B-24 Liberator
U.S. Army Air Forces Consolidated B-24D Liberator over Maxwell Field, Alabama. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II.
Type	Heavy bomber
Manufacturer	Consolidated Aircraft
Designed by	Isaac M. A heavy bomber is a Bomber aircraft of the largest size and typically longest ranges An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts The Consolidated Aircraft Corporation was founded in 1923 by Reuben H Laddon
Maiden flight	29 December 1939
Introduced	1941
Retired	1945
Primary users	United States Army Air Forces United States Navy Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force
Produced	1940-1945
Number built	18,482
Unit cost	$297,627[1]
Variants	PB4Y Privateer XB-41 C-87 Liberator Express Consolidated R2Y Consolidated Liberator I

The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was an American heavy bomber, built by Consolidated Aircraft. The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A heavy bomber is a Bomber aircraft of the largest size and typically longest ranges The Consolidated Aircraft Corporation was founded in 1923 by Reuben H It was produced in greater numbers than any other American combat aircraft of World War II and still holds the record as the most produced U. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including S. military aircraft. It was used by many Allied air forces and every U. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. S. branch of service during the war, attaining a distinguished war record with its operations in the northern European, Pacific and Mediterranean theaters. The European Theatre of Operations ( ETO) was an area of heavy fighting across Europe during World War II, from Nazi Germany's Invasion of Poland The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between The African Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre of World War II encompasses naval land and air campaigns between Allied and Axis forces

Often compared to the better known B-17 Flying Fortress, the B-24 was a more modern design with a higher top speed and greater range yet it had a similar bomb load and defensive armament. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Nevertheless, popular opinion among aircrews and general staff tended to favor the B-17's rugged qualities above all other considerations. ^[2] The B-24 was notorious among American air crews for its tendency to catch fire. The placement of the B-24's fuel tanks throughout the upper fuselage and its lightweight construction, designed both to increase range and optimize assembly line production, made the aircraft vulnerable to battle damage. ^[3] The B-24 was more difficult to fly as well, with heavy control forces and poor formation flying characteristics. The B-24 nevertheless provided excellent service in a variety of roles thanks to its large payload and long range.

Contents 1 Development 2 Design 3 Operational history 3.1 Initial deployment 3.2 America enters the war 3.3 Later development and production 3.4 Strategic bombing 3.5 Other Roles 3.5.1 Maritime Patrol 3.5.2 Transport 4 Variants and conversions 4.1 U.S. Army Air Force Variants 4.2 U.S. Navy nomenclature and sub-variants 4.3 British nomenclature and sub-variants 5 Operators 6 Survivors 7 Specifications (B-24J) 8 Popular culture 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links 11.1 Naval Liberator and Privateer

Development

The Liberator originated from a United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) request in 1938 for Consolidated to produce the B-17 under license. The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC was the predecessor of the U This was part of "Project A", a program to expand American industrial capacity for production of the key components of air power. ^[4] After company executives including President Reuben Fleet visited the Boeing factory in Seattle, Consolidated decided instead to submit a more modern design of its own. ^[5] In January 1939, the USAAC, under Specification C-212, formally invited Consolidated ^[6] to submit a design study for a bomber with greater range, higher speed, and greater ceiling than the B-17.

The contract for a prototype was awarded in March 1939, with the requirement that a prototype be ready before the end of the year. The design was simple in concept but advanced for its time. Compared to the B-17, the proposed Model 32 was shorter and had 25% less wing area, but a six foot (1. 8 m) greater wingspan and a substantially greater carrying capacity. The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip Whereas the B-17 used 9-cylinder Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines, the Consolidated design used twin-row, 14-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp radials of 1000 hp (746 kW). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The 70,547 lb (32,000 kg) maximum takeoff weight was one of the highest of the period. Consolidated also incorporated innovative features: the new design would be the first American bomber to use tricycle landing gear and it had long, thin wings with the efficient "Davis" high aspect ratio design (also used on the projected Model 31 flying boat)^[7] promising to provide maximum fuel efficiency. Tricycle gear describes an Aircraft Undercarriage, or landing gear, arranged in a Tricycle fashion The Davis wing is an aircraft Wing Planform that was used for some time on a variety of World War II aircraft most notably a number of designs from In Aerodynamics, the aspect ratio of a wing is defined as the square of the wing span divided by the wing area WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A flying boat is a specialised form of Aircraft that is designed to take off from and land on water using its Fuselage as a floating hull. Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense is the same as Thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier The aircraft also had a distinctive twin tail and rudder assembly. A twin tail is a specific type of Vertical stabilizer arrangement found on some Aircraft.

Wind tunnel testing and experimental programs using an existing Consolidated Model 31, a twin-engined commercial flying boat, provided extensive data on the flight characteristics of the Davis airfoil. ^[8]

Consolidated finished the prototype, by then known as the XB-24, and had it ready for its first flight two days before the end of 1939. Seven more YB-24 development aircraft flew in 1940 and Consolidated began preparing production tooling. ^[9] Early orders—placed before the XB-24 had flown—included 36 for the USAAC, 120 for the French Armée de l'Air and 164 for the Royal Air Force (RAF). The French Air Force ( French: Armée de l'Air (ALA literally Air Army) is the Air force of the French Armed Forces. Most of the first production B-24s went to Britain, including all those originally ordered by the Armée de l'Air after France collapsed in 1940. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The name, "Liberator" was initially assigned by the RAF and subsequently was adopted by the USAAC as the official name for the type. ^[10]

Design

The B-24's spacious slab-sided fuselage (which earned the aircraft the nickname "Flying Boxcar")^[11] was built around a central bomb bay that could accommodate up to 8,000 pounds of bombs. The bomb bay was divided into front and rear compartments and further divided by a central catwalk, which was also the fuselage keel beam. A universal complaint arose over the extremely narrow catwalk. The aircraft was sometimes disparaged as "The Flying Coffin" because the only entry and exit from the bomber was in the rear and it was almost impossible for the flight crew and nose gunner to get from the flight deck to the rear if they were wearing their parachutes. An unusual set of "roller-type" bomb bay doors retracted into the fuselage with a minimum of aerodynamic drag, keeping speed high over the target area. ^[12]

Like the B-17, the B-24 had an array of .50 caliber machine guns in the tail, belly, top, sides and nose to defend it from attacking enemy fighters. This article is about the.50 caliber M2 machine gun For the.30-06 M2 machine gun see M1919 Browning machine gun. Unlike the B-17, the ball turret could be retracted into the fuselage when not in use. A ball turret was a particular form of aircraft Gun turret mounted on aircraft during World War II

Operational history

Initial deployment

The first B-24s be used operationally were Liberator GR Is in British service. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The very first use of a Liberator I in March 1941 was as a long-range transport: it was used to bring U. S. ferry pilots back from the United Kingdom.

The most important role for the first batch of the Liberator GR Is was in service with RAF Coastal Command on anti-submarine patrols in the Battle of the Atlantic. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout RAF Coastal Command was an organization within the Royal Air Force which defended the United Kingdom from naval threats and countered German U-boats The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns

Later in 1941, the first Liberator IIs entered RAF service. This model introduced self-sealing fuel tanks and powered gun turrets. In Aviation, self-sealing fuel tank is a Fuel tank technology in wide use since World War II that prevents fuel tanks primarily on Aircraft from At the same time, Consolidated added a 2 ft 7 in (79 cm) plug in the forward fuselage to create more space for crew members. The Liberator IIs were divided between Coastal Command, Bomber Command, and BOAC. RAF Bomber Command was the organisation that controlled the RAF 's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968 Two RAF squadrons with Liberators were deployed to the Middle East in early 1942, in the first use of the Liberator as a bomber. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. ^[13]

America enters the war

The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) took delivery of their first B-24As in 1941. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. Like the British, they used them as transports first. American B-24s entered combat in June 1942. On June 6, in the Pacific, four B-24s staging through Midway tried to attack Wake Island (they could not find the target). Midway Atoll (or Midway Island or Midway Islands; Hawaiian: Pihemanu Kauihelani) is a 2 Wake Island (also known as Wake Atoll) is a Coral atoll having a Coastline of 12 miles (19 kilometers in the North Pacific Ocean ^[14] On June 12, 13 B-24s flying from Egypt attacked the Axis-controlled oil fields and refineries around Ploieşti, Romania. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Ploieşti (ploˈjeʃtʲ older spelling Ploeşti) is the county seat of Prahova County and lies in the historical region of Wallachia, Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Over the next three years, B-24 squadrons deployed to all theaters of the war: Africa, Europe, India, the Atlantic, and the Pacific. During World War II, the North African Campaign, also known as the Desert War, took place in the North African desert from June 10, 1940 The European Theatre of Operations ( ETO) was an area of heavy fighting across Europe during World War II, from Nazi Germany's Invasion of Poland The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was the name given to the campaigns of the Pacific War in India, Thailand, The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between In the Pacific, the B-24 was designated the standard heavy bomber to simplify logistics, replacing the shorter-range B-17.

Later development and production

Continued development work by Consolidated produced a handful of transitional B-24Cs with turbocharged instead of supercharged engines. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. A supercharger is an air compressor used for Forced induction of an Internal combustion engine. The turbocharged engines led to the flattened oval nacelles that distinguished all subsequent Liberator models.

The first mass-produced model was the B-24D (or Liberator III in British service), in service in early 1943. It had turbocharged engines and increased fuel capacity. Three more 0. 50 caliber (12. 7 mm) machine guns brought the defensive armament up to ten machine guns. At 59,524 lb (27,000 kg) maximum takeoff weight, it was one of the heaviest aircraft in the world; comparable with the British "heavies" the Stirling, Lancaster and Halifax. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout "Lanc" redirects here Distinguish from Lank (adjective and from Amon Lanc (a place in Tolkien's fiction WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

B-24 production increased at an astonishing rate through 1942 and 1943. Consolidated tripled the size of its plant in San Diego and built a large new plant outside Fort Worth, Texas. Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas and the seventeenth-largest city in the United States. More B-24s were built by Douglas in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. North American built a plant in Dallas, Texas, which produced B-24Gs and B-24Js. North American Aviation was a major US Aircraft manufacturer, responsible for a number of historic aircraft including the T-6 Texan trainer the None of these were minor operations, but they were dwarfed by the vast new greenfield factory built by Ford at Willow Run near Detroit, which opened in August 1942 and began mass production in August 1943. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following The Willow Run manufacturing plant located between Ypsilanti and Belleville Michigan, was constructed during World War II by Ford Motor Company This was the largest factory in the United States, and the largest anywhere outside the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 It had the largest assembly line in the world (330,000 m² or 3,500,000 ft²) at the time of completion. At its peak Willow Run produced 428 B-24s per month. Many pilots slept on cots at Willow Run while waiting for 'their' B-24s to roll off the assembly line. ^[15]

Each of the B-24 factories was identified with a production code: Consolidated/San Diego, CO; Consolidated/Fort Worth, CF; Ford/Willow Run, FO; North American, NT; and Douglas/Tulsa, DT.

In 1943, the model of Liberator considered by many the "definitive" version was introduced. The B-24H was 10 inches (25 cm) longer, had a powered gun turret in the nose to reduce vulnerability to head-on attack and was fitted with an improved bomb sight, autopilot and fuel transfer system. Consolidated, Douglas and Ford all manufactured the B-24H, while North American made the slightly different B-24G. All five plants switched over to the almost identical B-24J in August 1943. The later B-24L and B-24M were lighter weight versions and differed mainly in defensive weaponry.

As the war continued, the complexity of servicing the B-24 grew greater and greater. The B-24s made by the different companies were slightly different, so repair depots had to stock many different parts to support various B-24 models. Fortunately, this problem was eased in the summer of 1944, when North American, Douglas, and Consolidated/Fort Worth stopped making B-24s, leaving only the Consolidated plant in San Diego and the Ford plant in Willow Run.

In all, 18,482 B-24s were built by September 1945. Twelve thousand saw service with the USAAF. The U.S. Navy operated about 1,000 PB4Y-1s (and almost 800 PB4Y-2 Privateers, which were derived from the B-24). The Royal Air Force flew about 2,100 B-24s in 46 bomber groups and 41 squadrons, the Royal Canadian Air Force 1,200 B-24Js, and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) 287 B-24Js, B-24Ls and B-24Ms. The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF) is the Air Force branch of the Australian Defence Force. (Liberators were the only heavy bomber used by the RAAF in the Pacific. ) Two squadrons of the South African Air Force deployed in the Mediterranean flew B-24s. The South African Air Force (SAAF is the Air force of South Africa, with headquarters in Pretoria.

Strategic bombing

The B-24 was one of the workhorse bombers of the U. S. Eighth Air Force in the Combined Bomber Offensive against Germany. Eighth Air Force is a Numbered Air Force (NAF of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC Operation Pointblank was the code name for the Combined Bomber Offensive of the USAAF and the RAF during World War II. Thousands of B-24s, flying from bases in England, dropped hundreds of thousands of tons of bombs and incendiaries on German military and industrial targets. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

B-24s of the Ninth Air Force, operating from Africa and Italy, and the Fifteenth Air Force, operating from Italy, also took a major role in strategic bombing. Ninth Air Force (Air Forces Central is a Numbered Air Force in Air Combat Command (ACC Thirteen of the Fifteenth AF's eighteen bombardment groups flew B-24s. A United States Army Air Forces (USAAF bombardment group was a military combat unit during the Second World War.

178 B-24s carried out the famous second attack on Ploieşti, Operation Tidal Wave, on 1 August 1943. Operation Tidal Wave was a World War II aerial bombardment operation by a composite strike force of five bomb groups from the United States Eighth

Bomber Command did not use B-24s as bombers over Europe. However, 223 Squadron of Bomber Command’s 100 (Bomber Support) Group was equipped with 20 Liberators. These planes carried electronic jamming equipment to counter enemy radar.

Other Roles

The B-24's long operating range made it suitable for other duties including maritime patrol, anti-submarine patrol, reconnaissance, tanker, cargo hauler, and personnel transport. Winston Churchill used a refurbished Liberator II as his personal transport aircraft. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874

Maritime Patrol

The B-24 made a massive contribution to Allied victory in the Battle of the Atlantic against German U-boats. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers The decision to allocate some Liberator Is to Coastal Command in 1941 produced immediate results. The Very Long Range (VLR) Liberators "almost doubled the reach of Britain's maritime reconnaissance force". ^[16] This added range enabled Coastal Command patrols to cover the Mid-Atlantic gap, where U-boats had operated with near impunity. The Mid-Atlantic Gap, Atlantic Gap Air Gap Greenland Gap or just the Gap during the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II was the gap in coverage by land-based ^[17]

For twelve months, No. 120 Squadron RAF of Coastal Command, with its handful of much patched and modified early model Liberators, supplied the only air cover for convoys in the Atlantic Gap. No 120 Squadron of the Royal Air Force operates Nimrod MR2, based at RAF Kinloss

The Liberator was the only aircraft with the range for this. The VLR Liberators sacrificed some armor and often some gun turrets to save weight while adding extra fuel in bomb bay tanks. Liberator Is were equipped with ASV Mark II radar. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Radar and the Leigh light gave them the ability to hunt U-boats by day and night. The Leigh Light (abbreviated L/L was a British World War II era anti-submarine device used in the Second Battle of the Atlantic.

They were operated from both sides of the Atlantic with the RCAF to the west and the RAF from the UK and Iceland. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( This role was dangerous, especially after many U-boats were armed with extra Flak guns and adopted a policy of staying on the surface to fight. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces

The sudden and decisive turning of the Battle of the Atlantic in the Allies' favor in May 1943 was the result of many factors. However, it was no accident that it coincided with the long delayed arrival of many more VLR Liberators for maritime patrol. Liberators were credited in full or part with 72 U-boat kills.

In addition to very long range patrols, the B-24 was vital for patrols of a radius less than 1,000 miles (1,600 km), in both the Atlantic and in the Pacific where B-24s and PB4Y-1s took a heavy toll of Japanese shipping. A total of 977 USN PB4Y-1s were used in the Pacific Theater in VB and VPB squadrons.

See also: PB4Y Privateer

Transport

Early model Liberators were used as unarmed long-range cargo carriers. They flew between Britain and Egypt (with an extensive detour around Spain over the Atlantic) and were used in the evacuation of Java. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Liberator IIs were converted for this role and used by the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) for trans-Atlantic service and other assorted long-range transport duties. The British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946 This variant was designated LB-30A by the USAAF. ^[18]

In early 1942, a B-24 Liberator damaged in an accident was converted into a cargo transport aircraft by elimination of the transparent nose and installation of a flat cargo floor. In April 1942, the C-87 Liberator Express transport version entered production at Fort Worth. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The C-87 had a large cargo door, less powerful supercharged engines, no gun turrets, a floor in the bomb bay for freight and side windows. The navigator's position was relocated behind the pilot. Early versions were fitted with a single . 50 Browning machine gun in the tail, and a few C-87s were also equipped with two . 50 fixed machine guns in the nose, operable by the pilot, though these were also eventually eliminated. A more elaborate VIP transport, the C-87A, was also built in small numbers.

The C-87 was also designated the RY-2 or Liberator Cargo VII. The U. S. only made about 300 C-87s but they were nevertheless the backbone of the Army Air Force’s heavy transport operation. The C-87 flew in many theaters, including much hazardous duty in flights from Labrador to Greenland and Iceland in the North Atlantic. The aircraft proved extremely vulnerable to icing conditions, and was prone to fall into a spin with even small amounts of ice collected on the Davis wing.

In the China Burma India Theater (CBI), the C-87 was used to transport cargo and fuel over the Hump from India to China. China Burma India Theater (CBI (later IBT or India-Burma theater was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjuction with Allied air The Hump was the name given by Allied pilots in the Second World War to the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains over which they flew from India The C-87 was not popular with either the military or the civilian transport crews assigned to fly them. The aircraft had a distressing habit of losing all cockpit electrical power on takeoff and landings, while engine power and reliability with the less-powerful superchargers often left much to be desired. The plane was designed as a bomber that dropped its loads while airborne. So the C-87's nose gear was not designed for landing with heavy loads, and frequently collapsed from the strain. Fuel leaks from the transport's hastily-modified fuel system were a common occurrence. In his autobiography, Fate is the Hunter, author Ernest K. Gann reported, while flying cargo in India, he barely avoided crashing a severely overloaded C-87 into the Taj Mahal. Fate Is the Hunter was a 1961 bestseller by aviation author Ernest K Ernest Kellogg Gann ( October 13, 1910 - December 19, 1991) was an Aviator, Author, filmmaker, Sailor As Douglas C-54 transports became available, the C-87 was rapidly phased out of service.

The USAAF also converted 218 B-24Ds and B-24Es into C-109 tankers. These tankers were used in all theaters but they were most heavily employed transporting fuel in the CBI theater. C-109s flew from India to B-29 bases in China. With all armor and military equipment removed to save weight, a C-109 could carry almost 2,905 gal (11,000 L) of fuel, over 22,000 lb (10,000 kg). However, while a combat-loaded B-24 could safely take off with room to spare from a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway, a loaded C-109 required every foot of such a runway to break ground, and crashes were not uncommon. With its forward fuel tank filled to capacity, the C-109 tanker version proved to be longitudinally unstable while airborne as well.

The B-24 was also used heavily in the Pacific after the war to transport cargo and supplies during the rebuilding of Japan, China, and the Philippines.

In addition, a large number of unmodified B-24s were pressed into transport duties. Qantas Empire Airways used Liberators on the Perth-Colombo route, at the time the longest non-stop route in the world, until they were replaced by Avro Lancastrians. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. The Avro 691 Lancastrian was a British passenger and mail transport aircraft of the 1940s and 1950s developed from the Avro Lancaster bomber (an inhabitant

Variants and conversions

U. S. Army Air Force Variants

XB-24 (Consolidated Model 32)

Designed in 1938 as an improvement on the B-17 Flying Fortress, at the request of the Army Air Corps. See also B-24 Liberator The Consolidated Preproduction B-24 aircraft began in the fall of 1938 when the US Army Air Corps (USAAC approached Consolidated WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout It had a wing specially designed for a high aspect ratio, tricycle landing gear, and twin vertical stabilizers. In Aerodynamics, the aspect ratio of a wing is defined as the square of the wing span divided by the wing area In Aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels that supports an Aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi The XB-24 was ordered in 1939 March, and first flew on 29 December 1939. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Total: one)

YB-24/LB-30A Preproduction prototypes

Six examples were sent to Great Britain under lend-lease, under the designation LB-30A. See also B-24 Liberator The Consolidated Preproduction B-24 aircraft began in the fall of 1938 when the US Army Air Corps (USAAC approached Consolidated

B-24

Service test version of the XB-24, ordered on 27 April 1939, less than 30 days after the XB-24 was ordered, before the XB-24 design was complete. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A number of minor modifications were made: elimination of leading edge slots, addition of de-icing boots. (Total: seven; only one used for actual testing)

B-24A/LB-30B

Ordered in 1939, the B-24A was the first production model. Due to the need for heavy bombers, the B-24A was ordered before any version of the B-24 flew. The main improvement over the XB-24 was improved aerodynamics, which led to better performance. Some sent to Great Britain under Lend Lease as LB-30B. (Total: 38,20 LB-30Bs, nine B-24Cs)

XB-24B

When the XB-24 failed to reach its projected top speed, the Pratt & Whitney R-1830-33 radials rated at 1,000 hp (746 kW) it carried were replaced with R-1830-41 turbo-supercharged radials rated at 1,200 hp (895 kW), increasing its top speed by 37 mph (59 km/h). See also B-24 Liberator The Consolidated Preproduction B-24 aircraft began in the fall of 1938 when the US Army Air Corps (USAAC approached Consolidated WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The addition of the turbo-superchargers made the engine cowlings elliptical. The XB-24B version also lacked the engine slots of the original. (Total: one converted XB-24)

B-24C

Conversion of the B-24A using turbo-supercharged R-1830-41 engines. To hold the supercharger and the intercooler intake, the cowlings were made elliptical and the new items added on the sides. The tail air gunner position was improved by adding an Emerson A-6 power turret with twin . An air gunner ( AG) is a member of an Air force Aircrew who operates flexible-mount or Turret -mounted Machine guns or Autocannons 50-caliber (12. 7 mm) machine guns; a Martin power turret was added to the forward fuselage. For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. The Glenn L Martin Company was an early US Aircraft company founded by aviation pioneer Glenn Luther Martin. (Total: nine converted B-24As)

B-24D

First model produced on a large scale; ordered from 1940 to 1942, as a B-24C with better engines (R-1830-43 supercharged engines). During the production run, the tunnel gun in the belly was replaced by a remote-sited Bendix belly turret; this was later replaced by a Sperry ball turret. Sperry Corporation (1910-1986 was a major American equipment and Electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the twentieth century In late B-24Ds, 'cheek' guns were added. (Total: 2696, 2381 Consolidated, San Diego; 305 Consolidated, Fort Worth, ten Douglas, Tulsa, Oklahoma). The Consolidated Aircraft Corporation was founded in 1923 by Reuben H Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas and the seventeenth-largest city in the United States. The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. One famous B-24D was the Lady Be Good which was a basis for the TV movie Sole Survivor (1970 film). The Lady Be Good was an American B-24D Liberator of the United States Army Air Forces, serial number 41-24301 during World War II. Sole Survivor,made for television film directed by Paul Stanley written by Guerdon Trueblood

B-24E

A slight alteration of the B-24D built by Ford, using R-1830-65 engines. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following Unlike the B-24D, the B-24E retained the tunnel gun in the belly. The USAAF used the B-24E's primary as training aircraft since this model was not current in armaments and other technology as the aircraft being produced by Consolidated / San Diego (CO). Ford also built sub-assemblies for Douglas; these sub-assemblies were identical to Ford-built B-24Es, except that they used the same engines as the B-24D (R-1830-43 radials). The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. These sub-assemblies were called PK ships and were shipped by truck from Willow Run to the final assembly in Tulsa, Oklahoma. (Total: 801)

XB-24F

A prototype made to test thermal de-icers, instead of the standard inflatable rubber "boots. " (Total: one converted B-24D)

B-24G

Sperry ball turret, three . Sperry Corporation (1910-1986 was a major American equipment and Electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the twentieth century 50 caliber- (12. 7 mm) machine guns in nose. For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. All B-24Gs were built by North American Aviation, which was contracted in 1942. North American Aviation was a major US Aircraft manufacturer, responsible for a number of historic aircraft including the T-6 Texan trainer the (Total: 25)

B-24G-1

Modified Emerson A-6 tail turret in nose instead of two- three . 50 caliber (12. 7 mm) machine guns in earlier models. The B-24G-1 was based on the design of the B-24H (Total: 405)

B-24H

Because of obvious vulnerability of the B-24 to head-on attack, the B-24H design made by Ford used a nose turret, generally a modified Emerson A-6 tail turret. The entire aircraft was redesigned to better fit the turret; 50 airframe changes were made, including a redesigned bombardier compartment. The tail turret was given larger windows for better visibility, the top turret a higher bubble, and the waist gunner positions were offset, to reduce their interference during battle. (Total: 3100)

B-24J

The B-24J was very similar to the B-24H, although the defensive improvements made in the B-24H were not incorporated in the B-24J. The B-24J featured an improved autopilot (type C-1) and a bombsight of the M-1 series. B-24H sub-assemblies made by Ford and constructed by other companies and any model with a C-1 or M-1 retrofit, were all designated B-24Js. (Total: 6678)

XB-24K

An experimental aircraft, made by Ford by splicing a B-23 Dragon tail empennage onto a B-24D airframe. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The aircraft was more stable and had better handling than other models, but changing the B-24 design was too expensive to do at the time. However, the XB-24K was the ancestor of the Navy's PB4Y-1. (Total: one converted B-24D)

B-24L

Because of the immense weight of the B-24J, the Army pushed for a lighter version. In the B-24L, the ball turret was replaced by a floor ring mount with two . 50 caliber (12. 7 mm) machine guns, and the A-6B tail turret by an M-6A. In later aircraft, no tail armament was installed, and when it arrived at its airfield, either an A-6B, an M-6A, or a dual-mount manual . 50-caliber (12. 7 mm) gun was field-installed. (Total: 1667)

B-24M

An enhancement of the B-24L with further weight-saving devices. The B-24M used a more lightweight version of the A-6B tail turret; the waist gunner positions were left open. For better visibility, the windshield was replaced by a "knife-edge" dual pane versions. The B-24M became the last production model of the B-24; a number of the B-24s built flew only the course between the factory and the scrap heap. (Total: 2593)

XB-24N

A redesign of the B-24J, made to accommodate a single tail. It also featured improved nose and tail turrets. While 5168 B-24Ns were ordered, World War II ended and there was no longer any need for them. (Total: one)

YB-24N

Pre-production service test version of the XB-24N. (Total: seven)

XB-24P

A modified B-24D, made by Sperry Gyroscope Company to test airborne fire control systems. Sperry Corporation (1910-1986 was a major American equipment and Electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the twentieth century (Total: one converted B-24D)

XB-24Q

A General Electric conversion of the B-24L, using radar-controlled tail turrets. (Total: one converted B-24L).

XB-41

Because there were no fighters capable of escorting bomber formations on deep strike missions early in World War II, the Army authorized tests for heavily armed bombers to act as escorts for bombing missions. It was completed in 1942. The results of 1943 testing were very negative and the project was quickly cancelled. Performance changed drastically with the addition of more turrets. The escorts were also unable to keep up with bomber formations once the bombs had been dropped.
The XB-41 had 14, . 50-caliber (12. 7 mm) machine guns, through the addition of a Bendix chin turret and a dorsal Martin power turret on the mid-fuselage. For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. The Glenn L Martin Company was an early US Aircraft company founded by aviation pioneer Glenn Luther Martin. (Total: one converted B-24D)

AT-22 or TB-24

C-87 used for flight engineer training.

• RB-24L

  Developed for training B-29 gunners on an identical remote gun system installed on a B-24L.

  TB-24L

  As with the RB-24L, but with additional radar equipment.

C-87 Liberator Express

Passenger transports with accommodation for 20 passengers. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

• C-87A

  VIP transports with R-1830-45 instead of -43 engines and sleep accommodations for 16 passengers.

  C-87B

  Projected armed transport variant with nose guns, dorsal turret, and ventral tunnel gun; never produced.

  C-87C

  U. S. Army Air Force/Air Force designation for the RY-3.

XC-109/C-109

Tankers with specialized equipment to help prevent explosions, used to ferry fuel from India to China to support initial B-29 raids against Japan.

XF-7

Photographic reconnaissance variant developed from the B-24D.

F-7

Photographic reconnaissance variant developed from the B-24H; -FO block.

F-7A

Photographic reconnaissance variant developed from the B-24J; three cameras in the nose and three in the bomb bay.

F-7B

Photographic reconnaissance variant developed from the B-24J; six cameras in the bomb bay.

U. S. Navy nomenclature and sub-variants

PB4Y-1

B-24D with different nose turret for U. S. Navy. Designation later applied to all G, J, L and M models received by the U. S. Navy. ^[20]

• PB4Y-1P

  Photographic reconnaissance variant developed from the PB4Y-1.

PB4Y-2 Privateer

See Main Article

RY-1

U. S. Navy designation for the C-87A.

RY-2

U. S. Navy designation for the C-87.

RY-3

Transport variant of the PB4Y-2.

British nomenclature and sub-variants

Liberator B Mk I

B-24A (Total: 20), used in British Coastal Patrol and Defense Squadrons. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Liberator B Mk II

The first combat ready B-24. The modifications included a three foot nose extension as well as a deeper aft fuselage and wider tailplane – there was no direct B-24 equivalent but similar to the B-24C - built to meet British specifications with British equipment and armament. A small series of B Mk IIs were reconstructed as unarmed transports, designated the LB-30 with the USAAF. (Total production: 165)

Liberator B Mk III

B-24D variant with single . 303 Browning machine gun in the nose, two in each beam position, and four in a Boulton Paul tail turret similar to that on the Lancaster, as well as, other British equipment. Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd was a British aircraft manufacturer that was created in 1934 although its origins lay in 1914, and lasted until 1961. "Lanc" redirects here Distinguish from Lank (adjective and from Amon Lanc (a place in Tolkien's fiction The Martin dorsal turret was retained. (Total: 156)

• Liberator B Mk IIIA

  Lend-Lease B-24Ds with American equipment and weapons.

Liberator B Mk IV

Reserved for the B-24E, but there is no record of the RAF actually receiving any.

Liberator B Mk V

B-24D modified for extra fuel capacity at the cost or armor, with the same armament fit as the Liberator Mk III.

Liberator B Mk VI

B-24Hs in RAF service fitted with Boulton Paul tail turrets, but retaining the rest of their armament.

Liberator B Mk VIII

RAF designation for B-24Js.

Liberator GR Mk V

B-24D modified by RAF Coastal Command for the anti-submarine role with search radar and Leigh Light. RAF Coastal Command was an organization within the Royal Air Force which defended the United Kingdom from naval threats and countered German U-boats Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships The Leigh Light (abbreviated L/L was a British World War II era anti-submarine device used in the Second Battle of the Atlantic. Some were fitted with eight zero-length rocket launchers, four on each wing.

Liberator GR Mk VI

B-24G/H/J type used as a long-range general reconnaissance aircraft by RAF Coastal Command.

Liberator GR Mk VIII

B-24J modified by RAF Coastal Command for the anti-submarine role.

Liberator C Mk VI

Liberator B Mk VIII converted for use as a transport.

Liberator C Mk VII

British designation for C-87.

Liberator C Mk VIII

Liberator G Mk VIII converted for use as a transport.

Liberator C Mk IX

RAF designation for the RY-3/C-87C

Operators

Main article: List of B-24 Liberator operators

 Australia

 Brazil

 Canada

 Republic of China

(Chinese Nationalists - Flying Tigers)

 Czechoslovakia

 Germany

As captured aircraft only. See also B-24 Liberator See also PB4Y Privateer The List of B-24 Liberator operators, both the B-24 Liberator and PB4Y Privateer are listed and Mühldorf is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the district Mühldorf on the river Inn. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Used to train pilots in bomber attack methods.

 India

 Italy

 Netherlands

 New Zealand

 Poland

 Portugal

 Soviet Union

 South Africa

 Turkey

 United Kingdom

 United States

 Romania

Operated one captured B-24 as a transport. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Survivors

Main article: Consolidated B-24 Survivors

A large number of surviving airframes exist both in flyable condition as well as in static display condition in museum collections worldwide.

Specifications (B-24J)

Data from Quest for Performance^[21]

General characteristics

• Crew: 7-10
• Length: 67 ft 8 in (20. The foot is an Anatomical structure found in many Animals It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows Locomotion. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 6 m)
• Wingspan: 110 ft 0 in (33. The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip 5 m)
• Height: 18 ft 0 in (5. 5 m)
• Wing area: 1,048 ft² (97. 4 m²)
• Empty weight: 36,500 lb (16,590 kg)
• Loaded weight: 55,000 lb (25,000 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 65,000 lb (29,500 kg)
• Powerplant: 4× Pratt & Whitney R-1830 turbosupercharged radial engines, 1,200 hp (900 kW) each
• Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff Mass of an Aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to attempt to take off WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion Engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central In Aerodynamics, the zero-lift drag coefficient C_{D0} is a dimensionless parameter which relates an aircraft's zero-lift drag Force to its 0406
• Drag area: 42. In Aerodynamics, the zero-lift drag coefficient C_{D0} is a dimensionless parameter which relates an aircraft's zero-lift drag Force to its 54 ft² (3. 95 m²)
• Aspect ratio: 11. In Aerodynamics, the aspect ratio of a wing is defined as the square of the wing span divided by the wing area 55

Performance

• Maximum speed: 290 mph (250 knots, 470 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 215 mph (187 knots, 346 km/h)
• Stall speed: 95 mph (83 knots, 153 km/h)
• Combat radius: 2,100 mi (1,800 NM, 3,400 km)
• Ferry range: 3,700 mi (3,200 NM, 6,000 km)
• Service ceiling 28,000 ft (8,500 m)
• Rate of climb: 1,025 ft/min (5. In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such For other uses see Stall. In Aerodynamics, a stall is a sudden reduction in the lift forces generated by an Airfoil A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. For Aircraft, ferry range means the maximum range the aircraft can fly In Aeronautics, a ceiling is the maximum Density altitude an aircraft can reach under a set of conditions In Aerodynamics, the rate of climb RoC is the speed at which an Aircraft increases its Altitude. 2 m/s)
• Wing loading: 52. In Aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing 5 lb/ft² (256 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0. Power-to-weight ratio (specific power is a calculation commonly applied to Engines and other mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another 0873 hp/lb (144 W/kg)
• Lift-to-drag ratio: 12. In Aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio, or L/D ratio ("ell-over-dee" in the US "ell-dee" in the UK is the amount of lift generated 9

Armament

• Guns: 10× . 50 in (12. 7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns
• Bombs:
  
  • Short range (˜400 mi): 8,000 lb (3,600 kg)
  • Long range (˜800 mi): 5,000 lb (2,300 kg)
  • Very long range (˜1,200 mi): 2,700 lb (1,200 kg)

Popular culture

• Don Herbert, television pioneer "Mr. This article is about the.50 caliber M2 machine gun For the.30-06 M2 machine gun see M1919 Browning machine gun. Donald Jeffrey Herbert (born Donald Jeffrey Herbert Kemske; July 10 1917 &ndash June 12 2007) better known as "Mr Wizard", flew 56 missions as a Liberator pilot over Northern Italy, Germany, and Yugoslavia, winning the Distinguished Flying Cross. The Distinguished Flying Cross is a medal awarded to any officer or enlisted member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself in
• American Senator and 1972 presidential candidate George McGovern served as a B-24 pilot in missions over Italy as a member of the 455th Bomb Group of the Fifteenth Air Force; his wartime exploits and some of the characteristics of the B-24 are the focus of Stephen Ambrose's book The Wild Blue. George Stanley McGovern Stephen Edward Ambrose ( January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was an American Historian and Biographer of U The Wild Blue, by Historian Stephen Ambrose, was published in 2001.
• Brigadier General Jimmy Stewart USAF Reserve, flew B-24s as commanding officer of the 703rd BS, 445th BG out of RAF Tibenham, UK, before a promotion to operations officer of the 453rd BG. James Maitland Stewart (20 May 1908 – 2 July 1997 popularly known as Jimmy Stewart, was an American Film and stage Actor RAF Tibenham (Also known as Tivetshall is a former World War II Royal Air Force Station and airfield in England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located From 1943-44, Stewart flew 20 combat missions as a pilot, including one over Berlin. Stewart's leadership qualities were highly regarded; the men who served under him praised his coolness under fire. He entered service as a private in early 1941 and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel by 1945.
• Former Speaker of the House, Jim Wright, served as a B-24 bombardier in the Pacific. Speaker of the House is a political term referring to a number of people In the United Kingdom and Canada, the Speaker of the House James Claude Wright Jr (born December 22, 1922) usually known as Jim Wright, is a former Democratic U He recounts his experience in his book The Flying Circus: Pacific War – 1943 – as Seen Through a Bombsight.
• The book One Damned Island After Another (1946) contains the official history of the 7th Bomber Command of the Seventh Air Force. The Seventh Air Force is a United States Air Force Numbered Air Force (NAF under Pacific Air Forces. It describes B-24 operations in the Central Pacific. B-24s from the Seventh Air Force were the first B-24s to bomb the Japanese home islands.
• The story of the "Lady Be Good" inspired a television movie titled "The Sole Survivor (1970 film)", with a B-25 Mitchell playing the B-24D role. The Lady Be Good was an American B-24D Liberator of the United States Army Air Forces, serial number 41-24301 during World War II. Sole Survivor,made for television film directed by Paul Stanley written by Guerdon Trueblood
• In the young adult novel Under a War-Torn Sky, the main character Henry Forester co-pilots Out of the Blue, a U. Under a War-Torn Sky is a Young adult War novel about a boy flying a B-24 in World War II. S. B-24 Liberator serving in the Royal Air Force.

See also

• H2X radar
• Operation Aphrodite
  

Related development

• B-32 Dominator
• C-87 Liberator Express
• C-109 Liberator Express
• PB4Y Privateer
• XB-41 Liberator
• Preproduction B-24
• Consolidated Liberator I
• Consolidated R2Y
  

Comparable aircraft

• Avro Lancaster
• B-17 Flying Fortress
• Focke-Wulf Fw 200
• Handley-Page Halifax
• Junkers Ju 290
• Petlyakov Pe-8
• Piaggio P.108B
• Short Stirling
• Vickers Warwick
  

Related lists

• List of bomber aircraft
• List of military aircraft of the United States
  

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• B-24 Liberator ~ NEW ~ American Combat Planes of the 20th Century by Ray Wagner
• B-24 Best Web - Image Archive and Research/Reference Center
• [2] Retrieved on 3 December 2005. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• The Collings Foundation - Last operable B-24
• The B-24 Liberator
• Consolidated B-24 Liberator. Encyclopedia of American Aircraft Retrieved on 13 October 2004. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• SP-468 Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft, NASA
• Consolidated B-24A page
• Consolidated B-24D page, USAF National Museum
• Warbird Alley: B-24 page - Information about B-24s still flying today
• Warbirds Resource Group U.S.A.A.F Resource Center - B-24 Liberator
• Warbird Registry - B-24 Liberator- Tracking the history of those B-24s that survived military service
• Warbird Information Exchange (WIX) - LB-30 restored to B-24A - The restoration of the CAFs' Diamond Lil to Ol' 92 B-24 "Specific" - Air Force / Bomb Group / Bomb Squadron
• B-24/PB4Y Combined Links Uniting B-24s
• Bomber Aircraft Virtual Gallery. Dayton, OH: National Museum of the USAF. Retrieved on 13 October 2004. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
• Mision Ridge Ski Area

Naval Liberator and Privateer

• Navy Libs - Naval Liberator and Privateer Naval Variant: PB4Y-1 "Liberator" (Split Tail) / PB4Y-2 "Privateer" (Single Tail)
• VPNavy - Naval Liberator and Privateer

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