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History of the Arab States
Arab Caliphate 
Mashriq Dynasties 
Maghrib Dynasties 
Ayyubid Empire in its Greatest Extent
Ayyubid Empire in its Greatest Extent
This article is part of the
Kurdish history and Culture series
Early ancestors
Ancient history
Medieval history
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The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish[1] origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Diyar Bakr, Mecca, Hejaz and northern Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history This article is about the Mashriq region For other uses see Mashriq (disambiguation The Mashriq or Mashreq (also in use Mashrek The Tulunids were the first independent dynasty in Islamic Egypt (868&ndash905 AD The Hamdanid dynasty (حمدانيون was a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq ( Al-Jazirah) and Syria (890- 1004) The Ikhshidid dynasty of Egypt (sometimes Transliterated other ways ruled from 935 to 969. The ' Uqailid or ' Uqaylid Dynasty was a Muslim Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria The Zengid (or Zangid) dynasty was a Muslim Dynasty of Turkish origin which ruled parts of Northern Iraq and Syria during The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks (al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya المماليك البحرية) was a Mamluk Dynasty of mostly Kipchak The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517 The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset The Saadi Dynasty (Arabic سعديون) (in English also Saadite or Saadian original name Bani Zaydan began with the reign of Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh The Muhallabids were a dynasty of governors in Ifriqiya under the Abbasid Caliphate ( 771 - 793) Although subject to the Abbasids they The Rustamid (or Rustumid, Rostemid) dynasty of Ibāḍī Kharijite imāms ruled the central Maghreb as a Muslim theocracy The Idrisids ( Arabic, الأدارسة) were the first Sayyid Shia dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 The Aghlabid dynasty of emirs members of the Arab tribe of Bani Tamim, ruled Ifriqiya (northern Africa nominally on behalf of the Abbasid The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i Hafsid was a dynasty ruling Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) from 1229 to 1574. The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name The Wattassids (وطاسيون waṭāsīyūn or Banû Watâs (بنو الوطاس banū al-waṭās were an Amazigh dynasty of Kingdom of Fez. The Kurds are an Iranian-speaking ethnolinguistic group who have historically inhabited the mountainous areas to the south of Caucasus ( Zagros and Kurdish culture ( Kurdish:کۆلتاری كوردی (Koltari Kurdi or çand û toreya kurdî) is a group of distinctive cultural traits practiced by Kurdish people Land of Karda or Kur was the country located to the east of Tigris in what is today known as Kurdistan (land of Kurds) mentioned in Sumerian Gutium was a tribe that overran southern Mesopotamia when the Akkadian empire collapsed ca Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) The Mannaeans (country name usually Mannea; Akkadian: Mannai, possibly Biblical Minni, מנּי were an ancient people of unknown origin Matiene was the name of a kingdom in northwestern Iran which overran the kingdom of the Mannae. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. Isauria (Ισαυρία in ancient geography is a rugged isolated district in the interior of South Asia Minor, of very different extent at different periods but generally Corduene (also known as Gorduene, Cordyene, Cardyene, Carduene, Gordyene, Gordyaea, Korduene, Korchayk The Kayusid or House of Kayus (also Kâvos) or Kâvusakân (Kurdish Hozi Kavusakan ( 226 - 380) was a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom Sharazor (also Sharassur Shahrassor Shahr Assur, Shahre Assur, Shehri Assur, Land of Assur, and City of Assur) was name of a Sassanid The Shaddadids were a Kurdish dynasty who ruled in various parts of Armenia and Arran from 951 - 1199 A Rawadid (also Rawwadid or Ravvadid ( 955 - 1071) was a Kurdish principality ruling Azerbaijan from the 10th to the early 13th centuries centered Hasanawayhid was a Kurdish principality from 959 to 1015, centered at Dinawar (northeast of present-day Kermanshah) The Annazid or Banu Annaz,( 990 - 1116) were a Kurdish dynasty that ruled a territory on the present-day Iran - Iraq frontier Marwanid, ( 990 - 1085) was a Kurdish dynasty in Northern Mesopotamia and Armenia, centered around the city of Diyarbakır Hadhabani (also Hadhbani) was an 11th century Kurdish dynasty centered at Ushnu. Hazaraspid,( 1148 - 1424) was a local Kurdish dynasty that ruled Zagros mountains region of southwestern Persia, essentially in Badlis (1182-1847 was a Kurdish Principality originated from the Rojaki (Rozagi tribal confederation Ardalan or ( Erdelan) ( 1169 - 1867) was the name of a vassaldom in north-western Persia ( Iran) during Qajar period Badinan or Bahdinan,(1376-1843 was one of the more powerful and enduring Kurdish Principalities. Soran ( Kurdish: سۆران)was a Kurdish emirate that proclaimed independence in 1816 Mukriyan, was a Kurdish emirate centered at Mahabad, ruling areas to the south and west of lake Urmia since the end of 15th century until the middle of 19th century Baban, (1649-1850 was a Kurdish Principality and ruling family originated in the region of Pijder. Simko Shikak also Ismail Agha Shikak (1887-1930 was a Kurdish politician and nationalist The Kingdom of Kurdistan can refer to two kingdoms formed in the 1920s in the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan. This article is about the Kurdish independence movement The same name was sometimes also used to refer to the Democratic Republic of Armenia, established in 1918 The Republic of Mahabad ( Kurdish: Komarî Mehabad, Persian: جمهوری مهاباد) officially known as Republic of Kurdistan and established Iraqi Kurdistan Region ( Kurdish: هه رێمى كوردستان Herêmi Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق, Iqlĩm Kurdistãn Iranian Kurdistan ( Kurdish: کوردستانی ئران Kurdistanî Iran) or Kurdistana Rojhilat (Eastern Kurdistan or Rojhilatê Northern Kurdistan or Turkish Kurdistan Kurdish: Kurdistana Tirkiyê or Bakurê Kurdistanê) Northern Kurdistan is an Irredentist The Kurds in Turkey ( Kurdish: Kurdên li Tirkiye, Turkish: Türkiye'deki Kürtler) are an Indo-European people first mentioned Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria making up less than 10% of the country's population Kurdish literature (in Kurdish: Wêjeya Kurdî) refers to Literature written in Kurdish language. Kurdish Music ( Sorani Kurdish:گۆرانی کوردی Gorani Kurdi) ( Kurmanji Kurdish: Muzîk û strana kurdî) refers to music performed in Kurdish dance ( Kurdish: هالپئرکی or Govend) is a group of traditional hand-holding Dances similar to those from the Balkans, Lebanon This article briefly introduces a list of better known Kurdish historical sites (Kurdish Asewari mêjûyi Kurdan Sites in Iranian Kurdistan Dimdim A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Diyarbakır (دیاربکر Diyâr-i Bekr 'land of the Bekr ' (from Persian) Kurdish Amed Zazaki language Dêrbekir Syriac Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored al-Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; الحجاز al-Ḥiǧāz, literally "the barrier" is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Ayyubids are also known as Ayoubites, Ayyoubites, Ayoubides or Ayyoubides.

Contents

Saladin

The Ayyubid Dynasty was founded by Saladin (Salah al-Din), who, along with his uncle Shirkuh, conquered Egypt for the Zengid King Nur ad-Din of Damascus in 1169. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c Asad ad-Din Shirkuh bin Shadhi (from Persian شیرکوه (Shirkuh meaning lion of mountain also Shirguh or Shêrko in Kurdish) (died 1169 The Zengid (or Zangid) dynasty was a Muslim Dynasty of Turkish origin which ruled parts of Northern Iraq and Syria during Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. The name Ayyub comes from Saladin's father and Shirkuh's brother, Najm ad-Din Ayyub. al-Malik al-Afdal Najm ad-Din Ayyub ibn Shadhi ibn Marawan (Arabic الملك ألأفضل نجم الدين أيوب بن شاﺬي بن مروان (died August 9, When Shirkuh died, Saladin quickly consolidated power, repelling a Crusader attack on Damietta in 1169 and putting down a revolt of black African soldiers. Damietta, Damiata, or Domyat (دمياط is a port and the capital of the governorate of Domyat, Egypt. In 1171, Saladin deposed the last Fatimid Caliph, but he gradually became estranged from his former master, Nur ad-Din.

"Once more Egypt knew an unchallenged master able to organize her resources in men and wealth to make war on the Franks. "[2] Already, in 1170, Saladin raided the Crusader districts of Gaza and Darum. Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. The next year he took back Aila on the Gulf of Aqaba from the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Eilat (Hebrew אילת should not be confused with the nearby kibbutz of Eilot (Hebrew אילות The Gulf of Aqaba ( Arabic: خليج العقبة transliterated: Khalyj al-'Aqabah in Israel known as the Gulf of Eilat ( Hebrew This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian In 1171 and 1173, he raided the Transjordan fiefs of Montreal (Shobak) and Kerak. The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine Montreal was a Crusader castle on the eastern side of the Arabah, perched on the side of a rocky conical mountain looking out over fruit trees below Karak (also Kerak) (Al-Kerak الكرك is a city in Jordan that contains a famous Crusader castle

When Nur ed-Din died in 1174, Saladin declared war against Nur ed-Din's young son, As-Salih Ismail, and seized Damascus. Another As-Salih Ismail was an Ayyubid ruler in the 13th century Ismail fled to Aleppo, where he continued to resist Saladin until his murder in 1181. For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. In 1175 and 1176, Saladin seized control of the interior of Syria, except for Aleppo. For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. He even conquered the Jezireh in Northern Iraq, making the Zengids of Mosul and Sinjar and the Artuqids of Mardin and Diyarbakr his vassals. For the village in Azerbaijan see Mosul Azerbaijan. Mosul (الموصل Al Mūṣul, Kurdish: Mosul/Ninawa, Musul Sinjar ( Kurdish: Şingar) is the name of a region and a town in northwestern Iraq 's Ninawa Governorate near the Syrian border The Artuqid dynasty ( Artuklu in Turkish, sometimes also spelled as Artukid, Ortoqid or Ortokid; Turkish Plural: Mardin is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for its Arab -style architecture and for its strategic location Diyarbakır (دیاربکر Diyâr-i Bekr 'land of the Bekr ' (from Persian) Kurdish Amed Zazaki language Dêrbekir Syriac He also achieved control of the Hejaz and Yemen. al-Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; الحجاز al-Ḥiǧāz, literally "the barrier" is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya

In 1177, Saladin turned his energies against the Crusader states again, invading the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the south. This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian Initially unopposed, he carelessly allowed his forces to scatter in search of plunder. Suddenly attacked by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, he was badly defeated at the Battle of Montgisard. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (1161&ndash 16 March 1185) called the Leper or the Leprous, the son of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his first The Battle of Montgisard was fought between the Ayyubids and the Kingdom of Jerusalem on November 25, 1177. Undeterred, Saladin invaded the Frankish states from the west and won a victory over Baldwin at the Battle of Marj Ayyun in 1179. In the Battle of Marj Ayyun, alternately Marj Ayyoun, an Ayyubid army commanded by Saladin defeated a Crusader army led by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem The following year, he destroyed the newly-built Crusader castle of Chastellet at the Battle of Jacob's Ford. Jerusalem has been and is considered by many to be one of the holiest cities in the world In the campaign of 1182, he sparred with Baldwin again in the inconclusive Battle of Belvoir Castle. In the campaign and Battle of Belvoir Castle (Kaukab al-Hawa a Crusader force led by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem sparred inconclusively with an Ayyubid army from Leaving the Crusaders alone for a year after September 1182, Saladin added Aleppo and some cities in Mesopotamia to his dominions. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding In the fall of 1183 he attacked the Latin kingdom again in the campaign and Battle of Ain Tuba'un. [3]

Saladin's greatest accomplishment, though, was his decisive defeat of the Crusader states at the Battle of Hattin and conquest of Jerusalem in 1187. The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European Crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and The Battle of Hattin (also known as " The Horns of Hattin " because of a nearby extinct Volcano of the same name took place on Saturday July Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the By the end of that year he had conquered virtually all of the Kingdom of Jerusalem with the exception of Tyre, which held out under Conrad of Montferrat. Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Conrad of Montferrat, or Conrad I of Jerusalem ( Piedmontese: Conrà ëd Monfrà; Italian Corrado del Monferrato; mid-1140s &ndash Soon, however, Saladin was faced with the arrival of a major crusading effort from western Europe - the Third Crusade - led by the three greatest European rulers of the time, Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionhearted of England. The Third Crusade (1189&ndash1192 also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Frederick died en route, but the remainder of the crusading armies besieged Acre, which they recaptured in 1191. The Crusaders, now under the unified command of Richard, defeated Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf, but were unable to recover the interior. The Battle of Arsuf was a battle of the Third Crusade in which Richard I of England defeated Saladin at Arsuf. Instead, Richard signed a treaty with Saladin in 1192, restoring the Kingdom of Jerusalem to a coastal strip between Jaffa and Beirut. Jaffa يَافَا;(יָפוֹ Yafo; also Japho, Joppa) is an ancient Port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 It was the last major effort of Saladin's career, as he died the next year, in 1193.

Later rulers

Rather than establishing a centralized empire, Saladin had established his relations in hereditary principalities throughout his lands. Thus, Saladin's brother al-Adil ruled in the Jezireh and Transjordan; his brother Toghtekin ruled in Yemen; his nephews ruled in Baalbek and Hamah; and the descendants of Shirkuh ruled in Homs. Al-Adil I (1145-1218 (العادل in full al-Malik al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu-Bakr ibn Ayyub, الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن أيوب was an For other uses see the disambiguation Jazira. Al-Jazira ( Arabic, الجزيرة is the traditional Arabic name for the modern-day regions of northwestern Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Baalbek (بعلبك is a town in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, altitude 1170 m (3850 ft situated east of the Litani River. Hama (ancient Hamath; Arabic: حماة meaning fortress is a city on the banks of the Orontes river in central Syria north of For military actions near the city see Battle of Homs. Homs ( حمص,, anciently called Emesa (ἡ Ἔμεσα or "La Chamelle" The rest of the Empire was divided up on Saladin's death among his three sons: al-Afdal, the eldest, held Damascus and was intended to be overlord of the whole; the second, al-Aziz, took Egypt; and a third, az-Zahir, ruled Aleppo. Al-Aziz (955&ndash996 (العزيز بالله was the fifth Caliph of the Fatimids (975&ndash996 Az-Zahir (1176 - 1226 (الظاهر بأمر الله was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1225 to 1226

Soon, however, Saladin's sons fell to squabbling over the division of the Empire. Al-Aziz and az-Zahir refused to recognize their brother's suzerainty. At the same time, the northern vassals of the Ayyubids, the Zengids and Artuqids, attempted to assert their independence and restore Zengid rule in the region. Saladin's wily brother Al-Adil defused these efforts, but the situation remained unstable.

In the meanwhile, relations between al-Aziz and al-Afdal had reached a breaking point. In 1194 al-Aziz invaded Syria and reached Damascus. Al-Afdal called in the aid of his uncle al-Adil, who mediated between the brothers. A settlement was arranged in which Judea would be ceded to al-Aziz and Latakia to az-Zahir, but both would recognize their older brother's suzerainty. This settlement, however, did not last long. In 1195 al-Aziz once again invaded Syria. Al-Adil once again came to al-Afdal's rescue, and al-Aziz was forced to retire to Egypt, but al-Adil prevented his nephew from taking Egypt itself away from al-Aziz. Soon, however, al-Adil abandoned his support for al-Afdal, whose incompetent rule was provoking discontent throughout his lands. He allied with al-Aziz instead, and the two in 1196 captured Damascus and exiled al-Afdal to Salkhad in the Hauran. Salkhad ( صلخد) a Syrian city in the As Suwayda governorate, southern Syria. Hauran, also Hawran or Houran, ( حوران, is the southwestern region of modern-day Syria, it extends to the far northwestern region of modern-day Al-Aziz was recognized as head of the dynasty, and al-Adil ruled in Damascus.

In November 1198, al-Aziz died in a hunting accident. He was succeeded by his eldest son, al-Mansur, a boy of twelve. Al-Aziz's ministers, worried about the ambitions of al-Adil, summoned al-Afdal to act as Regent of Egypt in the name of his young nephew. Early in the next year, while al-Adil was in the north suppressing an Artuqid rebellion, al-Afdal and az-Zahir came together in alliance against him, and were joined by most of the other Ayyubid princes. Al-Adil quickly returned to Damascus on the approach of his nephews' armies, leaving his eldest son al-Kamil to conduct operations against the Artuqids, but the armies of his enemies were strong enough to besiege their uncle in Damascus for six months. Al-Kamil (الكامل ( epithet: al-Malik al-Kamel Naser al-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammed) (1180-1238 was an Ayyubid Sultan of Kurdish Al-Adil used the time to win over many of the supporters of his nephews, and when al-Kamil finally arrived with a relief army in January 1200, the brothers withdrew. Al-Adil followed up on his victory by invading Egypt, where he persuaded al-Afdal to once again retire to Salkhad. Al-Adil took over the rule of Egypt, but was soon threatened again in the north by az-Zahir, who was once again joined by al-Afdal. Al-Adil was once again able to divide his enemies and eventually secured the submission of all his relations. In the settlement that emerged, by the end of 1201, az-Zahir retained Aleppo, and al-Afdal was given Mayyafaraqin in the north, while the young al-Mansur had to content himself with Edessa. Silvan or Miyarfarqin ( Kurdish: Farqîn, Middle Persian: Miyān Pārgin, Persian: سيلوان) is a district Egypt, Damascus, and most of the Jezireh were under al-Adil's direct control, with three of his sons - al-Kamil, al-Mu'azzam, and al-Ashraf, acting as governor of each, respectively. Al-Kamil (الكامل ( epithet: al-Malik al-Kamel Naser al-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammed) (1180-1238 was an Ayyubid Sultan of Kurdish Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa Sharaf ad-Din (died 1227 was an Ayyubid Sultan who ruled Damascus from 1218 to 1227 Al-Ashraf Musa Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar ad-Din, called Al-Ashraf (died 27 August 1237) was a ruler of the Ayyubid dynasty. Al-Adil had thus restored the unity of the Ayyubid Empire.

A similar process repeated at Al-Adil's death in 1218, and at his son Al-Kamil's death in 1238, but the Ayyubid state as a whole remained fairly strong. Al-Kamil (الكامل ( epithet: al-Malik al-Kamel Naser al-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammed) (1180-1238 was an Ayyubid Sultan of Kurdish In 1250 Turanshah, the last Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, was murdered and replaced by his Mamluk slave-general Aibek, who founded the Bahri dynasty. The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks (al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya المماليك البحرية) was a Mamluk Dynasty of mostly Kipchak

The Ayyubids continued to rule Damascus and Aleppo until 1260, when they were driven out by the Mongols, and following the Mongol defeat at Ain Jalut later that year, most of Syria fell to the Mamluks. The Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ayn Jalut, in Arabic ar عين جالوت the "Eye of Goliath" or the "Spring of Goliath" took place on 3 September 1260 between Local Ayyubid dynasties continued to rule in parts of Syria (most notably Hamah) for another 70 years, until the latter finally absorbed them in 1334. Hama (ancient Hamath; Arabic: حماة meaning fortress is a city on the banks of the Orontes river in central Syria north of

Ayyubids of Egypt

Ayyubids of Damascus

The statue of Saladin
The statue of Saladin

Ayyubid Emirs of Aleppo

Ayyubids of Hamah

Ayyubids of Homs

Ayyubids of Mayyafariqin

Ayyubids of Sinjar

Ayyubids of Hisn Kayfa

Ayyubids of Yemen

Ayyubid Emirs of Kerak, 1229-1263

References

Notes

  1. ^ Saladin. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
  2. ^ Smail, p 34
  3. ^ Smail, p 35-36

See also

External links

During the initial Islamic invasion in 639 AD, Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Righteous Caliphs, and then the Ummayad
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