Station in San Diego The Louisville Slugger company gave the crew of the latter special-edition baseball bats emblazoned with an image of the submarine conducting a Tomahawk launch. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each The honor was repeated during Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign ^[4]

Royal Navy

The United States agreed to sell more than 60 Tomahawks to the United Kingdom in 1995 for use with Royal Navy nuclear submarines. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The first missiles were acquired and test-fired in 1998. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)

It is (as of 2005) in use with the Swiftsure class and Trafalgar class attack submarines. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Incidents On 28 May 2008, HMS Superb of the Swiftsure class collided with a rock while submerged in the Red Sea. Description The Trafalgar is a refinement of the ''Swiftsure'' class and designed six years later than its predecessor It is planned that all Royal Navy submarines will be Tomahawk capable by 2008, including the future Astute class attack submarine. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Background As the ''Swiftsure''-class submarines aged the Royal Navy began to design their replacements

In 2004, the UK and US governments reached an agreement for the British to buy 64 of the new generation of Tomahawk missile - the Block IV or TacTom missile. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The SYLVER vertical launch system to be fitted to the new Type 45 destroyer is claimed to have the capability to fire the Tomahawk by its manufacturers. The Sylver (Systeme de Lancement Vertical is a vertical Missile launcher designed by DCNS. Background The UK had sought to procure the ships in collaboration with 7 other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project which later collapsed Therefore it would appear that Tomahawk is a candidate to be fitted to the Type 45 if required. France, which also uses the SYLVER launcher, is developing a version of the Storm Shadow/Scalp cruise missile capable of launch from the SYLVER system, which would give a similar land attack capability. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Storm Shadow is an Anglo - French air-launched Cruise missile, manufactured by MBDA and used by France Italy and the United Kingdom

The Kosovo War in 1999 saw HMS Splendid become the first British submarine to fire the Tomahawk in combat. The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Sources http//newsbbccouk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3075011stm http//news It has been reported that seventeen of the twenty Tomahawks fired by the British during that conflict hit their targets accurately. The Royal Navy later used them in the 2001 Afghanistan War and Operation Telic, the British contribution to the 2003 Iraq War. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U Operation (or Op TELIC is the codename under which all British operations of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq and after are being conducted The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia

The Royal Navy has recently purchased the Block IV tomahawk which entered service as of the 27th March 2008, three months ahead of schedule. ^[5]

Spanish Navy

In July 2006, the United States Congress authorized Spain to buy Tomahawk missiles, the number of missile to be purchased will be between 60 and 100. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The missiles will be used in the AEGIS Álvaro de Bazán Class Frigates and in the new S80 submarines. Units ''Álvaro de Bazán'' (F101 (2002 ''Almirante Juan de Borbón'' (F102 (2003 ''Blas de Lezo'' (F103

Popular culture

• The Tom Clancy novel Red Storm Rising features Tomahawk missiles in several roles, including deploying cluster munitions against parked aircraft. Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines Red Storm Rising is a 1986 Techno-thriller novel by Tom Clancy and Larry Bond about a Third World War in Europe between Cluster munitions or cluster bombs are air-dropped or ground-launched munitions that eject a number of smaller submunitions a cluster of bomblets
• In the motion picture Under Siege, a group of mercenaries take over the battleship USS Missouri in order to steal its nuclear-tipped Tomahawk missiles. For the video game see Under Siege (video game. Under Siege is also a book by Stephen Coonts Under Siege is a 1992 Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class "
• In Command and Conquer: Generals A Tomahawk Missile Launcher is an artillery unit for USA
• In Japanese animated series Zipang, an anti-ship version of the Tomahawk is used by the fictitious Japanese warship JDS Mirai, which was transported from the future to 1942, to sink USS Wasp. Command & Conquer Generals is a Real-time strategy game in the Command & Conquer series. is a twenty-six episode Japanese Anime Television series directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi and produced by Studio Deen. Class Description The Mirai is a ship of a fictional destroyer class Yukinami, which was created for the story Design Wasp was a byproduct of the Washington Naval Treaty. With the construction of and, the United States still had 15000 tons available to flesh out

See also

• List of missiles
• Missile of the same class
  • AGM-129 ACM (US)
  • Raduga Kh-55 (RUS)
  • Hyunmoo III (ROK)
  • DH-10 (China)

References

External links

• Raytheon Official site
• BGM-109 Tomahawk - Global Security
• Raytheon (General Dynamics) AGM/BGM/RGM/UGM-109 Tomahawk - Designation Systems

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