Bábism (Persian: بابی ها transliteration: Bábí há) is a religious movement that flourished in Persia from 1844 to 1852, then lingered on in exile in the Ottoman Empire (especially Cyprus) as well as underground. Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Its founder was Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad of Shiraz, who took the title Báb – meaning "Gate" – from a Shi'a theological term. Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. Prior to the reign of Reza Shah (r 1925 - 1941 the people of Persia ( Iran) did not use surnames Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad ( ( October 20, 1819 – July 9, 1850) was the founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the The implication was that Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad was an avenue through which continuing divine revelation could flow — a controversial and in fact dangerous position, as his execution shows. On the morning of July 9, 1850 in Tabriz, a young Persian merchant known as the Báb was charged with apostasy and shot by order of the Prime

For Bahá'ís, the religion brought by the Báb is a predecessor to their own religion, the Bahá'í Faith, which is now considerably larger than the Azali Bábís. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Azali, or Azali Bábí is the name of a follower of Subh-i-Azal and the Báb. The two divided from one another in 1866. For more information see Bahá'í/Bábí split. By Bahá'í/Bábí split is meant the process when most Bábís accepted the Bahá'í Faith as the fulfilment of their religion leaving a remnant of Bábís who came

Contents 1 Antecedents 2 Origin 3 Uprisings and massacres 3.1 Fort Tabarsi 3.2 The Zanjan Upheaval 3.3 The Nayriz Upheaval 4 After the execution of the Báb 5 Background to opposition by clergy and state 6 Succession 7 Writings 8 Teachings 8.1 Hidden Imam 8.2 Resurrection, Judgment Day and cyclical revelation 8.3 He whom God shall make manifest 8.4 Religious law 9 Notes 10 References 11 See also

Antecedents

Within Shi'a Islam exists a large group known as the Twelvers who regard the twelfth Imam as the last of the Imams. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community ^[1] They contend that the twelfth Imám went into concealment or occultation in 874 AD, at which communication between the Hidden Imam and the people could only be performed through mediators called Bábs (gates) or Na'ibs (representatives). According to Twelver Shi'as Imam Hujjat al-Mahdī ( ar المهدى) (or Hujjat ibn Hasan ibn Ali is the twelfth Imam and the ^[2] In 940 AD, the fourth of the representatives claimed that the Hidden Imam had gone into an indefinite "Grand Occulation", and that he would cease to communicate with the people. According to Twelver belief, the Hidden Imam is alive in the world, but in concealment from his enemies, and that he would only emerge shortly before the Day of Judgement. In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived At that time, acting as the Qá'im (He would will arise), also known as the Mahdi (He who is rightly guided), the Hidden Imam would start a holy war against evil, would defeat the unbelievers, and would start a reign of justice. For other uses of the word Qaʾim, see disambiguation Al-Qāʾim ( "He Who Arises" is a Messiah -like figure In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth ^[2]

In the 1830's in Persia, Sayyid Kazim Rashti was the leader of the Shaykhís, a sect of Shi'a Islam. Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī or Siyyid Káẓim (‎ (1793-1843 was the son of Sayyid Qasim of Rasht, a town in northern Iran Shaykh Ahmad ibn Zayn ad-Dín ibn Ibráhím al-Ahsá'í ( was ( 1753 - 1826) was the founder of a 19th century Shi`i school in the Persian and The Shayhkis were a group expecting the imminent appearance of the Qá'im. For other uses of the word Qaʾim, see disambiguation Al-Qāʾim ( "He Who Arises" is a Messiah -like figure At Siyyid Kázim's death in 1843, he had counseled his followers to leave their homes to seek the Lord of the Age whose advent would soon break on the world. ^[3]

Origin

On May 23, 1844 Mullá Husayn of Boshruyeh in Khorasan, a prominent disciple of Siyyid Kázim entered Shiraz on the search for the Qa'im that Siyyid Kázim had set him on. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Mullá Husayn-i-Bushru'i (1813–1849 (ملا حسين البشروئي entitled Janáb-i-Bábu'l-Báb (Gate of the Gate was the first Letter of the Living in Boshruyeh (بشرویه " Bosh -Growing" is a small city in the west of South Khorasan Province in Iran and is a part of Ferdows County Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. He encountered Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad, who invited him to his home, and showed him hospitality. Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad ( ( October 20, 1819 – July 9, 1850) was the founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the Mullá Husayn had been given a test to apply to any claiming the station of Báb, that the one he found would reveal, without prompting, a commentary on the Surah of Joseph from the Qur'an. Sura Yusuf ( سورة يوسف, Sūratu Yūsuf, " Joseph " is the 12th sura of the Qur'an, with 111 Ayat. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran That night Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad fulfilled the prophecy to Mullá Husayn, and ordered him to wait until 17 others had independently recognized the station of the Báb before they could begin teaching others about the new revelation. The Báb's first eighteen followers were called the "Letters of the Living", and were charged with spreading the movement. The Letters of the Living ( was a title provided by the Báb to the first eighteen disciples of the Bábí Religion

After his revelation then, Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad soon assumed the title of the Báb. Within a few years the movement spread all over Iran, causing controversy. His claim was at first understood by some of the public at the time to be merely a reference to the Gate of the Hidden Imám of Muhammad, but this understanding he publicly disclaimed. He later proclaimed himself, in the presence of the Heir to the Throne of Persia and other notables, to be the Promised One or Qá'im to Shí'a Muslims. For other uses of the word Qaʾim, see disambiguation Al-Qāʾim ( "He Who Arises" is a Messiah -like figure

Uprisings and massacres

The history of the Bábís, though covering a comparatively short period, is so full of incident and the particulars now available are so numerous, that the following account purports to be only the briefest sketch. The Báb himself was in captivity first at Shiraz, then at Maku, and lastly at Chihriq, during the greater part of the six years (May 1844 until July 1850) of his brief ministry, but an active propaganda was carried on by his disciples, which resulted in several serious revolts which brought government suppression, especially after the death of Mohammad Shah Qajar in September 1848. Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. Maku, (Makıis a town in the northwestern part of the West Azerbaijan province of Iran. Cahriq (also Chiriq or Charik) is a city in North Western Iran near Urmia in the province of West Azarbaijan. Mohammad Shah Qajar (born Mohammad Mirza,)‎‎ ( January 5, 1808 - September 5, 1848) was a Shah of Persia of the

All of these resulted in Bábí massacres; Bahá'í authors give an estimate of 20,000 Bábís killed from 1844 to present, with most of the deaths occurring during the first 20 years. Former Professor of Islamic Studies Denis MacEoin studied documented deaths, both for individuals and for round figures, from Bábí, Bahá'í, European, and Iranian sources, and confirmed at most two to three thousand. Denis M MacEoin (born 1949 is a novelist and a former lecturer in Islamic studies. Supporters of the Bábís paint their struggle as basically defensive in nature; Shi'i writers on the other hand point to this period as proof of the subversive nature of Bábísm. MacEoin has pointed out that the Bábís did arm themselves, upon the Báb's instructions, and originally intended an uprising, but that their eventual clashes with state forces were defensive, and not considered an offensive jihad.

Fort Tabarsi

Main article: Shaykh Tabarsi

Of these conflicts the first and best known took place in Mázandarán, at the remote shrine of Shaykh Tabarsí, about 22 kilometers southeast of Bárfarúsh (Babol). Fadhil bin Hassan bin Fadhil Al-Tabarsi ( فاضل بن حسن بن فاضل الطبرسي,) known as Shaykh Tabarsi ( شيخ الطبرسي Mazandaran is a Caspian Fadhil bin Hassan bin Fadhil Al-Tabarsi ( فاضل بن حسن بن فاضل الطبرسي,) known as Shaykh Tabarsi ( شيخ الطبرسي Babol (بابل is a city in the Iranian province of Mazandaran, north-east of Tehran and about 40 kilometers from Sari. From October 1848 until May 1849, 313 Bábís, led by Mullá Muhammad ‘Alí of Bárfarúsh, surnamed Quddús, and Mullá Husayn-i-Bushru'i, defended themselves against the attacks of local villagers and 12000 members of the shah's army under the command of Prince Mihdí Qulí Mirzá. Jináb-i-Quddús ((c1820&ndash1849 is the title of Mullá Muḥammad ‘Alí-i-Bárfurúshi, who was the most prominent disciple of the Báb, a Mullá Husayn-i-Bushru'i (1813–1849 (ملا حسين البشروئي entitled Janáb-i-Bábu'l-Báb (Gate of the Gate was the first Letter of the Living in They were finally subdued through false promises of safety, and put to death or sold into slavery. Bahá'u'lláh himself visited the defenders at the onset of the event. Bahá'u'lláh ( ba-haa-ol-laa "Glory of God" ( November 12, 1817 – May 29, 1892) born Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Nuri He promised to return at a later time, but was captured enroute, imprisoned, and tortured with the bastinado. Foot whipping, variously known as bastinado, falanga ( phalanga) and falaka ( falaqa) is a form of Torture wherein the

The Zanjan Upheaval

The revolt at the fortress of 'Ali Mardan Khan in Zanjan in the north-west of Persia, was by far the most violent of all the conflicts. Zanjan (زنجان زنجان is a province located in the North-West Iran with the Zanjan city being its center It was headed by Mulla Muhammad-‘Aliy-i-Zanjani, surnamed Hujjat, and also lasted seven or eight months (May 1850–December 1850). Mulla Muhammad-‘Aliy-i-Zanjani (ملا محمد علي الزنجاني surnamed Hujjat ( -1851 was an early leader of the Bábí movement of 19th century Persia

It was preceded by years of growing tension between the leading Islamic clergy and the new rising Bábí leadership. The enemies of Hujjat petitioned the government and claimed that he was "an advocate of heresy and a repudiator of all that is sacred and cherished in Islam. " In the village of Zanjan, nearly two thousand followers of the Báb, including Hujjat, gave up their lives.

The governor of Zanjan, after personally killing one of the Bábís, sent a crier through the streets saying, “All who throw in their lot with Hujjat will be destroyed, and their wives and children exposed to misery and shame!” This warning divided the city into two camps. There were sights of families being separated by their belief or disbelief in the Báb. Fathers turned away from their sons, women from their husbands, children from their mothers. Zanjan became a city of panic, with men running around, frantically trying to collect their wives and children and to persuade them to stand with them. Families divided their belongings and their children. Whole houses were deserted. When a man, a woman, or a child would tear itself from its family or friends and rush to the support of Hujjat, a cry of joy would go up from one camp, and a moan of despair from the other.

Fierce battles followed for months on end, with government forces sieging the Bábís' fort. The Persian forces would frequently send a crier to the fort saying that anyone wishing to escape and renounce his religion would be forgiven and lavished with gifts. The siege was also famous for a female Bábí named Zaynab, who cut her hair and disguised herself as a man, in order that she could fight. She fought for 5 of the 7 months, and became known by her the enemy as the most fierce and able in battle.

After being humiliated by Hujjat's forces in battle, the sieging general, Amir-Tuman, gave the impression that the Shah had ordered an end to the siege. He was in fact, ordered to put an end to the life of every last person in the fort. Amir-Tuman sent Hujjat a signed and sealed copy of the Qur'an, which said:

“My sovereign, has forgiven you. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran You, as well as your followers, I hereby solemnly declare to be under the protection of his Imperial Majesty. This Book of God is my witness that if any of you decide to come out of the fort, you will be safe from any danger. ”

(The Dawn-Breakers, p. 564)

The few old men and children that left the fort had their beards torn out and were put to death. This was followed by a month-long non-stop siege, which was supported by a stream of local supporters and national troops. At the end of the month, a stray bullet struck Hujjat in the arm, which caused some of his supporters to leave their posts. The enemy took advantage of their absence and broke through the main gate.

Shortly before his death, Hujjat's wife and child were slain before his eyes.

The Nayriz Upheaval

Meanwhile a serious but less protracted struggle was waged against the government at Nayriz in Fars by Aga Siyyid Yahyá, surnamed Vahid, of Nayriz.

After the execution of the Báb

The revolts in Zanjan and Nayriz were in progress when in 1850 the Báb, with one of his devoted disciples, was brought from his prison at Chihriq to Tabriz and publicly shot in front of the citadel. The Shrine of the Báb is a structure in Haifa, Israel where the remains of the Báb, founder of Bábism and forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh The body, after being exposed for some days, was recovered by the Bábís and conveyed to a shrine near Tehran, whence it was ultimately removed to Haifa, where it is now enshrined. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with

For the next two years comparatively little was heard of the Bábís, but on August 15, 1852 three of them, acting on their own initiative, attempted to assassinate Nasser-al-Din Shah as he was returning from the chase to his palace at Niyávarfin. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ( July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) () was the King and Shah of Persia from September 17 The attempt failed, but was the cause of a fresh persecution, and on the August 31 1852 some thirty Bábís, including the beautiful and talented poetess Qurratu'l-Ayn, were put to death in Tehran with atrocious cruelty. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Táhirih ( "The Pure One" or Qurratu'l-`Ayn ( "Solace of the Eyes" are both titles of Fátimih Baraghání (b

Another of the victims of that day was Hâji Mirza Jâni Kashani, the author of the oldest history of the movement from the Bábí point of view. Only one complete manuscript of his work (obtained by Count Gobineau in Persia) exists in any public library: the Bibliothèque nationale at Paris. Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau ( July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French Aristocrat, novelist and man of Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city There are other copies elsewhere (see MacEoin Early Bábí Doctrine and History: A Survey of Source Materials, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1992). The so-called "New History" (of which an English translation was published at Cambridge in 1893 by E. G. Browne) is based on Mirza Jani's work. Edward Granville Browne (1862&ndash1926 born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, England was a British Orientalist who published

Background to opposition by clergy and state

A brief chronology provides a background to the opposition of the Shi'a clergy and the Qajar authorities:

1844: Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad declares his mission to Mullá Husayn; he claims to be the Báb of the Imam; the first disciples (Letters of the Living) start missionary work throughout Persia.

1845: Messianic expectations are high at the start of AH 1261 (10 January); crowds gather in Karbala in response to the Báb's call; the Báb's emissary in Karbala is convicted and the Báb cancels his visit to the city; he is later arrested in Shiraz. Messianism is any field of Philosophy which concerns itself with the interpretations of stories about a world Hero or the establishment of an Utopia. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.

1846: The Báb escapes to Isfahan where he is protected by its sympathetic governor.

1847: The Báb is offered an audience with Muhammad Shah in Teheran but at the last moment was transferred to Maku fortress as a prisoner.

1848: The Báb in Maku informs his disciples of his higher claims; he is transferred to Chihriq fortress; he announced his higher claims (as Mahdi) to followers at Badasht and later publicly at the Tabriz tribunal of ulama, presided over by crown prince Nasiri'd-Din, who was to become Shah three months later at the age of seventeen; the Báb was publicly ridiculed and bastinadoed; Mullá Husayn and companions set off to free the Báb, have a conflict with a mob outside Barfurush and fortify the nearby shrine of Shaykh Tabarsi;

1849: Bábís at Tabarsi are massacred after a long conflict with government troops.

1850: Fighting and massacre of Bábís in Nayriz; conflict in Zanjan; the Báb is executed in Tabriz.

1851: Bábí fighters massacred in Zanjan.

1852: Attempted assassination of Nasiri'd-Din Shah followed by a general persecution of Bábís; most Bábí leaders are killed. Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ( July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) () was the King and Shah of Persia from September 17

Despite his early arrests, the Báb was hopeful of enlisting the support of Muhammad Shah, but he was opposed by the Shah's chief minister, Hajji Mirza Aqazi. While in captivity at Maku and Chihriq, the Báb continued to write to the Shah, but the letters were increasingly condemnatory.

While the Qayyumu'l-Asma called on Bábís to prepare to "conquer the countries and their people for the pure faith of God" and prepare for the "day of slaughter", this jihad was never called. Furthermore, the Báb wrote that he avoided travelling to Karbala in 1845 to prevent conflict and sedition. Nonetheless, missionary activity and challenges of opponents to divine judgement (mubahala) provoked opposition from ulama and their followers. Some Bábís expected a final jihad and carried weapons openly.

A turning point for Bábís in Persia was the murder of Muhammad Taqi Baraghani in Qazvin. He had earlier instigated the arrest and bastinado of leading Bábís in the town. Bábís denied involvement in the murder, but the incident led to Bábís being labelled as violent opponents of the ulama and heightened clerical opposition to the movement.

Despite the opposition of the ulama, the civil authorities were initially indifferent and did little to hinder the expansion of the Bábí cause. But the situation was transformed when the Báb announced at his 1848 Tabriz trial that he was the Mahdi. The claim to Mahdihood challenged the entire religious, social, and political order: only the Mahdi has the right to independent authority and no secular government has legitimacy without his permission. The Báb's higher claims to be the Imam Mahdi, the promised Qa'im (He who will arise), the inaugurator of the Resurrection, and the abrogator of Islamic holy law had the effect of radicalizing the Bábí movement and greatly increased Bábí fervour. The Báb's higher claims therefore changed Bábísm from a sect within Shi'a Islam into a revolutionary movement that implicitly challenged the authority of both the state and the ulama. Both government and clergy henceforth jointly opposed Bábísm.

Succession

Main article: Bahá'í/Bábí split

The Báb appointed on his death Mirza Yahya Nuri, entitled Subh-i Azal, who escaped to Baghdad, and became the leader of the religion. By Bahá'í/Bábí split is meant the process when most Bábís accepted the Bahá'í Faith as the fulfilment of their religion leaving a remnant of Bábís who came Prior to the reign of Reza Shah (r 1925 - 1941 the people of Persia ( Iran) did not use surnames Ṣubḥ-i-Azal (Morning of Eternity (1831 - 1912 born Mírzá Yaḥyá Núrí was a Persian religious leader of Azali Bábism. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous He lived, however, in great seclusion, leaving the direction of affairs almost entirely in the hands of his elder half brother, Bahá'u'lláh.

Mírzá Husayn-'Alí, entitled Bahá'u'lláh, thus gradually became the most conspicuous and most influential member of the Bábís. Prior to the reign of Reza Shah (r 1925 - 1941 the people of Persia ( Iran) did not use surnames Bahá'u'lláh ( ba-haa-ol-laa "Glory of God" ( November 12, 1817 – May 29, 1892) born Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Nuri In 1863, however, Bahá'u'lláh declared himself to be He whom God shall make manifest; a Messianic figure within Bábí tradition of whose advent the works of the Báb are filled, and who Subh-i Azal was directed to follow. He whom God shall make manifest () is a Messianic figure in the religion of Babism. This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions Bahá'u'lláh called on all the Bábís to recognize his claim. Most of those living in exile within the Ottoman Empire accepted the claims of Bahá'u'lláh, and accordingly they became known as Bahá'ís. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Bahá'u'lláh ( ba-haa-ol-laa "Glory of God" ( November 12, 1817 – May 29, 1892) born Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Nuri The Bahá'í Faith, sees itself as a separate and independent religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh, however it recognizes the station of the Báb as a messenger of God, equal to that of Bahá'u'lláh; Bahá'ís see the Bábí movement as a part of their own sacred history. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind

While the majority responded to Bahá'u'lláh's claim, Subh-i Azal and some of his faithful adherents refused. After that date the Bábís divided into two groups – the Azalis and the Bahá'ís – of which the former steadily lost and the latter gained ground, so that in 1908 there were probably from half a million to a million of the latter, and at most only a hundred or two of the former. In 1863 both groups were, at the instance of the Persian government, removed from Baghdad to Constantinople, whence they were shortly afterwards transferred to Adrianople. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost In 1868 Bahá'u'lláh and his followers were exiled to Acre in Syria (now Acca, Israel), and Subh-i Azal with his few adherents to Famagusta in Cyprus. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. "Magusa" redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Magusa (moth. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía

Subh-i Azal died in Famagusta, Cyprus in 1912, and his followers are known as Azalis or Azali Bábis and their populations are likely to be quite low. "Magusa" redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Magusa (moth. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Azali, or Azali Bábí is the name of a follower of Subh-i-Azal and the Báb.

Writings

The Báb's major writings include the Qayyúmu'l-Asmá' (a commentary on the Sura of Joseph), and the Persian Bayán, which the Bábís saw as superseding the Qur'an. Selections from the Writings of the Báb is a book of excerpts from notable works of the Báb, the forerunner-Prophet of the Bahá'í Faith. Sura Yusuf ( سورة يوسف, Sūratu Yūsuf, " Joseph " is the 12th sura of the Qur'an, with 111 Ayat. The Persian Bayán ( is one of the principal scriptural writings of the Báb. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The latter has been translated into French; only portions exist in English. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A comprehensive study of the writings of the Bab and his leading followers has been published by Dr. Denis MacEoin: "Sources for Babi History and Doctrine". Large parts of the Bab's scriptural output are untranslatable

Much academic research has focused on the Bábís, including Resurrection and Renewal by Abbas Amanat, and Rituals in the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions by Denis MacEoin, .

Teachings

Hidden Imam

In Twelver Shi'a Islamic belief there were twelve Imams, the last of which, known as Imam Mahdi, who communicated with his followers only through certain representatives. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth ^[4] According to the Twelver's belief, after the last of these representatives died, the Imam Mahdi went into a state of Occultation; while still alive, he was no longer accessible to his believers. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam ^[4] Shi'a Muslims believe that when the world becomes oppressed, the Imam Mahdi (also termed the Qa'im) will come out of occultation and restore true religion on Earth before the cataclysmic end of the world and judgement day. For other uses of the word Qaʾim, see disambiguation Al-Qāʾim ( "He Who Arises" is a Messiah -like figure ^[4][5]

In Bábí belief the Báb is the return of the Imam Mahdi, but the doctrine of the Occultation is implicitly denied; instead the Báb stated that his manifestation was a symbolic return of the Imam, and not they physical reappearance of the Imam Mahdi who had died a thousand years earlier. Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad ( ( October 20, 1819 – July 9, 1850) was the founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the <sup>[4]</sup> In Bábí belief the statements made from previous revelations regarding the Imam Mahdi were set forth in symbols. <sup>[4]</sup> The Báb also stated that he was not only the fulfillment of the Shi`i expectations for the Qá'im, but that he also was the beginning of a new prophetic dispensation. ^[5]

Resurrection, Judgment Day and cyclical revelation

The Báb taught that his revelation was beginning an apocalyptic process that was bringing the Islamic dispensation to its cyclical end, and starting a new dispensation. ^[5] He taught that the terms "resurrection", "Judgement Day", "paradise" and "hell" used in Shi'a prophecies for the end-times are symbolic. ^[6] He stated that "Resurrection" means that the appearance of a new revelation, and that "raising of the dead" means the spiritual awakening of those who have stepped away from true religion. ^[6] He further stated that "Judgement Day" refers to when a new Manifestation of God comes, and the acceptance or rejection of those on the Earth. The Manifestation of God is a concept in the Bahá'í Faith that refers to what are commonly called Prophets The Manifestations of God are a series of personages ^[6]Thus the Báb taught that with his revelation the end times ended and the age of resurrection had started, and that the end-times were symbolic as the end of the past prophetic cycle. End time, End times, or End of days are the eschatological writings in the three Abrahamic religions and in doomsday scenarios in various other ^[5]

In the Persian Bayán, the Báb wrote that religious dispensations come in cycles, as the seasons, to renew "pure religion" for humanity. The Persian Bayán ( is one of the principal scriptural writings of the Báb. ^[5] This notion of continuity anticipated future prophetic revelations after the Báb. ^[5]

He whom God shall make manifest

While the Báb claimed a station of revelation, he also claimed no finality for his revelation. ^[4]One of the core Bábí teachings is the great Promised One, whom the Báb termed He whom God shall make manifest, promised in the sacred writings of previous religions would soon establish the Kingdom of God on the Earth. He whom God shall make manifest () is a Messianic figure in the religion of Babism. ^[7] In the books written by the Báb he constantly entreats his believers to follow He whom God shall make manifest when he arrives and not behave like the Muslims who have not accepted his own revelation. ^[4]

Religious law

The Báb abrogated Islamic law and in the Persian Bayán promulgated a system of Bábí law, thus establishing a separate religion distinct from Islam. ^[8][9] Some of the new laws included changing the direction of the Qibla to the Báb's house in Shiraz, Iran and changing the calendar to a solar calendar of nineteen months and nineteen days (which became the basis of the Bahá'í calendar) and prescribing the last month as a month of fasting. Qiblah ( ar قبلة, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during A Bahá'í pilgrimage currently consists of visiting the holy places in Haifa, Akká, and Bahjí at the Bahá'í World Centre in Northwest Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. The Bahá'í calendar, also called the Badí‘ calendar, used by the Bahá'í Faith, is a Solar calendar with regular years of 365 days and Leap ^[9]

The Báb also created a large number of rituals and rites which remained largely unpracticed. ^[10] Some of these rituals include the carrying of arms only in times of necessity, the obligatory sitting on chairs, the advocating of the cleanliness displayed by Christians, the non-cruel treatment of animals, the prohibition of beating children severely, the recommendation of the printing of books, even scripture and the prohibition on the study of logic or dead languages. ^[10] While some statements in the Bayan show tolerance, there are other very harsh regulations in regards to relations with non-believers. For example, non-believers are forbidden to live in five central Iranian provinces, the holy places of previous religions are to be demolished, all non-Bábí books should be destroyed, believers are not to marry or sit in the company of non-believers, and the property of non-believers can be taken from them. ^[10] Some further ritual include elaborate regulations regarding pilgrimage, fasting, the manufacture of rings, the use of perfume, and the washing and disposal of the dead. ^[10]

Denis MacEoin writes, regarding the Bayán: "One comes away from the Bayan with a strong sense that very little of this is to be taken seriously. Denis M MacEoin (born 1949 is a novelist and a former lecturer in Islamic studies. It is a form of game, never actually intended to be put into practice. "^[10] Instead he states that "the Bábí shari'a made an impact. . . it stated very clearly that the Islamic code could be replaced. "^[10]

Notes

References

• Abbas Amanat, Resurrection and Renewal - the Making of the Bábí Movement in Iran 1844-1850; Cornell University Press (1989); ISBN 0-8014-2098-9

• Esslemont, J. E. (1980). Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era, An Introduction to the Bahá'í Faith, 5th edition, Bahá'í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Illinois, USA. . ISBN 0877431604.  

• Denis MacEoin (1994). Denis M MacEoin (born 1949 is a novelist and a former lecturer in Islamic studies. Rituals in Babism and Baha'ism. UK: British Academic Press and Centre of Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge. ISBN 1850436541.  

• Peter Smith, the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions - from messianic Shi'ism to a world religion; Cambridge University Press (1987); ISBN 0-521-30128-9

• Nabíl-i-Zarandí (1932). Mullá Muḥammad-i-Zarandí ( 29 July 1831 &ndash 1892 more commonly known as Nabíl-i-A`ẓam ( "the Great Nabíl" or Nabíl-i-Zarandí in Shoghi Effendi (Translator): The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl’s Narrative, Hardcover, Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-900125-22-5.  

See also

• Selections from the Writings of the Báb

Series on the Bahá'í Faith		Central Figures		Scripture		Key Figures		Principal Teachings		See also
		The Báb Bahá'u'lláh Abdu'l-Bahá		Kitáb-i-Aqdas Kitáb-i-Íqán Hidden Words Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Summons		Shoghi Effendi Martha Root · Táhirih Badí‘ · Apostles Hands of the Cause		Unity of humanity Unity of religion Gender equality Science and religion Auxiliary language		Symbols · Literature Teachings · Laws History · Administration Calendar · Pilgrimage Prayer Index of Bahá'í Articles v • d • e

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Selections from the Writings of the Báb is a book of excerpts from notable works of the Báb, the forerunner-Prophet of the Bahá'í Faith. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad ( ( October 20, 1819 – July 9, 1850) was the founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the Bahá'u'lláh ( ba-haa-ol-laa "Glory of God" ( November 12, 1817 – May 29, 1892) born Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Nuri ‘Abdu’l-Bahá ( ar عبد البهاء &lrm (23 May 1844 - 28 November 1921 born `Abbás Effendí, was the son of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the The Kitáb-i-Aqdas is a central book of the Bahá'í Faith written by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the religion The Kitáb-i-Íqán ( "The Book of Certitude" is one of many books held sacred by followers of the Bahá'í Faith; it is their primary theologicial Kalimát-i-Maknúnih (کلمات مکنونه or The Hidden Words is a book written in Baghdad around 1857 by Bahá'u'lláh The Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas are selected tablets written by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith The Summons of the Lord of Hosts is a collection of the tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Bahá'í Faith, which were written to the kings Shoghí Effendí Rabbání ( March 1, 1897 - November 4, 1957) better known as Shoghi Effendi, was the appointed head of the Martha Louise Root ( August 19, 1872 &ndash September 28, 1939) was a prominent traveling teacher of the Bahá'í Faith in the late Táhirih ( "The Pure One" or Qurratu'l-`Ayn ( "Solace of the Eyes" are both titles of Fátimih Baraghání (b Badí‘ (‎(1852 - 1869 was the title of Mírzá Áqá Buzurg-i-Nishapuri, also known by his title the Pride of Martyrs, was the son of `Abdu'l-Majid-i-Nishapuri The Hands of the Cause of God, Hands of the Cause, or Hands (informally were a select group of Bahá'ís, appointed for life whose main function was to The Bahá'í Faith emphasizes the unity of humanity transcending all divisions of race, Nation, Gender, Caste, and Social class The Bahá'í Faith states that religion has the same foundation and that there is unity of religion. One of the main teachings of the Bahá'í Faith is Gender equality; that men and women are equal A fundamental principle of the Bahá'í Faith is the harmony of religion and science. Auxiliary language in the Bahá'í Faith focuses on a particular teaching that the world should adopt an International auxiliary language, and everyone should have The official symbol of the Bahá'í Faith is the Five-pointed star, as mentioned by Shoghi Effendi: "Strictly speaking the 5-pointed Bahá'í literature, like much Religious text, covers a variety of topics and forms including scripture and inspiration interpretation history and biography The Bahá'í teachings represent a considerable number of theological social and spiritual ideas that were established in the Bahá'í Faith by its Central Figures Bahá'í laws are laws and ordinances used in the Bahá'í Faith, according to the instructions of the Bahá'u'lláh as written in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas Bahá'í history is often traced through a sequence of leaders beginning with the Báb 's May 23 1844 declaration in Shiraz and ultimately resting on an The Bahá'í administration refers to the administrative system of the Bahá'í Faith. The Bahá'í calendar, also called the Badí‘ calendar, used by the Bahá'í Faith, is a Solar calendar with regular years of 365 days and Leap A Bahá'í pilgrimage currently consists of visiting the holy places in Haifa, Akká, and Bahjí at the Bahá'í World Centre in Northwest Prayer in the Bahá'í Faith is composed of reverent words which are addressed to God, and the act of prayer is one of the most important Bahá'í laws for individual The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

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