| Azerbaijani Azərbaycan dili Азәрбајҹан дили آذربایجان دیلی |
||
|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation: | /azærbajʤan dili/ | |
| Spoken in: |  Iran, Azerbaijan,also in parts of neighboring countries such as:  Georgia, Russia, Iraq, Turkey, Ukraine |
|
| Total speakers: | 25 million [1] | |
| Ranking: | 34th (native speakers) | |
| Language family: | Altaic[2] (controversial) Turkic Oghuz Azerbaijani |
|
| Writing system: | Latin alphabet for North Azerbaijani in Azerbaijan, Perso-Arabic script for South Azerbaijani in Iran, and, formerly, Cyrillic alphabet for North Azerbaijani (Azerbaijani variants) | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: | Azerbaijan (North Azerbaijani), Iraq (South Azerbaijani; official in areas where Iraqi Turkmen form a majority) |
|
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | az | |
| ISO 639-2: | aze | |
| ISO 639-3: | variously: aze – Azerbaijani (generic) azj – North Azerbaijani azb – South Azerbaijani |
|
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 110 million people in an area spanning from the Balkans to China A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by In Republic of Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijani alphabet may refer to either of two alphabets used to write the Azerbaijani language: one based on the Cyrillic alphabet Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkic, or Azerbaijani Turkic, is a Turkic language spoken in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. North Azerbaijani is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South North Azerbaijani is the name applied to this variety of Azerbaijani in ISO 639-3 (azj) and in Ethnologue, which is called Azərbaycan dili in Azerbaijan. ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages This variety is also spoken in Russia's Republic of Dagestan, south-eastern and eastern Georgia, north eastern Turkey and in some parts of Ukraine. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
South Azerbaijani is the variety of Azerbaijani spoken in northwestern Iran. Iranian Azerbaijanis often call it Azari, Türki or Türki Azari. This article is about Azeris in Iran For Azeris in general see the respective article This variety is mainly spoken in the northwest provinces as the dominant language and a lingua franca: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, and in some regions of Kordestan, Hamadan and Markazi. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely This article is about the Iranian province for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. This article is about the Iranian province for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Ardabīl ( Persian: اردبیل Azeri: اردبیل also known as Ardebil; ancient name Artavil) is one of the Azeri The name Zanjan may mean one of the following subdivisions in the country of Iran: Zanjan Province Zanjan County, an area Kordestan ( Persian: استان کردستان UniPers: Ostâne Kordestân; Kurdish: پارێزگه ی کوردستان Parêzgeha Hamadān or Hamedan (استان همدان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Markazi (استان مرکزی in Persian) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Many Azeris also live in Tehran, Karaj and other regions. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Karaj is a city in Iran, located in Tehran province. It is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foot of Alborz mountains [3] Generally, Azeris in Iran have been, "a well integrated linguistic minority", according to academics such as anthropologist Patricia Higgins. [4] South Azerbaijani is the name applied to this variety of Azerbaijani in ISO 639-3 (azb) and in Ethnologue. ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages
Azerbaijani is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch, closely related to Turkish. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 110 million people in an area spanning from the Balkans to China Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Azerbaijani is mutually intelligible with other Oghuz languages, which include Turkish and Turkmen. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand The Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 110 million people in an area spanning from the Balkans to China Turkmen ( Latin script: türkmen Cyrillic: түркмен ISO 639 -1 tk ISO 639-2 tuk is the name of the national language of Turkmenistan
Contents |
History and evolution
- For the languages spoken in Azerbaijan before the Turks' arrival, see:
The Azerbaijani language of today is based on the Oghuz language, spread to Southwestern Asia in the course of the medieval Turkic migration, heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic. Many different languages have dominated in the territory currently called Azerbaijan. Azari, also spelled Adari, Adhari, is the name used for the Iranian language composed of groups of dialects which were spoken in Azerbaijan The Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 110 million people in an area spanning from the Balkans to China The Turkic migration as defined in this article was the expansion of the Turkic peoples across most of Central Asia into Europe and the Middle Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language
It gradually supplanted the previous Iranian languages—Tat, Azari, and Middle Persian in northern Iran, and a variety of Caucasian languages in the Caucasus, particularly Udi, and had become the dominant language before the time of the Safavid dynasty; however, minorities in both the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran continue to speak the earlier Iranian languages to this day, and Middle- and New Persian loanwords are numerous in Azerbaijani. Azari, also spelled Adari, Adhari, is the name used for the Iranian language composed of groups of dialects which were spoken in Azerbaijan Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect The Udi language, spoken by the Udi people, is a member of the Northeast Caucasian language family. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian.
The historical development of Azerbaijani can be divided into two major periods: early (ca. 16th to 18th century) and modern (18th century to present). Old Azerbaijani differs from its descendant in that it contained a much greater amount of Persian, and Arabic loanwords, phrases and syntactic elements. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Early writings in Azerbaijani also demonstrate lingustic interchangeability between Oghuz and Kypchak elements in many aspects (such as pronouns, case endings, participles, etc. . . ). As Azerbaijani gradually moved from being merely a language of epic and lyric poetry to being also a language of journalism and scientific research, its literary version has become more or less unified and simplified with the loss of many archaic Turkic elements, bulky Iranisms and Ottomanisms, and other words, expressions, and rules that failed to gain popularity among Azerbaijani-speaking masses. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Lyric poetry refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings which may or may not be set to music Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena
Between ca. 1900 and 1930, there were several competing approaches to the unification of the national language in Azerbaijan popularized by the literati. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Despite major differences, they all aimed primarily at making it easy for semiliterate masses to read and understand literature. They all criticized the overuse of Persian, Arabic, Ottoman Turkish, and European (mainly Russian) elements in both colloquial and literary language and called for a more simple and popular style. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages
The Russian conquest of the South Caucasus in the 19th century split the speech community across two states; the Soviet Union promoted development of the language, but set it back considerably with two successive script changes - from Perso-Arabic script to Latin and then to Cyrillic - while Iranian Azeris continued to use the Perso-Arabic script as they always had. The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Despite the wide use of Azerbaijani during the Soviet era, it became the official language of Azerbaijan only in 1978 (along with Georgian in Georgia and Armenian in Armenia). Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani After independence, the Republic of Azerbaijan decided to switch again to the Latin script, following the Turkish model.
Literature
Classical literature in Azerbaijani was formed in 14th century based on the Tabrizi and Shirvani dialects (these dialects were used by classical Azerbaijani writers Nasimi, Fuzuli, and Khatai). Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. Shirvan (Şirvan شروان also spelled as Shervan or Shirwan, is a historical region in the Caucasus and part of present-day Republic of Azerbaijan For the administrative region of Azerbaijan see Fizuli Rayon; for the city in Azerbaijan see Füzuli. Modern literature in the Republic of Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect only, while in Iran it is based on the Tabrizi one. The first newspaper in Azerbaijani, Əkinçi was published in 1875. Akinchi (Əkinçi / اکنچي also transliterated as Ekinchi ("The Ploughman" was an Azeri -language newspaper published in Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
In mid-19th century it was taught in the schools of Baku, Ganja, Shaki, Tbilisi, and Yerevan. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan Shaki (Şəki until 1968 Nukha, Azerbaijani az Nuxa; also Nucha, Shäki, and Sheki) is a city in North-west Azerbaijan Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan Since 1845, it has also been taught in the University of St. Petersburg in Russia. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Saint Petersburg State University ( Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a Russian federal state-owned higher Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
Famous literary works in Azerbaijani are the Book of Dada Gorgud, the Epic of Köroğlu, translation of Layla and Majnun (Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnûn), and Heydar Babaya Salam. The Book of Dede Korkut, also spelled as Dada Gorgud, Dede Qorqut, or Korkut ata ( Turkish: Dede Korkut Kitabı Azerbaijani: The Epic of Köroğlu ( Turkish Köroğlu destanı) is a Legend prominent in the Oral traditions of the Turkic peoples. For the film see Leyli o Majnun (1936 film. Layla and Majnun, also known as The Madman of Layla - in Arabic Heydar Babaya Salam ( Azerbaijani:Heydər Babaya Salam Persian حيدر بابايه سلام is the best known poetical work by Mohammad Hossein Shahriar Important poets and writers of the Azerbaijani language include Imadeddin Nasimi, Muhammed Fuzuli, Hasanoglu Izeddin, Shah Ismail I, Khurshidbanu Natavan, Mirza Fatali Akhundov, Mirza Alakbar Sabir, Bakhtiyar Vahabzade, and Mohammad Hossein Shahriar. For the administrative region of Azerbaijan see Fizuli Rayon; for the city in Azerbaijan see Füzuli. Khurshidbanu Natavan (Xurşidbanu Natəvan 6 August 1832, Shusha – 2 October 1897, Shusha) is considered one of the Mirza Fatali Mammad Taghi oglu Akhundov (Mirzə Fətəli Axundov earlier – Akhundzadeh ( 12 July 1812, Nukha – 9 March Mirza Alakbar Sabir ( Azeri: Mirzə Ələkbər Sabir) born Alakbar Zeynalabdin oglu Tahirzadeh ( 30 May 1862, Shamakhy – Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh ( Azeri: Bəxtiyar Vahabzadə) (born 16 August 1925, Nukha) is an Azeribaijani Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Behjat-Tabrizi (سید محمدحسین بهجت تبریزی ( 1906 - September 18, 1988) chiefly known by his Pen
Distribution of native speakers
Since early last century, successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing any statistics on ethnic groups. This policy presents difficulty in providing any statistics on distribution and size of ethnicity in Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. |}
Regions where Azerbaijani is spoken by significant group of people
- North Azerbaijani variety 1
Azerbaijan, and southern Dagestan, along the Caspian coast in the southern Caucasus Mountains. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering ( CASPIAN) is a USA Grass-roots Consumer group dedicated to fighting Supermarket "loyalty" The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Also spoken in Armenia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Asia), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly
- South Azerbaijani variety 2
East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan,and part of Kordestan, Hamedan, Qazvin,Markazi and Gilan provinces. This article is about the Iranian province for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. This article is about the Iranian province for similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Ardabil ( Persian and Azeri: اردبیل also known as Ardebil; Old Persian: Artavil The name Zanjan may mean one of the following subdivisions in the country of Iran: Zanjan Province Zanjan County, an area Kordestan ( Persian: استان کردستان UniPers: Ostâne Kordestân; Kurdish: پارێزگه ی کوردستان Parêzgeha Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) Qazvin ( also spelled as Ghazvin) is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran with an estimated population of 331409 in 2005 Many in districts of Tehran. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Some Azerbaijani-speaking groups are in Fars Province and other parts of Iran. Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Turkey (Asia), USA. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
Dialects
Despite their relatively large number, dialects of Azerbaijani do not differ substantially. Speakers of various dialects normally do not have problems understanding each other. However minor problems may occur between Azerbaijani-speakers from the Caucasus and Iran, as some of the words used by the latter that are of Persian or Arabic origin may be unknown to the former. For example, the word firqə ("political party") used by Iranian Azeris may not be understood in Azerbaijan, where the word partiya is used to describe the same object. Such phenomenon is explained by the fact that both words have been in wide use since after the split of the two speech communities in 1828. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap
The following list reflects only one of several perspectives on the dialectology of Azerbaijani. Some dialects may be varieties of others.
- Ardabil dialect (Ardabil and western Gilan, Iran)
- Ayrum dialect (northwestern Azerbaijan; northeastern Armenia1)
- Baku dialect (eastern Azerbaijan)
- Borchali dialect (southern Georgia; northern Armenia1)
- Derbent dialect (southern Russia)
- Gabala (Gutgashen) dialect (northern Azerbaijan)
- Ganja dialect (western Azerbaijan)
- Gazakh dialect (northwestern Azerbaijan)
- Guba dialect (northeastern Azerbaijan)
- Hamadan dialect (Hamadan, Iran)
- Karabakh dialect (central Azerbaijan)
- Karadagh dialect (East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan, Iran)
- Kars dialect (eastern Turkey and northwestern Armenia1)
- Kirkuk dialect (northern Iraq)
- Lankaran dialect (southeast Azerbaijan)
- Maragheh dialect (East Azerbaijan, Iran)
- Mughan (Salyan) dialect (central Azerbaijan)
- Nakhichevan dialect (southwestern Azerbaijan)
- northern malayer dialect (Malayer, Iran)
- Ordubad dialect (southwestern Azerbaijan; southern Armenia1)
- Shaki (Nukha) dialect (northern Azerbaijan)
- Shirvan (Shamakhy) dialect (eastern Azerbaijan)
- Tabriz dialect (East Azerbaijan, Iran)
- Urmia dialect (West Azerbaijan, Iran)
- Yamji dialect (West Azerbaijan, Iran)
- Yerevan dialect (central Armenia1)
- Zagatala-Gakh dialect (northern Azerbaijan)
- Zanjan dialect (Zanjan, Iran)
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives and affricates |
p | b | t | d | ʧ | ʤ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | ||||||
| Nasals | m | n | ||||||||||||||
| Fricatives | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | ɣ | h | |||||||
| Approximants | l | j | ||||||||||||||
| Taps | ɾ | |||||||||||||||
- /ʧ/ and /ʤ/ are realised as [ʦ] and [ʣ] respectively in the areas around Tabriz and to the west, south and southwest of Tabriz (including Kirkuk in Iraq); in the Nakhchivan and Ayrum dialects, in Jabrayil and some Caspian coastal dialects;[5]
- In many dialects of Azeri, /c/ is realized as [ç] when it is found in the coda position or is preceded by a voiceless consonant (as in çörək [ʧœˈɾæç] - "bread"; səksən [sæçˈsæn] - "eighty"). In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. Kirkuk (also spelled Karkuk or Kerkuk; Kurdish: كهركووك Kerkûk; Arabic: كركوك Turkish:Kerkük;
- /k/ appears only in words borrowed from Russian or French (spelled, as with /c/, with a k). Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people
- /w/ exists in the Kirkuk dialect as an allophone of /v/ in Arabic loanwords. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language
- In the Baku dialect, /ov/ may be realised as [oʷ], and /ev/ and /œv/ as [œʷ], e. g. /ɡovurˈma/ → [ɡoʷurˈma], /sevˈda/ → [sœʷˈda], /dœvˈran/ → [dœʷˈran]
Vowels
Vowel phonemes of Standard Azeri
Alphabets
In the Republic of Azerbaijan, North Azerbaijani now officially uses the Latin alphabet, but the Cyrillic alphabet is also in wide use, while in Iran, South Azerbaijani still uses the Perso-Arabic script. In Republic of Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijani alphabet may refer to either of two alphabets used to write the Azerbaijani language: one based on the Cyrillic alphabet Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets for North Azerbaijani (although the Cyrillic alphabet has a different order):
|
|
|
|
Before 1929, Azerbaijani was only written in the Perso-Arabic script. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. In 1929–1938 a Latin alphabet was in use for North Azerbaijani (although it was different from the one used now), from 1938 to 1991 the Cyrillic alphabet was used, and in 1991 the current Latin alphabet was introduced, although the transition to it has been rather slow. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. If written in the Latin alphabet, all foreign words are transliterated, for example, "Bush" becomes "Buş", and "Schröder" becomes "Şröder".
South Azerbaijani speakers in Iran have always continued to use the Perso-Arabic script, although the spelling and orthography is not yet standardized. Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet.
Nomenclature
In 1992-1993, when Azerbaijan Popular Front Party was in power in Azerbaijan, the official language of Azerbaijan was renamed by the parliament to Türk dili ("Turkic"). The Azerbaijan Popular Front Party ( Azərbaycan Xalq Cəbhəsi Partiyası) is the main opposition Political party in Azerbaijan, founded in 1992 by Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South However, since 1994 the Soviet era name of the language, Azərbaycan dili ("Azerbaijani"), has been re-established and reflected in the Constitution. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. Varlıq, the most important literary Azerbaijani magazine published in Iran, uses the term Türki ("Turkic" in English or "Torki" in Persian) to refer to the Azerbaijani language. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. South Azerbaijani speakers in Iran often refer to the language as Türki, distinguishing it from İstambuli Türki ("Anatolian Turkish"), the official language of Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Some people also consider Azerbaijani to be a dialect of a greater Turkish language and call it Azərbaycan Türkcəsi ("Azerbaijani Turkish"), and scholars such as Vladimir Minorsky used this definition in their works. Vladimir Fedorovich Minorsky (Владимир Фёдорович Минорский February 5 1877 - March 25 1966 was a highly respected Russian Orientalist ISO and the Unicode Consortium, call the macrolanguage "Azerbaijani" and its two varieties "North Azerbaijani" and "South Azerbaijani". The Unicode® Consortium ( Unicode Inc) the non-profit organization that coordinates the development of the Unicode ™ Standard has the ambitious goal of eventually According to the Linguasphere Observatory, all Oghuz languages form part of a single 'outer language' of which "Azeri-N. The Linguasphere Observatory ( Observatoire Linguistique) is a language research network The Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 110 million people in an area spanning from the Balkans to China " and "Azeri-S. " are 'inner languages'.
See also
References
- ^ CIA factbook about Iran and CIA factbook about Azerbaijan Republic
- ^ "[1] Ethnologue"
- ^ Azarbaijanis
- ^ pp. The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Azari, also spelled Adari, Adhari, is the name used for the Iranian language composed of groups of dialects which were spoken in Azerbaijan 188-191
- ^ Persian Studies in North America by Mohammad Ali Jazayeri
External links
- Learning Azerbaijani Site
- AZERI.org - Azerbaijan Literature and English translation
- Alphabet and Language in Transition. Entire issue of Azerbaijan International (AZER.com), Spring 2000 (8.1)
- Editorial: Azerbaijani Alphabet & Language in Transition. Azerbaijan International (AZER.com), Spring 2000 (8.1)
- Chart: Four Alphabet Changes in Azerbaijan in the 20th Century. Azerbaijan International (AZER.com), Spring 2000 (8.1)
- Chart: Changes in the Four Azerbaijan Alphabet Sequence in the 20th century. Azerbaijan International (AZER.com), Spring 2000 (8.1)
- Baku’s Institute of Manuscripts: _Early Alphabets in Azerbaijan__. Azerbaijan International (AZER.com), Spring 2000 (8.1)
- Azerbaijani Language by Ethnologue
- Azerbaijani language, alphabets and pronunciation by omniglot.com
- Pre-Islamic roots
- Azerbaijani-Turkish language in Iran by Ahmad Kasravi
- Azerbaijani with Japanese translation incl. sound file
- Azerbaijani-Turkish and Turkish-Azerbaijani dictionary
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic