Azelaic acid
Systematic (IUPAC) name
nonanedioic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	123-99-9
ATC code	D10AX03
PubChem	2266
DrugBank	APRD00812
Chemical data
Formula	C9H16O4
Mol. mass	188. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 221 g/mol
SMILES	eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Very low
Metabolism	?
Half life	12 hours
Excretion	?
Therapeutic considerations
Licence data	US
Pregnancy cat.	B(US)
Legal status	℞-only(US)
Routes	Topical

Azelaic acid is a saturated dicarboxylic acid found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route Dicarboxylic acids are Organic compounds that are substituted with two Carboxylic acid Functional groups In molecular formulae for dicarboxylic acids these Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Rye ( Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for It is a natural substance that is produced by Malassezia furfur (also known as Pityrosporum ovale), a yeast that lives on normal skin. Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of related Fungi, classified as Yeasts naturally found on the skin surfaces of many Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant It is effective against a number of skin conditions, such as mild to moderate acne, when applied topically in a cream formulation of 20%. Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a Skin disease caused by changes in the Pilosebaceous units (skin structures consisting of a Hair follicle In Medicine, a topical Medication is applied to body surfaces such as the Skin or Mucous membranes for example the Vagina A cream is a topical preparation usually for application to the Skin. Azelaic acid may be useful as a hair growth stimulant. Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness

Contents 1 Properties 2 Uses of azelaic acid 2.1 Acne treatment 2.2 Rosacea Treatment 2.3 Hair loss 3 Notes and references 4 External links

Properties

Azelaic acid is:

• Antibacterial: it reduces the growth of bacteria in the follicle (Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis). The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A hair follicle is part of the Skin that grows Hair by packing old cells together Propionibacterium acnes is a relatively slow growing typically Aerotolerant Anaerobic Gram positive Bacterium that is linked to the Staphylococcus epidermidis is a member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus, consisting of Gram-positive cocci arranged in clusters
• Keratolytic & comedolytic: it returns to normal the disordered growth of the skin cells, lining the follicle. Keratolytic (ˌkɛrətoʊˈlɪtɨk therapy is treatment to remove Warts and other lesions in which the epidermis produces excess skin The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant
• Scavenger of free radicals and reduces inflammation. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens
• Reduces pigmentation: it is particularly useful for darker-skinned patients, who have melasma, or whose acne spots leave persistent brown marks known as actinic lentigenes (per the product insert: "There have been reports of hypopigmentation after use of azelaic acid. Melasma (also known as chloasma or the mask of pregnancy when present in pregnant women) is a tan or dark facial skin discoloration Since azelaic acid has not been well studied in patients with dark complexions, these patients should be monitored for early signs of hypopigmentation. ").
• Non-toxic, and is well tolerated by most patients.

Azelaic acid does not result in:

• Bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa
• Reduction in sebum production. The sebaceous glands are Glands found in the Skin of Mammals Locations and morphology A branched type of Acinar gland, these
• Photosensitivity (easy sunburn). Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving Photons especially Visible light.
• Staining of skin or clothing.
• Bleaching of normal skin or clothing. A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation.

Because 20% azelaic acid can be a skin irritant, it should be used only when prescribed by a physician. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health

Uses of azelaic acid

Acne treatment

Azelaic acid is used to treat mild to moderate acne, i. e. both comedonal acne and inflammatory acne. It works in part by stopping the growth of skin bacteria that cause acne, and by keeping skin pores clear. ^[1]

Rosacea Treatment

Azelaic acid is also used as a topical gel treatment for rosacea, due to its ability to reduce inflamation. Rosacea (rəʊˈzeɪʃə is a common but often misunderstood condition that is estimated to affect over 45 million people worldwide In some cases, females have reported hair growth on face and neck.

Brand Names: Azelex, Finacea, Finevin, Skinoren (UK)

Hair loss

Azelaic acid may be useful as a hair growth stimulant. A research report by Stamatiadis in 1988 suggested that azelaic acid (and combinations of it, with zinc ion and vitamin B6) was a strong type I 5-alpha reductase (5-AR) inhibitor. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble Vitamin. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of Amino acid metabolism including 5-alpha reductase is an enzyme that converts Testosterone, the male Sex hormone, into the more potent Dihydrotestosterone: Note the major difference ^[2] The enzyme, 5-AR (both Types I and II) convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries Dihydrotestosterone ( DHT) (Full name 5α-Dihydrotestosterone, abbreviating to 5α-DHT; INN: androstanolone; commonly called DHT has been shown to contribute to prostate enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH) and to damage hair follicles. The prostate (from Greek προστάτης - prostates, literally "one who stands before" "protector" "guardian" is a Benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH) also known as nodular hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy (technically a misnomer or benign enlargement of A hair follicle is part of the Skin that grows Hair by packing old cells together However, no clinical studies have confirmed its efficacy in helping with hair loss.

Notes and references

External links

• DermNet treatments/azelaic-acid

• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a603020.html

The New Zealand Dermatological Society is a medical organization best known outside New Zealand for its "DermNet" website which provides photographs and descriptions

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