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"Abu Muhammad" redirects here. For the Muslim lecturer called Abu Muhammad, see Khalid Yasin. Khalid Yasin (also known as 'Abu Muhammad', 'Abu Muhammad Khalid Yasin') and 'Abu Muhammad Khalid Yasin', born in the 1950s in Brooklyn, New York,
'Ayman Zawahiri'

Ayman Zawahri
Born June 19, 1951 (1951-06-19) (age 56)
Maadi, Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt
Occupation militant Jihad, Dawah, Islamic jurisprudence, fundamentalist Quranic exegesis, Science of hadith, Islamic philosophy, logician; reportedly a surgeon in the past

Dr. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Maadi (معادي el-Ma‛adi) is a wealthy Suburb south of Cairo, Egypt. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. The Kingdom of Egypt ( المملكة المصرية) was the first modern Egyptian state, lasting from 1922 to 1953 Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Da‘wah usually denotes proselytizing of Islam. The Arabic دعوة da‘wah means literally "issuing a summons" Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Tafsir ( Arabic: تفسير, tafsīr, "interpretation" is the Arabic word for Exegesis This is a sub-article of Scientific method and Hadith. The Science of hadith is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate hadith Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy. Ayman Muhammad Rabaie al-Zawahiri (Arabic: أيمن محمد ربيع الظواهري‎) or (closer to the original Arabic pronunciation) al-Dhawahri (born June 19, 1951), is a prominent leader of al-Qaeda, and was the second and last "emir" of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, having succeeded 'Abbud al-Zummar in the latter role when Egyptian authorities sentenced al-Zummar to life imprisonment. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most Al-Zawahiri is a qualified surgeon, and is an author of works including numerous al-Qaeda statements. In Medicine, a surgeon is a person who performs Surgery. Surgery is a broad category of invasive Medical treatment that involves the cutting of a He speaks Arabic and English. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Al-Zawahiri is under worldwide embargo by the UN 1267 Committee as a member or affiliate of al-Qaeda. In international Commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce The United Nations Security Council Committee 1267, also known as the Al-Qaeda and Taliban Sanctions Committee, was established by the United Nations [1]

In 1998 al-Zawahiri formally merged Egyptian Islamic Jihad into al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The According to reports by a former al-Qaeda member, he has worked in the al-Qaeda organization since its inception and was a senior member of the group's shura council. Shura is an ( Arabic شورَى | شورا word for "consultation" He is often described as a "lieutenant" to Osama bin Laden. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March

Contents

Alternate names and sobriquets

Al-Zawahiri has also been known as Abu Muhammad (Abu Mohammed), Abu Fatima, Muhammad Ibrahim, Abu Abdallah, Abu al-Mu'iz, The Doctor, The Teacher, Nur, Ustaz, Abu Mohammed Nur al-Deen, Abdel Muaz (Abdel Moez, Abdel Muez). [2]

Biography

Upbringing and education

Ayman al-Zawahiri was born to a prominent upper middle class family in Maadi, Egypt, a suburb of Cairo, and was reportedly a studious youth. The upper middle class is a sociological concept referring to the Social group constituted by higher-status members of the Middle class. Maadi (معادي el-Ma‛adi) is a wealthy Suburb south of Cairo, Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. His father, Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri, was a pharmacologist and a professor coming from a large family of doctors and scholars, while his mother, Umayma Azzam, came from a wealthy, politically active clan. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies He excelled in school, loved poetry, "hated violent sports" - which he thought were `inhumane` - and had a deep affection to his mother. [3]

His family was "religious but not overly pious,"[4] but Zawahiri became both quite pious and political, under the influence of his uncle Mahfouz Azzam, who had been a student and then lifelong follower of radical Islamist thinker Sayyid Qutb. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Sayyid Qutb (ˈsaɪjɪd ˈqʊtˁb (also Saïd Syed Seyyid Sayid or Sayed last name also Koteb (rather common Qutub Kotb or Kutb (سيد قطب October 9, 1906

Qutb preached in his manifesto, Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (Milestones), that "the Muslim community has been extinct for a few centuries" having reverted to Jahiliyyah, "the state of ignorance of the guidance from God. Ma'alim fi al-Tariq, also Ma'alim fi'l-tareeq, ( Arabic: معالم في الطريق) or Milestones, first A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Jahiliyyah, al-Jahiliyah or jahalia ( Arabic: جاهلية) is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the "[5] To restore Islam and free Muslims, "jahili society, jahili concepts, jahili traditions and jahili leadership," had to be eliminated,[6] and to do this a vanguard of true Muslims modeling itself after the original Muslims, the "companions" of Muhammad had to be developed. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Like the companions, this vanguard would cut themselves off from the Jahiliyyah -- i. e. ignore the learning and culture of non-Muslim groups (Greeks, Romans, Persians, Christians or Jews) -- and separate themselves from their old non-Muslim friends and family. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ It would look to the Qur'an for orders to obey, not "learning and information" or solutions to problems. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [7]

The implication of this idea for many, was that Muslim government officials, particularly those of Egypt, had become so corrupted they were no longer true Muslims. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. As apostates, they could be killed under Islamic law. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. In 1965, Qutb was accused of plotting to overthrow the state, with much of the prosecutor's evidence being taken directly from Milestones and defended by Qutb. Evidence in its broadest sense includes anything that is used to determine or demonstrate the Truth of an assertion Qutb was tried, convicted and executed. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Milestones became a best seller. [8][9]

By 14, al-Zawahiri had joined the Muslim Brotherhood (al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin) Islamist group. The Muslim Brothers ( Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimūn, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only The following year the Egyptian government executed Qutb for conspiracy, and al-Zawahiri, along with four other secondary school students, helped form an "underground cell devoted to overthrowing the government and establishing an Islamist state. In a political sense conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power " It was at this early age that al-Zawahiri developed a mission in life, "to put Qutb's vision into action. "[10] His cell eventually merged with others to form al-Jihad or Egyptian Islamic Jihad. [11] At Cairo University, Al-Zawahiri studied behavior, psychology and pharmacology graduating in 1974 with gayyid giddan. Cairo University ( جامعة القاهرة, previously Egyptian University and later Fuʾād I University) is an institute of Higher education Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs In Education, a grade (or mark is a teacher's standardized Evaluation of a Student 's work Following that he served three years as a surgeon in the Egyptian Army after which he established a clinic near his parents. [11] In 1978, he also earned a masters degree in surgery. [12]

Marriage and family

In 1978 he married Azza Nowari, the daughter of an old family friend. Azza had become very religious in college, wearing a niqab, a black hijab covering all but her eyes, and sometimes spending the whole night reading the Qur'an. A niqāb ( Arabic: نِقاب‎) is a Veil which covers the face worn by some Muslim women as a part of sartorial hijāb. Islam and clothing Hijab or ħijāb ( ar حجاب, pronounced) is the Arabic term for "cover" (noun based on the root حجب meaning "to Their wedding was very pious, with separate areas for men and women, and no music, photographs, or light hearted humour. [13] Many years later, when the United States attacked Afghanistan following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Azza denied ever knowing that Zawahiri had been a jihadi emir (commander) for the last decade, although at least one acquaintance is skeptical of her ignorance of this fact. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. [14]

The couple had four daughters, Fatima (b. 1981), Umayma, Nabila (b. 1986) and Khadiga (b. 1987), and a son Mohammed, who was a "delicate, well-mannered boy" and "the pet of his older sisters," subject to teasing and bullying in a traditional all-male environment who preferred to "stay at home and help his mother. Bullying is the act of intentionally causing harm to others through verbal Harassment, physical Assault, or other more subtle methods of Coercion "[15] Ten years after the birth of Mohammed, Azza gave birth to Aisha, who suffered from Downs Syndrome. Down syndrome, Down's syndrome, or trisomy 21 is a Chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome.

Zaynab Khadr recalled celebrating the engagement of Umayma at the family's house for an all-day party, and al-Zawahiri knocking softly at Umayma's door asking the two girls to please keep their singing and partying quiet as it was nighttime. The eldest child of the Khadr family, Zaynab Khadr was born in Canada to Maha Elsamnah and Ahmed Said Khadr. [16]

Azza and Aisha both died following 9/11. After American bombardment of a Taliban officials building at Gardez, Azza was pinned under debris of a guesthouse roof. Concerned for her modesty, she "refused to be excavated" because "men would see her face. " Her four-year-old daughter Aisha had not been hurt by the bombing but died from exposure in the night cold while the rescuers tried to save Azza. [17]

Attempted coup

He eventually became one of Islamic Jihad's leading organizers and recruiters. Zawahiri's hope was to recruit military officers and accumulate weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch "a complete overthrow of the existing order. "[18] Chief strategist of Al-Jihad was Aboud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose

plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing - he expected - a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. "[18]

The plan was derailed when authorities were alerted to Al-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information, in February 1981. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 President Anwar Sadat ordered the roundup of more than 1500 people, including many Al-Jihad members, but missed a cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who succeeded in assassinating Sadat during a military parade that October. Khalid Ahmed Showky Al-Islambouli ( خالد أحمد شوقي الإسلامبولي) ( January 15, 1955 – April 15, 1982) arranged [19]

Imprisonment and torture

Al-Zawahiri was one of hundreds arrested following Sadat's assassination. Al-Zawahiri's lawyer, Montasser el-Zayat, contends that Zawahiri was tortured in prison. Montasser el-Zayat or Muntasir al-Zayyat ( منتصر الزيات)is an Egyptian lawyer whose former clients according to press reports included Ayman Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally [20]

In his book, Al-Zawahiri as I Knew Him, Al-Zayyat maintains that under torture of the Egyptian police, following his arrest in connection with the murder of Sadat in 1981, Al-Zawahiri revealed the hiding place of Essam al-Qamari, a key member of the Maadi cell of al-Jihad, which led to Al-Qamari's "arrest and eventual execution. "[21] (Essam Al-Qamari was a decorated major in the Egyptian army who smuggled weapons and ammunition from army strongholds for al-Jihad. )

Al-Zawahiri was convicted of dealing in weapons and received a three-year sentence, which he completed in 1984 shortly after his conviction. [22]

Leaving Egypt

In 1985, al-Zawahiri went to Saudi Arabia on Hajj and stayed to practice medicine in Jeddah for a year. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the [23]

He then traveled to Peshawar, Pakistan where he worked in a Red Crescent hospital treating wounded refugees. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated There he became friends with the Canadian Ahmed Said Khadr, and the two shared a number of conversations about the need for Islamic government and the needs of the Afghan people. An Egyptian Canadian Aid worker and patriarch of the Khadr family, Ahmed Said Khadr (أحمد سعيد خضر (March 1 1948 – October 2 [24] During this time, al-Zawahiri also began reconstituting the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) along with other exiled militants. [25] The group had "very loose ties to their nominal imprisoned leader, Abud al-Zumur. "

In Peshwar, al-Zawahiri is thought to have become radicalized by other Al-Jihad members, abandoning his old strategy of a swift coup d'etat to change society from above, and embracing the idea of takfir. For the Salafist extremist group see Takfir wal-Hijra In Shia terminology "takfir" [26] In 1991, EIJ broke with al-Zumur, and al-Zawahiri grabbed "the reins of power" to become EIJ leader. [27]

In Peshawar, he met Osama bin Laden, who was running a base for mujahideen called Maktab al-Khadamat (MAK); founded by the Palestinian Sheikh Abdullah Yusuf Azzam. The Maktab al-Khidamat, also Maktab Khadamāt al-Mujāhidīn al-'Arab ( Arabic: مكتب الخدمات or مكتب خدمات المجاهدين العرب MAK Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941 As-ba'ah Al-Hartiyeh British Mandate of Palestine – November 24 1989 Peshawar, Pakistan) (Arabic عبدالله عزام The radical position of al-Zawahiri and the other militants of Al-Jihad put them at odds with Sheikh Azzam, with whom they competed for bin Laden's financial resources. [28]

Egypt and Sudan

In 1990, al-Zawahiri returned to Egypt, where he continued to influence Islamic Jihad in more radical directions.

Al-Zawahiri and his group struggled financially. He is reported to have visited the United States at least once in the early 1990 in an attempt to raise money for EIJ. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In 1993 he appeared on the speaker circuit in several California mosques posing as "Dr. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Abdul Mu'iz," of the Kuwaiti Red Crescent, "raising money for Afghan children who had been injured by Soviet land mines from the time of jihad. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person " The trip was a financial failure, raising "at most" $2000, and leading his organization closer to an eventual alliance with al-Qaeda. [29]

Relation with Islamic Republic of Iran

Zawahiri worked with the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of al-Qaeda. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Lawrence Wright reports that EIJ operative Ali Mohammed "told the FBI that al-Jihad had planned a coup in Egypt in 1990. " Zawahiri had studied the 1979 Islamist Islamic Revolution and "sought training from the Iranians" as to how to duplicate their feat against the Egyptian government. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed

He offered Iran information about an Egyptian government plan to storm several islands in the Persian Gulf that both Iran and the United Arab Emirates lay claim to. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the According to Mohammed, in return for this information, the Iranian government paid Zawahiri $2 million and helped train members of al-Jihad in a coup attempt that never actually took place. The politics and government of Iran takes place in the framework of a Republic with an Islamic ideology [30]

However, in public Zawahiri has harshly denounced the Iranian government. In December 2007 he said, "We discovered Iran collaborating with America in its invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. "[31] In the same video messages, he moreover chides Iran for "repeating the ridiculous joke that says that al-Qaida and the Taliban are agents of America," before playing a video clip in which Ayatollah Rafsanjani says, "In Afghanistan, they were present in Afghanistan, because of Al-Qa'ida; and the Taliban, who created the Taliban? America is the one who created the Taliban, and America's friends in the region are the ones who financed and armed the Taliban. Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani ( Persian:اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar Hāshemī Rafsanjānī) Hashemi Bahramani "[32]

Zawahiri's criticism of Iran's government continues when he states,

Despite Iran's repetition of the slogan 'Death to America, death to Israel,' we haven't heard even one Fatwa from one Shiite authority, whether in Iran or elsewhere, calling for Jihad against the Americans in Iraq and Afghanistan. Anti-Americanism, often anti-American sentiment, is opposition or hostility to the people culture or policies of the United States. A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an [33]

Zawahiri has dismissed that there is any cooperation between Iran and Al Qaeda against their common enemy, to wit, the United States. [34] He also said that "Iran Stabbed a Knife into the Back of the Islamic Nation. "[35]

In April 2008, Zawahri blamed Iranian state media and Al-Manar for perpetuating the "lie" that "there are no heroes among the Sunnis who can hurt America as no-one else did in history" in order to discredit the Al Qaeda network. Al-Manar (المنار The Beacon) is the satellite Television station of Hezbollah, broadcasting from Beirut, [36] Zawahri was referring to some 9/11 conspiracy theories which posit that Al Qaeda itself wasn't responsible for the 9/11 attacks. A variety of conspiracy theories question the mainstream account of the September 11 attacks in the United States.

Attacks in Egypt

One result of Zawahiri and EIJ's connection with Iran may have been the use of suicide bombing in August 1993 in an attempt on the life of Egyptian Interior Minister Hasan al-Alfi, the man heading the effort to quash the campaign of Islamist killings in Egypt. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) It failed, as did an attempt to assassinate Egyptian prime minister Atef Sidqi three months later. The bombing of Sidqi's car did succeed in injuring 21 Egyptians and killing a young schoolgirl, Shayma Abdel-Halim. It also came following two years of killings by another Islamist group, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, that had killed over 200. For the Southeast Asian organization of the same name see Jemaah Islamiyah. Her funeral became a public spectacle, with her coffin carried through the streets of Cairo and crowds shouting, "Terrorism is the enemy of God!"[37] The police arrested 280 more of al-Jihad's members and executed six. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity.

Zawahiri later wrote of his anger with the public reaction. "This meant that they wanted my daughter, who was two at the time, and the daughters of other colleagues, to be orphans. An orphan (from the Greek ὀρφανός) is a child whose natural parents are absent or dead and who are not there to bring him up Who cried or cared for our daughters?"[38]

The 1995 attack on the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad was the Egyptian Islamic Jihad's first success under Zawahiri's leadership, but Bin Laden had disapproved of the operation. Carried out by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the November 19 1995 attack on the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad Pakistan was retaliation against the diplomatic The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد The bombing alienated the host of the embassy, Pakistan, and Pakistan was "the best route into Afghanistan"[39]

Expulsion from Sudan and time spent in Russia

In 1996, Zawahiri and his EIJ group were expelled from Sudan following a failed assassination attempt on Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and their killing of two boys for betraying the EIJ. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد الإسلامي المصري) ( EIJ) formerly called simply Islamic Jihad ( الجهاد The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. At this time he is said to have "become a phantom"[40] but is thought to have traveled widely to "Switzerland and Sarajevo. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with . . . A fake passport he was using shows that he traveled to Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Singapore Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders " In late 1996 he was detained in Russia for six months by the FSB after he was caught trying to cross the border into Chechnya without a visa, posing as a Sudanese merchant. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation ( FSB) ( Russian: ФСБ Федера́льная слу́жба безопа́сности Federalnaya The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. [40] According to FSB spokesman Sergei Ignatchenko, "He had four passports, in four different names and nationalities. We checked him out in every country, but they could not confirm him. We could not keep him forever, so we took him to the Azerbaijani border and let him go. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South "[41] He was apparently put on trial, but was acquitted and subsequently released. [42] However, some have raised doubts as to the true nature of al-Zawahiri's encounter with the Russians: Jamestown Foundation scholar Evgenii Novikov has argued that it seems unlikely that the Russians would not have been able to determine who he was, given their well-trained Arabists and the obviously suspicious act of Muslims crossing illegally a border with multiple false identities and encrypted documents in Arabic. The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington DC -based Think tank, whose stated mission is to "inform and educate" policy makers about events and trends which [43] The trial of al-Zawahiri which led to his release from Russian custody was also highly unusual, in that criminal conviction rates in Russia are around 99%. [44] Assassinated former FSB agent Alexander Litvinenko alleged, among other things, that during this time, al-Zawahiri was indeed being trained by the FSB,[45] and that he was not the only link between al-Qaeda and the FSB. Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Алекса́ндр Ва́льтерович Литвине́нко ( 30 August 1962 – 23 November 2006 [46] Former KGB officer and writer Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy supported Litvinenko's claim and said that Litvinenko "was responsible for securing the secrecy of Al-Zawahiri's arrival in Russia, who was trained by FSB instructors in Dagestan, Northern Caucasus, in 1996-1997. KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy (born in 1953 in Moscow is a former KGB officer an intelligence expert and author of several books and numerous articles about Russian Secret The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul "[47]

Zawahiri and other EIJ members found refuge in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, where Al-Qaeda families had settled. Jalalabad (Jalalkot ( Pashto: جلالکوټ، جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan. About 250 people were gathered there altogether.

While there Zawahiri learned of a "Nonviolence Initiative" being organized in Egypt to end the terror campaign that had killed hundreds and resulting government crackdown that had imprisoned thousands. For the Southeast Asian organization of the same name see Jemaah Islamiyah. Zawahiri angrily opposed this "surrender" in letters to the London newspaper Al-Sharq al-Awsat. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [48] Together with members of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, he helped organize a massive attack on tourists at the Temple of Hatshepsut to sabotage the initiative by provoking the government into repression. For the Southeast Asian organization of the same name see Jemaah Islamiyah. [49]

Main article: November 1997 Luxor massacre

The attack by six men dressed in police uniforms, succeeded in machine-gunning and hacking to death 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians, including "a five-year-old British child and four Japanese couples on their honeymoons," and devastated the Egyptian tourist industry for a number of years. The Luxor Massacre took place on 17 November 1997, at Deir el-Bahri, an Archaeological site located across the River Nile from Luxor This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group British people, or Britons, are the native inhabitants of Great Britain and their descendants or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan Nonetheless the Egyptian reaction was not what Zawahiri had hoped for. The attack so stunned and angered Egyptian society that Islamists denied responsibility. Zawahiri blamed the police for the killing, but also held the tourists responsible for their own deaths for coming to Egypt,

The people of Egypt consider the presence of these foreign tourists to be aggression against Muslims and Egypt, . . . The young men are saying that this is our country and not a place for frolicking and enjoyment, especially for you. [50]

The massacre was so unpopular that no terror attacks occurred in Eygpt for several years thereafter. Zawahiri was sentenced to death in absentia in 1999 by an Egyptian military tribunal. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. In absentia is Latin for "in the absence" In legal use it usually pertains to a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings A military tribunal is a kind of Military Court designed to try members of enemy forces during Wartime operating outside the scope of conventional [51]

Fatwa with Osama bin Laden

On February 23, 1998, he issued a joint fatwa with Osama bin Laden under the title "World Islamic Front Against Jews and Crusaders". Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Osama bin Laden wrote what is referred to as a ''fatwa'' in August 1996 and was one of several signatories of another and shorter fatwa in February 1998 The World Islamic Front is the organization that issued the World Islamic Front Statement of 23 February 1998, "Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders", listing Zawahiri, not bin Laden, is thought to have been the actual author of the fatwa. [52] Similarly, bin Laden's preferred biographer Hamid Mir is reported to have said that he believed that Ayman al-Zawahiri was the operational head of al-Qaeda, and that "[h]e is the person who can do the things that happened on Sept. Hamid Mir (حامدمير (b July 23, 1966, Sialkot) is a Pakistani Journalist and editor. 11. "[53]

On October 10, 2001, al-Zawahiri appeared on the initial list of the FBI's top 22 Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by U.S. President George W. Bush. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Federal Bureau of Investigation 's " Most Wanted Terrorists " is a list of Fugitives who have been indicted by sitting Federal Grand Juries The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.

In December 2001, al-Zawahiri published the book Knights Under the Prophet's Banner outlining al-Qaeda's ideology. December 2001: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - [54] English translations of this book were published; excerpts are available online. [55]

Following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, al-Zawahiri's whereabouts are unknown, but he is generally thought to be in tribal Pakistan. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U Although he releases videos of himself frequently (see Messages of Ayman al-Zawahiri), al-Zawahiri has not appeared alongside bin Laden in any of them since 2002. There have been several videos released by Sheikh Ayman Al-Zawahiri.

On January 13, 2006, the CIA launched an airstrike on Damadola, a Pakistani village near the Afghan border, where they believed al-Zawahiri was located. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all On 13 January 2006 the Central Intelligence Agency fired Missiles into the Pakistani village of Damadola (ڈمہ ڈولا in the Bajaur The airstrike was supposed to have killed al-Zawahiri and was thus reported in international news the following days. Many victims were buried without being identified. Anonymous U. S. government officials claimed that some terrorists were killed and the Bajaur tribal area government confirmed that at least four terrorists were among the dead. Anti-American protests broke out around the country and the Pakistani government condemned the U. The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان uses a federal parliamentary system with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected S. attack and the loss of innocent life. On January 30, a new video was released showing al-Zawahiri unhurt. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain The video did discuss the airstrike, but did not reveal if al-Zawahiri was present in the village at that time.

Al-Zawahiri supplied direction for the Lal Masjid siege in July 2007. The Siege of Lal Masjid ( Urdu: لال مسجد محاصرہ Codenamed Operation Sunrise, was a confrontation centering around the Lal Masjid July 2007 is the seventh month of that year It began on a Sunday and 31 days later ended on a Tuesday. Pakistani Army troops taking control of the Red Mosque in Islamabad found letters from al-Zawahiri directing Islamic militants Abdul Rashid Ghazi and Abdul Aziz Ghazi, who ran the mosque and adjacent madrasah. The Pakistan Army ( Urdu:) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders the security of administered The Lal Masjid (لال مسجد translated Red Mosque) is a Mosque located in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Abdul Rashid Ghazi (عبدالرشید غازی ca 1964− July 10 2007) was a Pakistani Muslim cleric son of Maulana Muhammad Abdullah and younger brother Muhammad Abdul Aziz is a Pakistani cleric son of Maulana Muhammad Abdullah and elder brother of Abdul Rashid Ghazi. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. This conflict resulted in 100 deaths. [56]

Views on gender equality

Zawahri has said in an interview that women should not be involved in the carrying out of military jihad but should for the children and homes of al-Qaeda fighters. [57] This resulted in a debate regarding the role of mujahid women like Sajida al-Rishawi. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi (born 1970 is a female Suicide bomber, who took part in the 2005 Amman bombings in Jordan but survived when her Explosive

Video and Audio messages

Main article: Messages of Ayman al-Zawahiri

Wanted in the USA and Egypt

Online Q&A

In mid-December 2007, Ayman al-Zawahiri's spokespeople announced plans for an "open interview" on a handful of Islamic Web sites. December 2007 is the twelfth month of that year It began on a Saturday and 31 days later ended on a Monday The administrators of four known jihadist web sites have been authorized to collect and forward questions, "unedited," they pledge, and "regardless of whether they are in support of or are against" al-Qaida, which would be forwarded to al-Zawahiri on 16 January. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. [63]

See also

References

  1. ^ UN list of affiliates of al-Qaeda and the Taliban
  2. ^ a b Most Wanted Terrorists - Ayman Al-Zawahiri. There have been several videos released by Sheikh Ayman Al-Zawahiri. There have been several videos released by or claiming to be produced by Osama bin Laden. Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice. Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
  3. ^ Lawrence Wright (2006). Lawrence Wright, born August 2 1947 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American author screenwriter staff writer for The New Yorker magazine and fellow at The Looming Tower. The Looming Tower Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 is a historical look at the way in which Al-Qaeda came into being the background for various terrorist attacks and Knopf, Chapter 2. ISBN 9-375-41486-X.  
  4. ^ Wright, The Looming Tower, p. 34.
  5. ^ Qutb, Milestones, pp. 11, 19.
  6. ^ Qutb, Milestones p. 21.
  7. ^ Qutb, Milestones, pp. 16, 20 (pp. 17-18).
  8. ^ Sivan, Emmanuel, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics. Yale University Press (1985) p. 93.
  9. ^ Kepel, Gilles (1985). The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt. Al Saqi.
  10. ^ Wright, p. 37.
  11. ^ a b Wright, p. 42.
  12. ^ Bergen, Peter L. (2006). The Osama bin Laden I Know. Free Press, p. 66. ISBN 9780743278911.  
  13. ^ Wright, pp. 43-44.
  14. ^ Wright, p. 370.
  15. ^ Wright, pp. 254-5.
  16. ^ Wright, Lawrence, "The Looming Tower", 2006
  17. ^ Wright, p. Lawrence Wright, born August 2 1947 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American author screenwriter staff writer for The New Yorker magazine and fellow at The Looming Tower Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 is a historical look at the way in which Al-Qaeda came into being the background for various terrorist attacks and 371.
  18. ^ a b Wright, p. 49.
  19. ^ Wright, p. 50.
  20. ^ "Dr Zawahiri had been imprisoned and, according to friends, beaten frequently after the assassination of President Anwar Sadat in 1981. "
    Bowcott, Owen (2003-01-24). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Torture trail to September 11: A two-part investigation into state brutality opens with a look at how the violent interrogation of Islamist extremists hardened their views, helped to create al-Qaida and now, more than ever, is fuelling fundamentalist hatred.. The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Retrieved on 2006-08-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
  21. ^ Raphaeli, Nimrod (Winter 2002). "Ayman Muhammad Rabi' Al-Zawahiri: The Making of an Arch Terrorist". Terrorism and Political Violence 14 (4): 1-22.   Cited in Ayman Muhammad Rabi' Al-Zawahiri. The Jewish Virtual Library (2003-03-11). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Retrieved on 2006-08-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
  22. ^ Wright, pp. 57-8.
  23. ^ Wright, p. 60.
  24. ^ Michelle Shephard, "Guantanamo's Child", 2008. Michelle Shephard is an Investigative reporter with the Toronto Star newspaper in Canada
  25. ^ Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower, 2006 ISBN 9-375-41486-X. Lawrence Wright, born August 2 1947 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American author screenwriter staff writer for The New Yorker magazine and fellow at The Looming Tower Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 is a historical look at the way in which Al-Qaeda came into being the background for various terrorist attacks and
  26. ^ Interview with Usama Rushdi. Wright, 2006, pp. 124-5.
  27. ^ Wright, p. 124.
  28. ^ Wright, p. 103.
  29. ^ Wright, p. 179.
  30. ^ Wright, p. 174.
  31. ^ Ayman al Zawahiri: Review of Events: As Sahab's Fourth Interview with Zawahiri
  32. ^ Ayman al Zawahiri: Review of Events: As Sahab's Fourth Interview with Zawahiri
  33. ^ Ayman al Zawahiri: Review of Events: As Sahab's Fourth Interview with Zawahiri
  34. ^ Al-Zawahiri: 'Iran Stabbed a Knife into the Back of the Islamic Nation.
  35. ^ Al-Zawahiri in Two Recent Messages: ‘Iran Stabbed a Knife into the Back of the Islamic Nation;’ Urges Hamas to Declare Commitment to Restoring the Caliphate. MEMRI (December 18, 2007).
  36. ^ Al-Qaeda accuses Iran of 9/11 lie (22 April 2008).
  37. ^ Wright, p. 186.
  38. ^ Wright, p. 186.
  39. ^ Wright, Looming Towers, 2006, p. 217
  40. ^ a b Wright, p. 250.
  41. ^ Gebara, Khalil (10 February 2005). Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The End of Egyptian Islamic Jihad?. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved on 2006-12-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
  42. ^ Naughton, Philippe (4 August 2005). The man they call Osama bin Laden's brain. Times Online. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
  43. ^ Novikov, Evgenii (15 January 2004). Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " A Russian agent at the right hand of bin Laden?. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  44. ^ Finn, Peter (27 February 2005). Fear Rules In Russia's Courtrooms. Washington Post. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
  45. ^ Obituary: Alexander Litvinenko. BBC News (24 November 2006). Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  46. ^ Osborne, Sean (6 May 2007). Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Ayman al-Zawahiri: Echoes of Alexander Litvinenko. Northeast Intelligence Network. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  47. ^ Russia and Islam are not Separate: Why Russia backs Al-Qaeda, by Konstantin Preobrazhensky.
  48. ^ Wright, pp. 255-6.
  49. ^ Wright, pp. 256-7.
  50. ^ Wright, pp. 257-8.
  51. ^ Al Jazeera English - Archive - Profile: Ayman Al-Zawahiri
  52. ^ Wright, p. 259.
  53. ^ Baldauf, Scott (31 October 2001). Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The 'cave man' and Al Qaeda. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
  54. ^ Aboul-Enein, Youssef H. (Jan-Feb 2005). "Ayman Al-Zawahiri's Knights under the Prophet's Banner: the al-Qaeda Manifesto". Military Review.  
  55. ^ Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Publishes Extracts from Al-Jihad Leader Al-Zawahiri's New Book (2001-02-12). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Retrieved on 2006-08-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
  56. ^ Bin Laden’s deputy behind the Red Mosque bloodbath, Dean Nelson, Islamabad and Ghulam Hasnain, TIMESONLINE, 15 July 2007
  57. ^ Al-Qaida's Stance on Women Sparks Extremist Debate
  58. ^ Al Qaeda No. 2: We don't kill innocents
  59. ^ 9/11 theory propagated by Iran: Al-Qaeda
  60. ^ Copy of indictment USA v. Usama bin Laden et al. , Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies
  61. ^ Wanted poster for al-Zawahiri, Rewards for Justice Program, US Department of State
  62. ^ Bin Laden may have just escaped U.S. forces - Nightly News with Brian Williams - MSNBC.com
  63. ^ Musharbash, Yassin (2007-01-16). The Monterey Institute of International Studies (MIIS pronounced 'Miss' an affiliate of Middlebury College, is a Graduate school in Monterey California The Rewards for Justice Program is the Counter-terrorism rewards program of the United States Department of State. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Ask al-Qaida: A jihadi advice column? Osama bin Laden's second-in-command answers questions from fans of the terror group worldwide. Salon/Der Speigel.

See also

Video

External links


Persondata
NAME Zawahiri, Ayman al-
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Abu Muhammad (nickname); Abu Fatima (nickname); Ibrahim, Muhammad (alias); Abu Abdallah (nickname); Deen, Abu Mohammed Nur al- (alias); Abdel Muaz (alias)
SHORT DESCRIPTION deputy leader of Al Qaeda
DATE OF BIRTH June 19, 1951
PLACE OF BIRTH Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
DATE OF DEATH living
PLACE OF DEATH none
Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Maadi (معادي el-Ma‛adi) is a wealthy Suburb south of Cairo, Egypt. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.
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