Azərbaycan Respublikası Republic of Azerbaijan
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: none
Anthem: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Himni (March of Azerbaijan)
Capital (and largest city)		Baku 40°22′N, 49°53′E
Official languages		Azerbaijani
Demonym		Azerbaijani
Government		Presidential republic
-	President	Ilham Aliyev
-	Prime Minister	Artur Rasizade
Independence		from the Soviet Union
-	Declared	August 30, 1991
-	Completed	October 18, 1991
Area
-	Total	86,600 km² (113th) 33,436 sq mi
-	Water (%)	1. The Flag of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan bayrağı is one of the National symbols of Azerbaijan and consists of three equal horizontal bands from top blue The Coat of arms of Azerbaijan mixes traditional and modern symbols A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Himni is the National anthem of Azerbaijan, the original title of which is March of Azerbaijan ( Azərbaycan Demographic data Data from CIA World Factook unless noted otherwise Population 8 Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature The country of Azerbaijan is a Presidential republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the Head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan Ilham Heydar oglu Aliyev ( İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev) (born December 24, 1961) is the current President of Azerbaijan. The Prime Minister of Azerbaijan is the Head of government of Azerbaijan. Artur Tahir oğlu Rasizada (Artur Tahir oğlu Rəsizadə often spelled as Artur Rasizade (born 1935 is the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here areas between 1000 km2 and 10000 km2 This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 6%
Population
-	April 2008 estimate	8,653,000 [2] (91st)
-	2002 census	8,265,000
-	Density	97/km² (100th) 251/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2007 estimate
-	Total	$52. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 35 billion (77th)
-	Per capita	$6. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' 476 (96th)
GDP (nominal)		2006 estimate
-	Total	$19. This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita 81 billion (85th)
-	Per capita	$3,633 (88th)
Gini (2006)		36. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 5 (58th)
HDI (2007)		▲ 0. This is a list of countries or dependencies by Income inequality metrics, including Gini coefficients according to the United Nations (UN and the The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 746 (medium) (98th)
Currency		Manat (AZN)
Time zone		(UTC+4)
-	Summer (DST)	(UTC+5)
Internet TLD		.az
Calling code		+994

Azerbaijan (IPA: /ˌæzəbaɪˈʤɑːn/ (UK), /ˌɑzɚbaɪˈʤɑːn/ (US); Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası), is the largest and most populous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The manat ( currency code: AZN is the Currency of Azerbaijan. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the west and northwest, Armenia to the southwest, and Iran to the south. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is bordered by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and Turkey to the west and southwest. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն Нахичеванская Автономная Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Nagorno-Karabakh, along with 7 other districts in Azerbaijan's southwest, have been occupied by Armenia since the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994. For the republic see Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh is a Region in the South Caucasus. The Nagorno-Karabakh War refers to the armed conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the small ethnic Enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh ^[1] Four United Nations Security Council Resolutions (822, 853, 874, and 884) called for "the withdrawal of occupying forces from occupied areas of the Azerbaijani Republic"^[2] The country's territory also encompasses several islands in the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan, a nation with an ethnic Azeri and Shi‘ite Muslim majority population,^[3][4] is a secular and unitary republic. The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs In Politics, unitarisation is a process of uniting a political Entity which consists of smaller Regions either by cancelling the regions completely or by The country has been a co-founder of GUAM and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and has been a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States since September 1993. GUAM redirects here See Guam for the Pacific island territory The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW is an international agency located in The Hague, The Netherlands. ^[5] The country has a Permanent Mission to the European Union, hosts a Special Envoy of the European Commission and is a member of the United Nations, OSCE, Council of Europe, and the NATO Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The North Atlantic Treaty Partnership for Peace (PfP is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former

Contents 1 Etymology of the name 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Nature and ecology 4 Administrative divisions 5 Government and politics 6 Foreign relations 7 Military 8 Economy 9 Transportation and communications 10 Demographics 11 Language 12 Religion 13 Culture 14 References 15 External links 15.1 General references 15.2 Portals 15.3 Miscellaneous

Etymology of the name

Main article: History of the name Azerbaijan

Main article: Atropates

The name of Azerbaijan derives from Atropates^[6],^[7] a satrap of Persia under the Achaemenid empire, who was later reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander of Macedonia. Azerbaijan is the name used by the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Iranian region of Azerbaijan. Atropates ( Greek Aτρoπάτης from Old Persian Aturpat "protected by fire" c Atropates ( Greek Aτρoπάτης from Old Persian Aturpat "protected by fire" c See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' ^[8][9] The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the ancient Zoroastrianism, namely, in Avestan Frawardin Yasht ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"), there is a mentioning of: âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, which literally translates from Old Persian as "we worship the Fravashi of the holy Atare-pata"^[10] . Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings The Avesta is the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the Avestan language. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) In Zoroastrian doctrine a fravashi ( Avestan fravaši; Middle Persian fraward, frawahr, frohar, frawash Atropates ruled over the region of present-day Iranian Azerbaijan. Atropates ( Greek Aτρoπάτης from Old Persian Aturpat "protected by fire" c This article is about the region in Iran for other uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. The name "Atropates" itself is derived from Old Persian roots meaning "protected by fire. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) "^[11]

History

Main article: History of Azerbaijan

The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates to the late Stone Age and is related to the Quruçay culture of Azykh Cave. This article is about the history of Azerbaijan. For the history of Iranian Azerbaijan, please see the History of Iran Azerbaijan or The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking The Azykh Cave (alternatively known as Azikh or Azokh; Azeri: Azıx mağarası) is an impressive six-cave complex known as a living site of stone-age The Upper Paleolithic and late Bronze Age cultures are attested in the caves of Tağlar, Damcili, Zar, Yataq-yeriand in the necropolises of Leylatepe and Sarytepe. The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for A necropolis (plural necropoleis or necropoles) is a large Cemetery or burial place (from Greek nekropolis "city of the dead" The area was conquered by the Achaemenids around 550 B. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of C. , leading to the spread of Zoroastrianism, while later become part of the Alexander the Great's empire, and it's successor Seleucid Kingdom. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Caucasian Albanians, the original inhabitants of the area established an independent kingdom around 4th century B. This region should not be confused with modern-day Albania in south-eastern Europe. C but circa 95-67 B. C. parts of it were subjugated by Tigranes the Great. This article is about a king of Armenia in the 1st century BCE. As the Romans and Parthians began to expand their domains in the area around Caucasus, Albania, unlike Iberia and Armenia, managed to remain independent and in addition signed a peace treaty with Roman Republic as Strabo attested. Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.

In 252 A. This article is about the tower in old town Baku, Azerbaijan. D. the Sassanids turned it into a vassal state while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century A. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The term vassal state commonly refers to any state that was subordinate to another in the pre-modern international system Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings D. Despite numerous conquests by the Sassanids and Byzantines, Caucasian Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century A. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire This region should not be confused with modern-day Albania in south-eastern Europe. D. The territory of modern Azerbaijan roughly corresponds to that of the ancient kingdom. ^[12] The Islamic Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both Sassanids and the Byzantines from the region and turned Caucasian Albania to a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince Javanshir, was suppressed in 667 A. This region should not be confused with modern-day Albania in south-eastern Europe. Javanshir (Dzevanshir which is Persian for Young Lion was the prince of Caucasian Albania from 635 to 669 hailing from the region of Gardman. D. The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous dynasties such as the Salarids, Sajids, Shaddadids, Rawadids and Buyids. The Sallarid dynasty (also known as the Musafirids or Langarids) was an Islamic dynasty principally known for its rule of Iranian Azerbaijan For the music director see Sajid (music director The Sajid dynasty was an Islamic dynasty that ruled the Iranian region of Azerbaijan from 889 The Shaddadids were a Kurdish dynasty who ruled in various parts of Armenia and Arran from 951 - 1199 A Rawadid (also Rawwadid or Ravvadid ( 955 - 1071) was a Kurdish principality ruling Azerbaijan from the 10th to the early 13th centuries centered The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian At the beginning of the 11th century, the territory was gradually seized by waves of Turkic Oghuz tribes from Central Asia. The first of these Turkic dynasties were the Ghaznavids, who took over the area now known as Azerbaijan by 1030. The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk.

Locally, the possessions of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled by atabegs, who were technically vassals of the Seljuk sultans, being sometimes de facto rulers themselves. The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled The Atabegs of Azerbaijan rose from the ashes of the vast Seljuk Empire in the beginning of the 12th century Under the Seljuk Turks, local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khagani Shirvani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in Nezāmi-ye Ganjavi ( Nîzamî Gencewî نیزامی گه‌نجه‌وی Nizami Gəncəvi نظامی گنجوی;‎ 1141 – 1209 or Nezāmi ( whose full name Khāqāni or Khāghāni ( 1121 / 1122) &ndash 1190) (Persian خاقانی a Persian poet who was born in Shirvan, under the Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost The next ruling state of the Jalayirids was short-lived and fell under the conquests of Tamerlan. The Jalayirids (آل جلایر were a Mongol dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol Khanate of Persia Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among The local dynasty of Shirvanshahs became a vassal state of Tamerlan's empire and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Tokhtamysh (d ca 1406 was the last khan of the White Horde, who unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into Following Tamerlan's death two independent and rival states emerged: Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu. The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans ( Turkmen: Garagoýunly; Azeri: Qaraqoyunlu The Ak Koyunlu or Aq Qoyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans ( Turkmen: Akgoýunly, Azeri: Ağqoyunlu, The Shirvanshahs returned, maintaining a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals from 861 until 1539. During their persecution by the Safavids, the last dynasty imposed Shia Islam upon the formerly Sunni population, as it was battling against the Sunni Ottoman Empire. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish After Safavids the area was ruled by the Iranian dynasties of Afshar and Zand and briefly by Qajars. The Afsharids (سلسله افشار were an Iranian dynasty of Turkic descent from Khorasan that ruled the Persian Empire in the 18th century The Zand dynasty ( (سلسله زندیه ruled southern and central Iran ( 1750 &ndash 1794) in the eighteenth century The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under However, while nominally under Persian rule ^[13] de facto independent khanates^{[14][15][16][17][18]} emerged in the area, especially following collapse of Zand dynasty and in early Qajar era. Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic origined word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. Engaged in constant warfare, these khanates were eventually incorporated to the Russian Empire, following two Russo-Persian Wars. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Under the Treaty of Turkmenchay the Persian Empire recognized Russian sovereignty over the Erivan khanate, the Nakhchivan khanate and the remainder of the Talysh khanate. The Treaty of Turkmenchay (Туркманчайский договор Persian: عهدنامه ترکمنچای was a treaty negotiated in Turkmenchay by which The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Erivan ( Yerevan) Khanate (ایروان was a Muslim controlled principality under the dominion of the Persian Empire between 1747 and 1828 Nakhchivan khanate (Naxçıvan xanlığı was a feudal state that existed on the territory of the present-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The Talysh khanate was one of many semi-independent principalities that existed on the territory of modern Azerbaijan Republic between 1747 and 1813

After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Azerbaijan, together with Armenia and Georgia became part of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Республика (ЗКДФР Zakavkazskaya When the republic dissolved in May 1918, Azerbaijan declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR; Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti was the first Democratic and Secular Republic in the Muslim world The ADR was the first democratic parliamentary republic in the Muslim world, but lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik XIth Red Army invaded it in April 1920, establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on April 28, 1920. A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya This article is about the former Soviet republic for other similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar In 1922, Azerbaijan became part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic {TSFSR), which itself became a constituent member of the newly-established Soviet Union. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In 1936, TSFSR was dissolved and Azerbaijan SSR became one of the constituent member states of the Soviet Union. This article is about the former Soviet republic for other similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During WW2, Azerbaijan supplied much of the Soviet Union's oil on the Eastern Front of World War II while Close to 600,000 Azerbaijanis fought against Nazi Germany. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Operation Edelweiss carried by wermacht targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy dynamo of USSR. Operation Edelweiss (Edelweiß named after one of the best-known European mountain flowers was a German plan Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan . ^[19]

Following the politics of glasnost, initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh, a region of the Azerbaijan SSR. (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 For the republic see Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh is a Region in the South Caucasus. This article is about the former Soviet republic for other similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to Moscow's indifference to already heated conflict, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which subsequently culminated in the events of Black January in Baku. Black January ( Azeri: Qara Yanvar) also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre was a crackdown of Azeri protest demonstrations Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan At this time, Ayaz Mutallibov was appointed as the First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. Ayaz Niyazi oğlu Mütallibov (born 1938 Ayaz Niyazi oğlu Mütəllibov Аяз Ниязoвич Муталибов was the last leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, and the first The Azerbaijan Communist Party ( Azərbaycan Kommunist Partiyası) was the ruling Political party in the Azerbaijan SSR, making it effectively a branch of Later in 1990, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words "Soviet Socialist" from the title; adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic and restored the modified flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as a state flag. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR; Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti was the first Democratic and Secular Republic in the Muslim world On September 8, 1991, Ayaz Mutallibov was elected as president in nationwide elections in which he was the only candidate running. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Ayaz Niyazi oğlu Mütallibov (born 1938 Ayaz Niyazi oğlu Mütəllibov Аяз Ниязoвич Муталибов was the last leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, and the first

On October 18, 1991, Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December, 1991, when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The early years of independence were overshadowed by the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Armenia. The Nagorno-Karabakh War refers to the armed conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the small ethnic Enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani By the end of hostilities in 1994, Azerbaijan lost control of up to 16% of its territory, including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. For the republic see Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh is a Region in the South Caucasus. ^[20][21] In 1993, democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Suret Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev. Abülfaz Elçibay, (Əbülfəz Elçibəy June 24, 1938, Nakhchivan – August 22, 2000, Ankara) was an Azerbaijani This article is about the former Soviet republic for other similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev Гейдар Алиев May 10, 1923 &ndash December 12, 2003) also spelled as In 1994, Suret Huseynov, by that time a prime minister, attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev but HE was arrested and charged with treason. Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev Гейдар Алиев May 10, 1923 &ndash December 12, 2003) also spelled as In 1995, another coup attempt against Aliyev, by the commander of the military police, Rovshan Javadov, was averted, resulting in the killing of the latter and disbanding of Azerbaijan's military police. Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev Гейдар Алиев May 10, 1923 &ndash December 12, 2003) also spelled as Military police ( MPs) are normally the Police of a Military Organization.

Although during his presidency, Aliyev managed to reduce the country's unemployment, reined in criminal groups, established the fundamental institutions of independent statehood, and brought stability, peace and major foreign investment, the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy. In October 1998, Aliyev was reelected for a second term. Despite the much improved economy, particularly with the exploitations of Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field and Shah Deniz gas field, Aliyev's presidency became unpopular due to vote fraud, wide-spread corruption and objection to his autocratic regime. Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli (ACG is a large complex of Oil fields in the Caspian Sea, about 120 kilometres off the coast of Azerbaijan. Shah Deniz gas field is the largest Natural gas field in Azerbaijan. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler The same harsh criticism followed the elections of former Prime Minister Ilham Aliyev, the second leader of New Azerbaijan Party after the death of his father Heydar. The Prime Minister of Azerbaijan is the Head of government of Azerbaijan. Ilham Heydar oglu Aliyev ( İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev) (born December 24, 1961) is the current President of Azerbaijan. The New Azerbaijan Party ( Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası) is the ruling Political party in Azerbaijan.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Azerbaijan

See also: Extreme points of Azerbaijan

The total length of Azerbaijani land borders is 2,648 km, of which Armenia constitutes 1007, Iran 756, Georgia 480, Russia - 390 and Turkey - 15. Azerbaijan is situated in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan the Caspian Sea, whose shoreline This is a list of the extreme points of Azerbaijan, the points that are farther North, South, East or West than any other location This is a list of land borders between countries 'Note: Entries which are not sovereign states are italicized. ^[22] The coastline stretches for 800 km and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of Caspian Sea is 456 km. The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. ^[22] The territory of Azerbaijan extends 400 km from north to south, and 500 km from west to east. The three mountain ranges are the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, and the Talysh Mountains, together covering approximately 40% of the country. Greater Caucasus (Большой Кавказ Azerbaijani: Böyük Qafqaz Dağları sometimes translated as "Caucasus Major" "Big Caucasus" or "Large Lesser Caucasus ( Azeri: Kiçik Qafqaz Dağları Georgian: მცირე კავკასიონი Малый Кавказ sometimes translated as "Caucasus Talysh Mountains (کوههای تالش Kuha e Talesh) is a mountain chain in northwestern Iran, in the northwest section of the Elburz Mountains, extending ^[23] The highest peak of Azerbaijan is mount Bazardüzü (4,466 m), while the lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea (-28 m). Bazardüzü Dağı is a Mountain in the Greater Caucasus range on the border between Russia and Azerbaijan. Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan. Note See the Volcano article for information on Magmatic volcanoes such as Mount St

The main water sources are the surface waters. However, only 24 of the 8,350 rivers are greater than 100 km in length. ^[23] All the rivers drain into the Caspian Sea in the east of the country. ^[23] The largest lake is Sarısu (67 km²) and the longest river is Kur (1,515 km), which is transboundary. See Kura for other rivers called Kura Kura ( Turkish: Kura, Azerbaijani: Kür, Georgian: მტკვარი Azerbaijan's four main islands in the Caspian Sea have a combined area of over thirty square kilometers. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of

Climate

Main article: Climate of Azerbaijan

The formation of climate in Azerbaijan is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone, temperate of Siberian anticyclone, and Central Asian anticyclone. The Climate of Azerbaijan is unique nine of the Earth's eleven climate zones can be found in Azerbaijan The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. For airmass in Astronomy, see Airmass. In Meteorology, an air mass is a large volume of Air that Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well In Meteorology, an anticyclone (that is opposite to a Cyclone) is a Weather phenomenon in which there is a descending movement of the air and Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south ^[24] Regarding landscape diversity, air masses have different ways to enter the country. ^[24] The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses, coming from the north. That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country. The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Meanwhile plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates.

Nine out of eleven existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan. The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist ^[25] Both the absolute minimum temperature (-33 °C (-27. 4 °F)) and the absolute maximum temperature (+46 °C (114. 8 °F)) were observed in Julfa and Ordubad. ^[25] The maximum annual precipitation falls in Lankaran (1,600 to 1,800 mm) and the minimum in Absheron (200 to 350 mm). In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Lankaran ('Lənkəran' also Länkäran, Lencoran, and Lenkoran’) is a city in Azerbaijan, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, near The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to ^[25]

Nature and ecology

Main article: Nature of Azerbaijan

Further information: Fauna of Azerbaijan, Flora of Azerbaijan, and State Reserves of Azerbaijan

From the water supply point, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 m³/year of water per km². The environment of Azerbaijan includes a wide diversity of climates animals plants and habitats Fauna of Azerbaijan or Animal Kingdom of Azerbaijan refers to the diversity of various types of animals which inhabit and populate a defined ground or water area in Flora of Azerbaijan or Vegetation of Azerbaijan refers to the plants trees flowers which can be found in Azerbaijan. See also Climate of Azerbaijan State Reserves of Azerbaijan refers to the state reserves in Azerbaijan, which preserve the fauna, flora Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties of water of various qualities to different users ^[25] All big water reservoirs are built on Kur. A reservoir is most broadly a place or hollow vessel where Fluid is kept in Reserve, for later use

The main areas of plant diversity in Azerbaijan are the highlands of Nakhchivan (60% of the species occur here), the Kura-Araz plain (40%), the Davachi-Quba region east of the Greater Caucasus (38%), the centre of the Lesser Caucasus (29%), Gobustan (26. 6%), the Lenkoran region in the Talysh Mountains (27%) and the Absheron region (22%). Lankaran ('Lənkəran' also Länkäran, Lencoran, and Lenkoran’) is a city in Azerbaijan, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, near ^[23] Northern-eastern slopes of the Great Caucasus, the northern, northern-eastern, and eastern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus and Talysh Mountains are deemed to be vast forest areas of Azerbaijan. ^[26]

Endemics include over 400 species of plants (of which around 16 species of Caspian algae), seven reptiles and perches from fifteen species and six sub-species of Gobiidae. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Perca is the genus of fish referred to as perch or sometimes yellow perch, a group of freshwater Fish belonging to the family Percidae In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. gobies form the family Gobiidae, which is one of the largest families of Fish, with more than 2000 Species in more than 200 Genera Most of the endemic freshwater fish belongs to Cypriniformes. The Cypriniformes are an order of ray-finned fish, including the Carps Minnows Loaches and relatives ^[23] However there are no strictly endemic mammals. ^[23] The major cause of biodiversity loss in Azerbaijan is the decrease in natural environments.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is divided into 59 rayons (rayonlar, singular rayon), 11 city districts (şəhərlər, singular şəhər), and one autonomous republic (muxtar respublika) of Nakhchivan,^[4] which subdivides into 7 rayons and a city. ||-||} Azerbaijan is divided into 59 Districts ( rayonlar; sing For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი An autonomous republic is a type of Administrative division similar to a Province. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն Нахичеванская Автономная The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units, while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The country of Azerbaijan is a Presidential republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the Head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն Нахичеванская Автономная The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն Нахичеванская Автономная The local governments of regions and cities under Armenian occupation, such as Khankendi or Shusha, continue to function in exile. ^[27]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Azerbaijan

See also: Elections in Azerbaijan and Human rights in Azerbaijan

The structural formation of Azerbaijan's political system was completed by the acceptance of the new Constitution on November 12, 1995. The Politics of Azerbaijan take place in a framework of a presidential Republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the Head of state, and the Elections in Azerbaijan gives information on Election and election results in Azerbaijan. Despite being a member of such bodies as the Human Rights Council, several independent bodies such as the Human Rights Watch, have deemed Human rights in The Constitution of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan konstitusiyası was adopted on 12 November 1995 by Popular referendum and amended on 24 August Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The state symbols of the Azerbaijan Republic are, according to the Article 23 of Constitution, the flag, the coat of arms and the national anthem. A national symbol is a Symbol of any entity considering itself and manifesting itself to the world as a national community – namely sovereign states, but also The state power in Azerbaijan is limited only by law for internal issues, but for international affairs is additionally limited by the provisions of international agreements.

The government of Azerbaijan is based on the separation of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State The legislative power is held by the unicameral National Assembly and the Supreme National Assembly in the Nakhchevan Autonomous Republic. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber The National Assembly ( Milli Məclis) is the Legislative branch of government in Azerbaijan. Parliamentary elections are held every five years, on the first Sunday of November. The accuracy of the election results are checked and confirmed by the Constitutional Court. The laws enacted by the National Assembly, unless specified otherwise come into effect from the day of their publication. The executive power is carried out by the president, who is elected for a 5 year term by direct elections. The country of Azerbaijan is a Presidential republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the Head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan Direct election is a term describing a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person persons or political party that they desire to The president is authorized to form the Cabinet of Ministers, an inferior executive body, subordinated to him. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. The Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan consists primarily of the Prime Minister, his Deputies and Ministers. The Prime Minister of Azerbaijan is the Head of government of Azerbaijan. The president does not have the right to dissolve the National Assembly, but has the right to veto its decisions. A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation. To override the presidential veto, the parliament must have a majority of 95 votes. The judicial power is vested in the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and the Economic Court. The President nominates the judges in these courts.

The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president and he organizes it according to the Constitution. It was established on April 10, 1997. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The administrative department is not a part of the president's office, but manages the financial, technical and pecuniary ensuring of activity of both the president and his office.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Azerbaijan

The short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries, sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland. Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations; the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe; NATO 's Partnership for Peace; Euro-Atlantic Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. ^[28] The process of international recognition of Azerbaijan's independence from the collapsing Soviet Union lasted roughly one year. The last country, Bahrain recognized Azerbaijan on November 6, 1996. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) ^[29] Full diplomatic relations, including mutual exchanges of missions, were first established with Turkey, the United States and Iran. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[28]

Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations. ^[30] It holds observer status in the Non-Aligned Movement and World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union. The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc ^[30] The Azerbaijani diaspora is represented in 36 countries,^[31] dozens of ethnic minorities centers in turn are functioning inside the country (German cultural society "Karelhaus", Slavic cultural center, Azerbaijani-Israeli community, Kurdish cultural center, International Talysh Association, Lezgin national center "Samur", Azerbaijani-Tatar community, Crimean Tatars society etc. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Talysh (also Talishi, Taleshi or Talyshi) are an Iranian people who speak the Talysh language, one of the Northwestern Iranian The Lezgins (other spellings Lezgin, Lezgi, Lezgis, Lezgs, and Lezgians) ( Lezgian: лезгияр Russian Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg ). ^[32] On May 9, 2006 Azerbaijan was elected as one the members of the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United Nations Human Rights Council is an international body within the United Nations System. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members The term of office begun on June 19, 2006. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[33]

Foreign policy priorities of Azerbaijan include: first of all, the restoration of its territorial integrity, elimination of the consequences of the loss of Nagorno-Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan ,^[34] development of good-neighbourly and mutually advantageous relations with neighbouring countries; promotion of security and stability in the region; integration into European and Transatlantic security and cooperation structures, promotion of transregional economic, energy and transportation projects. ^[35] (For more information about Azerbaijan's official foreign policy, see [3]) The Azeri Government, in late 2007, stated that if a comprehensive peace treaty is not signed with Armenia in 2008, then Azerbaijan will adopt military solutions to the conflict involving the Karabakh enclave. The Government is in the process of increasing its military budget as its oil and gas revenues bring a torrent of cash into its coffers. Furthermore, economic sanctions by Turkey along the west, and by Azerbaijan itself along the east, have combined to greatly erode Armenia's economy, leading to steep prices for basic commodities and a great decline in the Armenian state revenues.

Azerbaijan is an active member of international coalitions fighting international terrorism. The country is contributing to peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Azerbaijan is an active member of NATO's “Partnership for Peace” program. It also maintains good relations with the European Union, and could potentially one day apply for membership. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in see Azerbaijan and the European Union. Azerbaijan and the European Union have maintained positive relations over the years

Military

Main article: Military of Azerbaijan

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan of 9 October 1991. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the Armed Forces of Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Initially, the equipment and facilities were those of the Soviet Fourth Army. The Armed Forces have three branches: Land Forces, Air Force and Air Defence Force (a united branch) and the Navy. Besides the Armed Forces there are some additional militarily organised groups that can be involved in state defence when needed. These are the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and forces of the State Border Service, which includes the Coast Guard as well. ^[36]

Azerbaijan adheres to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe ( CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits On January 13, 1993 Azerbaijan signed the Chemical Weapons Convention on the 47th United Nations General Assembly in Paris. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC) is an Arms control agreement which outlaws the production stockpiling and use of chemical weapons Its full name is Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city In 1999 the country signed particularly the Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons. ^[37] Azerbaijan has been also a member of the NATO's Partnership for Peace since 1994 and the NATO Individual Partnership Action Plan since 2004. Partnership for Peace (PfP is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former NATO launched Individual Partnership Action Plans (IPAPs at the 2002 Prague Summit. ^[38] Azerbaijan is also a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and has an additional protocol with the International Atomic Energy Agency. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT or NNPT) is a Treaty to limit the spread The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its ^[39] The armed forces supported the American Operation Enduring Freedom by providing one peacekeeping infantry platoon and Operation Iraqi Freedom with one peacekeeping infantry company. Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF is the official name used by the U A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or Squads and containing about 30 to 50 soldiers The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign A company is a Military unit, typically consisting of 75-200 Soldiers Most companies are formed of three to five Platoons although the exact number may vary ^[40] 2007 military expenditures reached 871 mln USD. The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[41]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Azerbaijan

After gaining independence in 1991, Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Islamic Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Azerbaijan is an economy that has completed its post-Soviet transition into a major oil based economy (with the completion of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline) from one where The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e Founded in 1991 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 27 countries from central Europe Islamic Development Bank (also known as IDB) is a multilateral development financing institution located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Asian Development Bank (ADB is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic and social development in Asian and Pacific countries through loans and technical ^[42] The banking system of Azerbaijan consists of the National Bank of Azerbaijan, commercial banks and non-banking credit organizations. The National Bank of Azerbaijan (NBA Azərbaycan Milli Bankı is the Central bank of Azerbaijan, emitting Azerbaijani manat. A commercial bank is a type of Financial intermediary and a type of Bank. The National Bank was created in 1992 based on the Azerbaijan State Savings Bank, an affiliate of the former State Savings Bank of the USSR. The National Bank serves as Azerbaijan's central bank, empowered to issue the national currency, the Azerbaijani manat, and to supervise all commercial banks. The manat ( currency code: AZN is the Currency of Azerbaijan. Two major commercial banks are the state-owned International Bank of Azerbaijan and the United Universal Joint-Stock Bank.

Pushed up by spending and demand growth, the 2007 Q1 inflation rate reached 16. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time 6%. ^[43] Nominal incomes and monthly wages climbed 29% and 25% respectively against this figure, but price increases in non-oil industry encouraged inflation in the country. ^[43] Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so-called "Dutch disease" because of the fast growing energy sector, which causes inflation. Dutch disease is an economic concept that tries to explain the apparent relationship between the exploitation of Natural resources and a decline in the manufacturing

Two thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, ^[44] The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country's gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, complex ore and antimony. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and ^[44] In September 1994, a 30-year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) and 13 oil companies, among them Amoco, BP, Exxon, LUKoil, and Statoil. The State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR is a state-owned oil and natural gas corporation in Azerbaijan The American Oil Company, or Amoco, also known as Standard Oil of Indiana, was a global Chemical and oil company founded in Baltimore in BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major Exxon is a brand of fuel sold by ExxonMobil. History Exxon formally replaced the Esso, Enco, LUKoil () (ЛУКойл lukɔɪl is Russia 's largest Oil company and its largest producer of oil. StatoilHydro ASA () is a Norwegian energy company formed by the 2007 merger of Statoil with the oil and gas division of ^[42] As Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviet exploitation, Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important spots in the world for oil exploration and development. ^[45] Meanwhile the State Oil Fund was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure the macroeconomic stability, transparency in the management of oil revenue, and the safeguarding of resources for future generations. Macroeconomics is a branch of Economics that deals with the performance structure and behavior of a national or regional Economy as a whole

At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of utilized agricultural area. ^[46] In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m³. CM3 redirects here If you were looking for the 3rd game in the Cooking Mama series abbreviated as CM3 see here. ^[46] Azerbaijan's agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on the meadows and pastures, the horticulture and subtropical crops, the green vegetables, the viticulture and wine-making, the cotton growing and the medicinal plants. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Leaf vegetables, also called potherbs, greens, or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a Vegetable, sometimes accompanied Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of Winemaking, or vinification, is the production of Wine, starting with selection of the Grapes and ending with bottling the finished wine Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as ^[47] In some lands it is profitable to grow grain, potatoes, sugar beet, cotton and tobacco. Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L a member of the Chenopodiaceae family is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of Sucrose. The Caspian fishing industry is concentrated on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga. The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking culturing processing preserving storing transporting marketing or selling fish or fish products Sturgeon is the Common name used for some 26 species of fish in the family Acipenseridae, including the genera Acipenser, In 2002 the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships. ^[48]

Some part of most products before imported from abroad has begun to be produced locally (among them are Coca Cola by Coca Cola Bottlers LTD, beer by Baki-Kastel, parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan). ^[49]

Azerbaijan is also an important economic hub in terms of the raw materials transportation. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (BTC) became operational in May 2006 and stretches over 1,774 kilometers through the territory of Azerbaijan (440 km), Georgia (260 km) and Turkey (1114 km). The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline is a crude oil pipeline from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets. The South Caucasus Pipeline, also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey, became operational in the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supply to European market from the Shah Deniz gas field. South Caucasus Pipeline (also Baku - Tbilisi - Erzurum Pipeline, BTE pipeline or Shah-Deniz Pipeline) is a natural gas Shah Deniz gas field is the largest Natural gas field in Azerbaijan. It is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic metres of natural gas per year. Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU-sponsored Silk Road Project. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the

Transportation and communications

Main articles: Transportation in Azerbaijan and Communications in Azerbaijan

In 2002 Azerbaijan led the way in per capita mobile phone use within the CIS. Transportation in Azerbaijan Railways total 2125 km in common carrier service does not include industrial lines broad gauge Communications in Azerbaijan: Telephones Telephones - main lines in use 1025400 (2004 Telephones - Mobile ^[50] Public pay phones are available for local calls and require a purchase token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks. Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration. As of 2005, there were 1,091,400 main telephone lines and 408,000 internet users. A telephone line or telephone circuit (or just line or circuit within the Industry) is a single-user circuit on a Telephone ^[51] There are two GSM mobile network operators and four CDMA. GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the A mobile network operator ( MNO) also known as carriage service provider ( CSP) wireless service provider, wireless carrier, Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies

Broad gauge railways in 2005 stretched for 2,957 km and electrified railways numbered 1,278 km. Broad gauge Railways use a Rail gauge (distance between the rails greater than the Standard gauge of. Railway electrification supplies electrical energy to railway Locomotives and Multiple units so they can operate without having a Reciprocating ^[51] The number of airports in 2006 reached thirty six, there was also one heliport. A heliport is a small Airport suitable only for use by Helicopters Heliports typically contain one or more Helipads and may have limited facilities such ^[51]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Azerbaijan

See also: Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan

From the total population as of April, 2006 there were 4,380,000 (nearly 51%) city dwellers and a rural population of 4,060,000 (49%). ^[52] 51% of the total population were female. ^[52] The gender ratio for total population in that year was therefore 0. Sex ratio is the Ratio of Males to Females in a Population. The primary sex ratio is the ratio at the time of conception secondary sex ratio is 94 males per female. ^[53]

2006 population growth rate was 0. Population growth is the change in Population over time and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population using "per unit time" for 66%, compared to 1. 14% worldwide. ^[53] A significant factor restricting the population growth is rather a high level of migration. Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or In 2005 for instance 1,342 men and 1,564 women left the country due to labour migration. ^[52] In 2006 Azerbaijan saw migration of -4. 38/1,000 persons. ^[53] The highest morbidity in 2005 was among respiratory diseases (806. Respiratory Disease is the term for Diseases of the Respiratory system. 9 diseases per 10,000 of total population). ^[54] The highest 2005 morbidity for infectious and parasitic diseases was noted among influenza and acute respiratory infections (4168,2 per 100,000 population). An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic This is a list of topics related to human Parasitic diseases See also the categories shown below Acute viral nasopharyngitis or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious viral Infectious disease of the ^[55] 2007 estimate for total life expectancy is 66 years, 70. Life expectancy is the average number of years of life remaining at a given age 7 years for women and 61. 9 for men. ^[56]

Language

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani			92. 5%
Russian			3. 5%
Lezgin			1. 9%
Talysh			1. 8%
Other			0. 3%

Azerbaijani is a Turkic language which belongs to the Altaic family, and is mutually intelligible with Turkish.

Religion

Further information: Religion in Azerbaijan

According to official figures, between 93. The religions of Azerbaijan comprise different religious trends spread among the people and ethnic groups residing in the country 4% and 96% of the population is Muslim, of which 85% are Shia and 15% Sunni. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Christians compose of 3 to 4% of the population, of which most are Russian and Armenian Orthodox. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to The Eastern Orthodox Church: the Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine ^[57] In 2003 there were 250 Roman Catholics. ^[58] Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include Lutherans, Baptists and Molokans. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The Molokans (Молока́не are a religious sect among Russian peasants ( Serfs) who broke away from the Russian Orthodox Church in the 1550s ^[59] There are also Jewish, Bahá'í, Hare Krishna and Jehovah's Witnesses communities, as well as adherents of the Nehemiah Church, Star in the East Church and the Cathedral of Praise Church. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind The Hare Krishna Mantra, also referred to reverentially as the Maha Mantra ("Great Mantra" is a sixteen-word Vaishnava mantra made well Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination ^[59]

Azerbaijan in 2002
Islam			96%
Orthodox Christianity			3. 2%
Judaism			0. 24%
Protestantism			0. 006%
Catholicism			0. 002%
Other			0. 55%

Culture

Main article: Culture of Azerbaijan

See also: Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan folk consists of Azerbaijanis, the representative part of society, as well as of nations and ethnic groups, compactly living in various areas of the country. The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences including its Turkic, Persian, Islamic, and Caucasus heritage as well This article focuses on ethnic minorities in the Republic of Azerbaijan. There are radio broadcasts in Kurdish, Lezgin, Talysh, Georgian, Russian and Armenian languages, which are financed from the state budget. The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. Lezgian, also called Lezgi, is a language spoken by the Lezgins who live in southern Dagestan (a republic of Russia) and northern Azerbaijan The traditional heartlands of the Talysh language are the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern regions of Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian ^[32] The local radio station in Balakan organizes broadcasts in the Avar language and in Khachmaz also in Tat. Ethnic Groups Azerbaijanis 727% Avars 214% Georgians 6% Language The majority of the population speak the Azerbaijan language with The modern Avar language (self-designation магӀарул мацӀ maʦʼ "language of the mountains" or Авар мацӀ maʦʼ "Avar language" ^[32] In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian, Kurdish (Dengi Kurd), Lezgin (Samur) and Talysh languages. ^[32] Jewish society "Sokhnut" publishes the newspaper Aziz. ^[32]

Among national musical instruments there are fourteen string instruments, eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments. A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs A wind instrument is a Musical instrument that contains some type of Resonator (usually a tube in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing ^[60]

Azerbaijan national and traditional dress, are the Chokha and Papakhi. A chokha (ჩოხა çuxa черкеска) is part of the traditional male dress of the Peoples of the Caucasus. Papakhi (ფაფახი transliterated Papakhi; папаха папа́ха; papakh transliterated Papakha) is a Georgian Wool

Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, and placed 8th among 43 contestants. However, this result should be taken with objectivity, as allegations of Eastern 'bloc voting' is rife within Eurovision.

Entries, submitted on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list include the Gobustan State Reserve, the Fire Temple of Baku, the Momine Khatun Mausoleum and the Khan Palace in Sheki. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Gobustan State Reserve located west of the settlement of Gobustan, about 40 miles southwest of the centre of Baku was established in 1966 when the region was declared The Fire Temple of Baku, known locally as the Atashgah ("place of fire" or Ateshgyakh ("home of fire" is a castle-like Hindu temple The Mausoleum of Momine Khatun (or Mu'mine Khatun) is located in Nakhchivan City, the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan Word sheki can refer to Shiki District in Afghanistan Shaki, city in Azerbaijan Shaki Region in Azerbaijan

References

External links

• Azerbaijan travel guide from Wikitravel

General references

• United Nations Office in Azerbaijan
• State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan
• Azerbaijan entry at The World Factbook
• Azerbaijan Links
• Azerbaijan International Magazine

Portals

• Azerbaijan.az
• Azer.com
• Azerb.com
• Library of Congress Portals to the World: Azerbaijan directory
• Azerbaijan Travel Information
• Azerbaijan Hotels
• Travel Information
• Kataloq. net Directory of Azeri web-resources

Miscellaneous

• Azerbaijan Paper Money
• Independence of Kosovo and the Nagorno-Karabakh Issue

	International ties of Azerbaijan
Geographical:	Europe | Eurasia (Caucasus) | Asia (Western Asia)
International organizations :	AsDB, BSEC, CCC, CE, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UPU, UNWTO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, (observer)

Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Asian Development Bank (ADB is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic and social development in Asian and Pacific countries through loans and technical On 25 June 1992, the Heads of State and Government of eleven countries signed in Istanbul the Summit Declaration and the Bosporus Statement The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC) a NATO institution is a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Founded in 1991 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 27 countries from central Europe The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE or ECE was established in 1947 to encourage economic cooperation among its member States The Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO) is an intergovernmental International organization involving seven Asian and three European nations The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ( UNESCAP or ESCAP) located in Bangkok, Thailand, is the regional arm of the GUAM redirects here See Guam for the Pacific island territory The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD is one of five institutions that comprise the World Bank Group. The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO) an agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated The International Development Association ( IDA) created on September 24, 1960, is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries Islamic Development Bank (also known as IDB) is a multilateral development financing institution located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one The International Finance Corporation (IFC promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries as a way to reduce poverty and improve people's lives History Founding In 1919 representatives from the National Red Cross Societies of Britain France Italy Japan and the US came together in Paris to found the League The International Labour Organization The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The International Maritime Organization ( IMO) formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization ( IMCO) is a late 20th century The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its telegraphic address Interpol is an organization facilitating international police cooperation The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC is an International organization with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW is an international agency located in The Hague, The Netherlands. Partnership for Peace (PfP is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The United Nations Human Rights Council is an international body within the United Nations System. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO, French/Spanish acronym ONUDI, is a specialized agency in the United Nations system headquartered The Universal Postal Union ( UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is an International organization that coordinates postal policies among member The United Nations World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO) headquartered in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating TemplateInfobox Union for usage -->The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU was established in the wake of the Second The World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO) is one of the 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations.

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