Malik Amir Mohammad Khan, The Nawab of Kalabagh, Governor of West Pakistan, 1960-66

Awan (Urdu: اعوان), a South Asian Zamindar tribe, putatively of Arab origin, living predominantly in western and central parts of Punjab, Pakistan. West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955&ndash1970 name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971 when the eastern wing became independent Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Zamindar ( Devanagari: ज़मींदार zamīndār, Urdu: زمیندار zamīndār, Eastern Nagari: জমিদার The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

The Awans subscribe to the belief that they are the descendants of the fourth Caliph, Ali (though the bulk of those belonging to the tribe are not Shias), and as such, a number adopt the title, Alvi – particularly those who migrated from East Punjab to Pakistan - although not all of those who refer to themselves as Alvi are Awans. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH East Punjab was the part of the Punjab region that went to India following the Partition of the British province of the Punjab between Alvi (also written Alavi) is a variation of spelling of (Arabic علوي signifies ancestry from Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب the fourth

Origins

Awan soldier in uniform

Most Awans maintain (and have always maintained) they are descended from an individual named Qutb Shah, a ruler of Herat and a general in the army of Mahmud of Ghazni, who himself was a Hashemite descendant of the Prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali (but by a wife other than the Prophet's daughter, Fatimah). area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn Hashemite is the Latinate version of the Arabic: هاشمي ( Transliteration: Hāšimī and traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija.

It is asserted that Qutb Shah and six of his sons accompanied and assisted Mahmud in his early eleventh century conquests of what today forms parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula It is claimed that in recognition of their services and valour, Mahmud bestowed upon Qutb Shah and his sons (who, according to tribal traditions, settled primarily in the Salt Range) the title of Awan, meaning "helper". The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of Rock salt. ^[1]

Tribal history holds that Qutb Shah and his sons married local women who converted to Islam from Hinduism. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Qutb Shah’s sons are said to have settled in different regions of the Punjab and to a lesser extent, what now constitutes parts of the North West Frontier Province; Gauhar Shah or Gorrara, settled near Sakesar, Kalan Shah or Kalgan, settled in Kalabagh, Chauhan colonized the hills close to the Indus, Mohammad Shah or Khokhar, settled by the Chenab, and Tori ‏and Jhajh settled in Tirah. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. Sakesar is a mountain peak which lies on the outer fringes of the Soon Valley in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Kalabagh ( Urdu: کالا باغ) a town and Union Council of Mianwali District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd HeadMarala3jpg|200px|right|thumb|A View of Marala Headworks on Chenab near Sialkot]] The Chenab River (ਚਨਾਬ, चनाब چناب literally 'Moon( Tirah ( Urdu: تیراہ is a Mountainous tract of country in the Kurram and Khyber agencies of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Their descendants not only came to heavily populate these regions, but a number of Awan sub-clans that trace their origins to these six individuals, give their names to various localities such as Golera in Rawalpindi, Khewra in Jhelum, Banjara in Sialkot and Jand in Attock. ( Urdu: Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad, in the province Sialkot ( Urdu / Punjabi:) the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in Attock ( Urdu:) the headquarters of Attock District, is a city located in the northern border of the Punjab province of Pakistan Some of Qutub Shah’s sons are supposed to have assumed names that reflected the Hindu heritage of their mothers and the Awan sub-clans that trace their origins to these particular individuals, bear the names of their eponyms. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical ^[2]

Differing theories

Awan soldier in battle uniform

Other theories have been adduced by the Awans regarding their origins, but most of these hypotheses also point to the tribe being descended from Qutb Shah, who entered the Indian Subcontinent as part of a military campaign (and traced his bloodline to Ali). This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia.

However, there are those who dispute that the Awans are of Arab origin; these include Alexander Cunningham, Harikishan Kaul and Arthur Brandreth. Sir Alexander Cunningham ( 23 January 1814 &ndash 28 November 1893) was a British Archaeologist and Army Cunningham looked upon the Awans as a Rajput clan, whereas Kaul was of the opinion that the tribe was of either Jat or Rajput origin, pointing to the fact that in Sanskrit, the term Awan means "defender" or "protector" and asserting that this title was awarded by surrounding tribes due to the Awans successfully defending their strongholds against aggression. Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Brandreth believed the Awans to be remnants of Bactrian Greeks. "Bactrian" redirects here For the camel see Bactrian camel. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions It should be noted that these theories were partly founded on grounds of phonetics, geographical considerations and observational coincidences, and remain conjecture having never been corroborated by the Awan tribe or neighbouring clans.

Conversely, there are also those who support the Awan claim to Arab ancestry. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Amongst such names are those of H. A. Rose, Malik Fazal Dad Khan and Sabiha Shaheen. Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to According to Rose not only are the Awans of Arabian origin, he also accepted that they are indeed the descendants of Qutb Shah. Tracing their lineage to Ali, in Rose's view, the Awans were Alvi Sayyids who assisted Sabuktageen in his Indian adventure, for which he bestowed the title of Awan on them, meaning "assistant". For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title Malik Fazal Dad Khan has supported this theory but with some modifications. He also considers the Awans to be of Arabian origin and traces their lineage to Ali, but according to him, Abdullah Rasul Mirza was the remote ancestor of the Awans; in the eighth century, he was made a commander of the army of Ghaur by Caliph Haroon-ur-Rasheed, the title of Awan being conferred upon him, and his descendants consequently being called Awans. Sabiha Shaheen (who addressed this issue as part of her MA Thesis) deems this theory tenable. Furthermore, she states that Qutb Shah fled to the Subcontinent along with a small group of people due to Mongol attacks and joined the court of Iltutmish. Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, or Altamash, ( شمس الدین التتمش) was the third Muslim Turkic sultan of the Sultanate of Delhi The majority of his descendants came to refer to themselves as Qutb Shahi Awans (and most Awans are able to trace their family trees to Qutb Shah).

The findings of the geneticist, S. Dorning, suggest that the Awans are ethnically distinct from Jats and Rajputs, thus negating theories that propose the Awan tribe originated from Jat or Rajput groups.

History

Awan soldier

The Awans have a strong martial tradition and are renowned for their bravery. They were prominent in the armies of the Slave Dynasty and the Khilji dynasty during the Delhi Sultanate period. The Mamluk Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty ( Urdu: غلام خاندان Hindi: ग़ुलाम ख़ानदान served as the first Sultans of Khilji or Khalji ( Pashto: خلجی خاندان, Hindi: ख़िलजी ख़ानदान was an Indian ruling dynasty that was The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए ^[3] Awans also held prominent military positions during the Mughal era. The Mughal era is the historic period of the Mughal Empire in India it ran from the early sixteenth century to a point in the early eighteenth century when the Mughal According to Denzil Ibbetson, the Awans may well have accompanied the forces of Babur and the Awans of Jalandhar, who claimed to have shifted from the Salt Range at the behest of one of the early Emperors of Delhi, were particularly notable for being in the imperial service at Delhi. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jalandhar (ਜਲੰਧਰ Hindi:) previously known as Jullundur, is an ancient Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population In the early nineteenth century, one of the most powerful men in Delhi was Malik Durrab Khan Awan.

The Awans were amongst those the British considered to be "martial races" (a designation created by officials of British India to describe "races" - peoples - that were thought to be naturally warlike and aggressive in battle and to possess qualities such as courage, loyalty, self-sufficiency, physical strength, resilience, orderliness and fighting tenacity and to be hard-working and adept at military strategy. Martial Race or Martial Races Theory is an Ideology based on the assumption that certain Ethnic groups are inherently more martially inclined For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The British recruited heavily from these "martial races" for service in the colonial army^[4]) and as such, formed an important part of the British Indian Army, serving with distinction during World Wars I and II. Colonial troops or colonial army refers to various military units recruited from or used as garrison troops in colonial territories See Indian Army for the post-independence (and post- partition) army of the Republic of India. Awans formed part of the core Muslim group recruited by the British during the First and Second World Wars. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ^[5] Contemporary historians, namely Professor Ian Talbot and Professor Tan Tai Yong, have authored works that cite the Awans (amongst other tribes) as being looked upon as a martial race by not only the British, but neighbouring tribes as well.

The Pakistani military has always heavily recruited Awans and as is consistent with the past, the tribe continues to produce a considerable number of recruits who occupy many of the senior-most ranks of the Pakistani Army. The Pakistan Army ( Urdu:) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders the security of administered ^[6]

Awans: past and present

Nishan-e-Haider recipient, Major Muhammad Akram

Awans in general enjoy a respected status in Pakistan. Nishan-e-Haider ( نشان حیدر, translated as "The Mark of Haider, where Haider is the name of Ali and means Lion " abbreviated Many have played and continue to play, prominent roles in areas as varied as politics, the armed forces, academia, literature and sport. These include figures such as, Malik Amir Mohammad Khan (the Nawab of Kalabagh, Governor of West Pakistan, 1960-66), Air Marshal Nur Khan (Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Air Force, 1965-69, Governor of West Pakistan, 1969-70), Malik Zahoor Ahmad (former Minister of Information at the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, D.C., political analyst specialising in the Middle East and South Asia, and CNN commentator), General Akhtar Hussain Malik (recipient of the Hilal-i-Jurat, Pakistan’s second highest military award), General Abdul Ali Malik (recipient of the Hilal-i-Jurat), Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed (Recipient of the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military award), Lance Naik Sher Shah (VC) Awan (Recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest recognition for valour “in the face of the enemy” that was awarded to British Empire personnel), Maulana Ameer Mohammad Akram Awan (famed Sufi, Shaikh of the Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order, mufassir, philosopher and reformist, Dean of the Siqarah Education System, and head of a welfare organisation, the Al-Falah Foundation), Sultan Bahu (Sufi poet-saint. Malik Amir Mohammad Khan (died 1967 also known as Nawab of Kalabagh (نواب کالا باغ was a prominent feudal lordruler and the seventh nawab of Kalabagh Nawab of Kalabagh ( Urdu: نواب کالا باغ) is a title of ruler of State of Kalabagh in Mianwali District of north western Punjab West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955&ndash1970 name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971 when the eastern wing became independent This article is about the air force rank Air marshal (or Sky marshal) is also the term given to federal security agents who travel undercover aboard commercial Air Marshal Nur Khan (نور خان also written as Noor Khan (born 22 February 1923) the hero of the 1965 air war - the man who led A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces Pakistan Air Force ( Urdu: پاک فضائیہ, Pak Faza'ya) ( PAF) is the Aviation branch of the Pakistan armed forces Malik Zahoor Ahmad is a Pakistan Diplomat and Middle East expert Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner (PA – 148 Lieutenant General Akhtar Hussain Malik (d 22 Aug, 1969) was a distinguished General a war hero of Pakistan Army in Hilal-i-Jurat is the second highest military award of Pakistan. Lieutenant General Abdul Ali Malik was a Pakistani Army general and well known figure from the Chawinda tank battle during the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war wwwgeocitiescom/dilshad_buzdar/makram (1938 &ndash 1971 born in Dingha Village District of Gujrat Punjab Nishan-e-Haider ( نشان حیدر, translated as "The Mark of Haider, where Haider is the name of Ali and means Lion " abbreviated Sher Shah Awan VC ( 14 February 1917 - 20 January 1945) was a British Indian from the village of Chakrala, about See below the section "Separate Commonwealth awards" Note that since The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan (born December 31 1934 in British India is Shaikh of the Islamic Naqshbandia Owaisiah of Tasawwuf/ Sufism. Naqshbandi ( Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Sufi orders ( Tariqa) of Islam. Sultan Bahu (ca 1628 - 1691) was a Muslim Sufi and Saint, who founded the Sarwari Qadiri sufi order Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Founded the Sarwari Qadiri Sufi order), Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi (renowned author, poet and journalist. The Sarwari Qadiri Sufi Tariqa was originated by Sultan Bahu in the seventeenth century. Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, PP, SI ( Urdu: احمد ندیم قاسمی) ( November 20, 1916 – July 10, 2006 Founded, published and edited the prestigious literary journal Funoon, served as Secretary of the Progressive Writers Movement and was a recipient of the President’s Pride of Performance, the Pakistan Academy of Letters Lifetime Achievement award, as well as one of the country’s highest civilian honours, the Sitara-i-Imtiaz for Literature), Wasif Ali Wasif (eminent Sufi author and poet), M. Hameed Shahid: Fiction Writer, Shoaib Malik (international cricketer, current captain of the Pakistani cricket team), Saleem Malik (former international cricketer, and former captain of the Pakistani cricket team), and Mohammad Akram (former international cricketer, Saeed Khan, a famous urdu poet and Australian politician. The Anjuman Tarraqi Pasand Mussanafin-e-Hind or Progressive Writers' Movement was a progressive literary movement in the pre-partition British India See also Civil decorations of Pakistan Wasif Ali Wasif ( 15 January, 1929 &ndash 18 January, 1993) was a writer poet and Sufi from Pakistan who was famous for Shoaib Malik ( Urdu: شعیب ملک) (born 1 February, 1982 in Sialkot) is the current captain of the Pakistani cricket Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries The Pakistan National Cricket Team is an international Cricket team representing Pakistan. Saleem Malik ( Urdu: سلیم ملک (born April 16, 1963)(also known as Salim Malik is a former Pakistani Cricketer who played Mohammad Akram ( Urdu: محمد اکرم) (born 10 September 1974 in Islamabad, Pakistan) is a Cricketer who Saeed Khan, is an Australian politician Marrickville councillor since 2004 current Deputy Chair of the Ethnic Communities Council of NSW and Member of Malik Kashif Raza Awan, DDOR

On a rural level, Awans are respected as members of the Zamindar or landowning class.

In the Cyclopaedia of India and of eastern and southern Asia in 1858, it is said of the Awans that:

According to Sir Malcolm Darling, the Awans are the:

Christophe Jaffrelot states:

Many Awan families to this day live on and cultivate land, which their ancestors have held for centuries. They often carry titles typical to Punjabis who own tracts of ancestral land such as Malik, Chaudhry and Khan. The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. Chowdhury ( Urdu: چودہری Bengali: চৌধুরী is a term in Indo-Aryan languages, literally meaning "a holder of four" or "owner The modern surname system often results in members of the same family with different surnames, some choosing their position as a surname i. e. Malik or Chaudhry, and some choosing their clan/tribe/family name of Awan. Though the origins of the Awans may be a matter of some debate, it has long been recognised that the composition of the tribe is wholly Muslim. The most extensive study of the tribe was conducted during the era of the British Raj, and as a result of census data collated during this period, the Awan tribe was invariably classified as being exclusively Muslim. In the opening to his account of the Awan tribe, H. A. Rose states:

Similarly, John Henry Hutton has said of the Awans:

Geographical distribution

Maulana Ameer Mohammad Akram Awan - Current Shaikh of the Naqshbandia Owaisiah Tariqa

The bulk of the Awan tribe is to be found in the Punjab (Pakistan). Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan (born December 31 1934 in British India is Shaikh of the Islamic Naqshbandia Owaisiah of Tasawwuf/ Sufism. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Naqshbandi ( Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Sufi orders ( Tariqa) of Islam. Its population is concentrated in the districts of Rawalpindi, Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum, Sargodha, Bhalwal, Khushab (particularly the Soon Valley), Mianwali (Awan tribes residing here are believed to have been the sole occupants of the Mianwali Salt Range for nearly six hundred years), Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Gujrat, Sialkot, Narowal, and Layyah and is also scattered throughout the rest of Punjab. Chakwal ( Urdu: چکوال) is the main town of Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan and is located 90 km south-east of the federal Sargodha (Urduis a city located in Punjab province Pakistan. It is located in northeast Pakistan to the north-west of Lahore by the lower Jhelum Bhalwal is a town of Sargodha District in the centre of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Khushab ( Urdu: خوشاب is a of Khushab District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The Soon Valley ( Urdu: وادئ سون) or Soon Sakesar is located in the northwest of Khushab District, Punjab, Pakistan Mianwali ( Urdu: میانوالی) is the capital city of Mianwali District in the north-west of Punjab Province, Pakistan Gujranwala ( is a city in Punjab, Pakistan with a population of 1132509 (1998 census Hafizabad is a city and Tehsil of Hafizabad District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Gujrat ( Urdu / Punjabi:) is a city in Pakistan and is the capital of Gujrat District and the Gujrat Tehsil subdivision in Narowal ( Urdu / Punjabi: نارووال) is a city in the north-east of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Layyah ( Urdu: لیہ) is a city located in Layyah District, Punjab, Pakistan.

Tracts in regions such as Jhelum and Mianwali are so heavily populated by Awans that they have long been referred to as "Awankari". Pre-Partition, an Awankari existed in Jalandhar and an Awan bara in Hoshiarpur. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Hoshiarpur is a city and a Municipal council in Hoshiarpur district in the Indian Awankari is also a dialect of Punjabi. Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Though these areas are their ancestral homelands and many own farms and other property there, numerous Awans live in the major cities of Pakistan such as Lahore (where a section of the Awan tribe has established a settlement, aptly named Awan Town), Islamabad, and Karachi. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million

The Awan tribe is also to be found in great numbers in the North West Frontier Province, particularly in the Hazara Division, Peshawar valley and the districts of Nowshera, Kohat, Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra, Bannu and Swat. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Nowshera ( Pashto: نوښار) (نوشہرہ - known locally as "Now-khaar" or "Now-Shaar" is the chief city of Nowshera District in Kohat ( Urdu: کوہاٹ is a medium sized town in North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Abbottabad ( Pashto: ایبٹ آباد) is the principal city of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan Mansehra (مانسہرہ city is located at in Mansehra District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Bannu (بنوں the principal city of Bannu District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, is an important road junction and market city A smaller portion of the tribe resides in Azad Kashmir and to a lesser extent is also present in the Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Balochistan. The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. In addition, Awans can also be found in Afghanistan and some parts of India.

References

1. ^ Gazetteer of the Jhelum District, 1904 & Punjab Census Report, 1911
2. ^ Census Report for the Punjab, 1892, Sir Edward Maclagan, Census Report for the Punjab, 1883, Sir Denzil Ibbetson, Gazetteer of the Jhelum District, 1904 & Punjab Census Report, 1911
3. ^ Punjab Castes, Sir Denzil Ibbetson
4. ^ A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, H. A. Rose
5. ^ Khizr Tiwana: The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Ian Talbot
6. ^ Al-Awan Journal

• The Garrison State: Military Government and Society in Colonial Punjab 1849-1947, Tan Tai Yong
• The Armies of India, Major A. C. Lovett
• Punjabi Musalmans (Handbook for the British Indian Army), J. M. Wikeley
• Ferozsons Urdu-English Dictionary
• Awan Travels, Dr. Asif Raza Awan
• Encyclopaedia Asiatica: Comprising Indian Subcontinent, Eastern and Southern Asia, E. G. Balfour
• Wisdom and Waste in the Punjab Village, Malcolm Lyall Darling
• Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins, John Henry Hutton
• A History of Pakistan and Its Origins, Christophe Jaffrelot