Avicennism (Persian: حكمت سینایی) is a school of early Islamic philosophy which flourished during the Islamic Golden Age. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar The school was founded by Avicenna(Ibn Sina), an 11th-century Persian philosopher who attempted to redefine the course of Islamic philosophy and channel it into new directions. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings His metaphysical system is built on ingredients and conceptual building blocks which are largely Aristotelian and Neoplatonic, but the final structure is something other than the sum of its parts. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by [1]
This philosophy has recognized the compatibility of the metaphysics of contingency, by which Muslim theologians has tried to rationalize the Islamic idea of creation, and the metaphysics of necessity, in which Aristotelians have defended the idea that the goal of philosophy and science is as to understanding why and haw things must be as they are. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. In Criminal law, necessity may be either a possible justification or an exculpation for breaking the Law. Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. The key to this philosophy is conceptualization of the world as contingent in itself but necessary with references to its causes, leading back to ultimately to the First Cause. The cosmological argument is an Argument for the Existence of God or a " First Cause " The main innovations in this philosophy are the definite distinction of essence from existence and its relation to the cosmological proof he devised, the argument for the existence of God from the metaphysics of contingency and necessity, his idea about knowledge and individuality of the disimbodied soul and his Floating man argument. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. [2]
Due to his successful reconciliation between Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Islamic theology, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of Islamic philosophy by the 12th century and had become a central authority on philosophy by then. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. [3] In the 13th century, Avicennism was revived by the efforts of Nasir al-Din Tusi, though the interpretation of this Avicennism was based on the ideas of Suhrwardi and Ibn Arabi, and differed from the rationalist Avicennism known in Europe. Shahab al-Din Yahya as-Suhrawardi ( Persian شهاب الدين يحيى سهروردى, also known as Sohrevardi) was a Persian philosopher Sufi TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Arabi (ابن عربي ( July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an In the 16th century, Mulla Sadra innovated a new philosophical system, known as Transcendent theosophy, which combined the vision of Sufi metaphysics and the rationalistic Peripatetic approach of Avicenna. Sadr al-Din Moḥammad Shirazi also called Mulla Sadra ( also spelt Molla Sadra or Mollasadra or sadrol mote allehin; (c Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’li ( حكمت متعالي) the doctrine and Philosophy that has been developed and perfected by the Major ideas in Sufi metaphysics have surrounded the concept of Wahdat or "Unity" [4][5]
Although this school was criticized by Muslim theologians such as al-Ghazali, and philosophers such as Averroes and by Sufis such as Rumi and Attar, Avicenna's writings spread like fire and continued until today to form the basis of philosophic education in the Islamic world. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف For to the extent that the post-Averroistic tradition remained philosophic, especially in the eastern Islamic lands, it moved in the directions charted for it by Avicenna in the investigation of both theoretical and practical sciences. Most of the later Muslim philosophers, theologians and mystics who tried to harmonize philosophy and theology, like Nasir al-Din Tusi, or philosophy and mysticism, like Suhrawardi, and later on, philosophy and theology and mysticism, like Mulla Sadra, also made use of Avicennan methodology and arguments. Sadr al-Din Moḥammad Shirazi also called Mulla Sadra ( also spelt Molla Sadra or Mollasadra or sadrol mote allehin; (c [1]
Avicenna
Avicenna, the founder of Avicennism, (b. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Bukhara 980, d. Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky Events By Place Europe Otto II renounces his claim to Lorraine. Hamadan 1037)[1] was a Persian[6] Muslim polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, poet, psychologist, physicist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian. Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy. Islamic poetry is poetry written by Muslims on the topic of Islam. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. [7]
Avicenna wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar [8][9] His most famous philosophical work is The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia. The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical His other prominent philosophical works are Al-Isharat wa-‘l-tanbihat (Remarks and Admonitions), Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance) and Danishnama-i ‘ala’i (The Book of Scientific Knowledge). [10] Avicenna himself writes when introducing his magnum opus, The Book of Healing:[1]
There is nothing in the books of the ancients but we have included in this our book. The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical If something is not found in a place where it is normally found, it would be found in another place where I judge it more fit to be in. I have added to this what I have apprehended with my thought and attained through my reflection, particularly in physics, metaphysics and logic. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy.
Avicenna's legacy in philosophical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa' (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul"). The main thesis of these tracts is represented in his so-called "flying man" argument, which resonates with what was centuries later entailed by Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche"). [11][12]
On the other hand, there is the trilogy of the Mystical Recitals or Romances to which Avicenna confided the secret of his personal experience. In so doing, he offers us the rare example of a philosopher taking perfect cognizance of himself and who comes at length to fashion his own symbols. The theme of all three Recitals is the journey towards a mystical Orient, an Orient which is not to be found on our maps, but the idea of which is already present in gnosis. The Orient is a term which simply means the " East " It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world The Recital of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, means alive son of awake, describes the invitation to travel in the company of the Angel who illuminates. Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān ( حي بن يقظان " Alive son of Awake " Philosophus Autodidactus " The Self-Taught Philosopher The other one is Recital of the Bird which completes the journey. Finally, Salaman and Absal are the two heroes of the Recital evoked in the last section of the Book of Instructions(Isharat). These are not allegories but symbolic recitals. [13]
Early Islamic philosophy
As Henry Corbin and Oliver Leaman divide Islamic philosophy into several periods, Avicenna belongs to the early or classic period. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Henry Corbin ( 14 April 1903 - October 7, 1978 was a Philosopher, Theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at Oliver Leaman is a Professor of Philosophy and Zantker Professor of Judaic Studies Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings This period starts with al-Kindi in 9th and finishes with Averroes at the end of 12th century. ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European The death of Ibn Rushd effectively marks the end of a particular discipline of Islamic philosophy usually called the Peripatetic Arabic School, and philosophical activity declined significantly in western Islamic countries, namely in Spain and North Africa, though it persisted for much longer in the Eastern countries, in particular Iran and India which tend to Mystical philosophy and Transcendent Theosophy. Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sufi cosmology (الكوزمولوجية الصوفية is a general term for cosmological doctrines associated with the mysticism of Sufism. Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’li ( حكمت متعالي) the doctrine and Philosophy that has been developed and perfected by the [14][15]
Al-Kindi is often called the first philosopher of the Arabs, and he followed a broadly Neoplatonic approach. One of the earliest of the philosophers in Baghdad was in fact a Christian, Yahya Ibn ‘Adi, and his pupil al-Farabi created much of the agenda for the next four centuries of work. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi Al-Farabi argued that the works of Aristotle raise important issues for the understanding of the nature of the universe, in particular its origination. Aristotle suggested that the world is eternal, which seems to be in contradiction with the implication in the Qur’an that God created the world out of nothing. Al-Farabi used as his principle of creation the process of emanation, the idea that reality continually flows out of the source of perfection, so that the world was not created at a particular time. A large school of thinkers was strongly influenced by al-Farabi, including Avicenna, and this surely played an important part in making his ideas and methodology so crucial for the following centuries of Islamic philosophy. [14]
Avicennan philosophy
Avicenna's philosophical tenets have become of great interest to critical Western scholarship and to those engaged in the field of Muslim philosophy, in both the West and the East. However, it is still the case that the West only pays attention to a portion of his philosophy known as the Latin Avicennian School. Avicenna's philosophical contributions have been overshadowed by Orientalist scholarship (for example that of Henri Corbin), which has sought to define him as a mystic rather than an Aristotelian philosopher. Henry Corbin ( 14 April 1903 - October 7, 1978 was a Philosopher, Theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. The so-called حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya) remains a source of huge irritation to contemporary Arabic scholars, in particular Reisman, Gutas, Street, and Bertolacci.
The original work, entitled The Easterners (al-mashriqiyun المشرقيون), was probably lost during Avicenna's lifetime; Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) appended it to a romantic philosophical work of his own in the twelfth century, the Hayy ibn Yaqzan, in order to validate his philosophical system, and, by the time that the work was transmitted into the West, appended as it was to a set of "mystical" opusculae and sundry essays, it was firmly accepted as a demonstration of Avicenna's "esoteric" orientation, which he concealed out of necessity from his peers. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Tufail (c 1105 Guadix Spain &ndash 1185 (full Arabic name Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān ( حي بن يقظان " Alive son of Awake " Philosophus Autodidactus " The Self-Taught Philosopher
Some argue that such interpretations of Avicenna's "true" state of mind ignore the vast corpus of work that he produced, from major treatises to slurs on his enemies and rivals, misrepresent him utterly. It also detracts attention from the fact that Muslim philosophy flourished during the ten centuries after Avicenna's death, emerging from Avicenna's inflammatory pronouncements on all matters within the world, whether physical or metaphysical; the works of the post-Avicennian Baghdadi Peripatetics and anti-Peripatetics, for example, remain to be studied in much greater detail.
Metaphysical doctrine
Early Islamic philosophy, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism the difference between essence and existence. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. In Philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is and which it has by necessity In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. However, Avicenna's commentaries upon the Metaphysics in particular demonstrate that he was much more clearly aligned with a philosophical comprehension of the metaphysical world rather than one that was grounded in theology. The philosophy of Avicenna, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to Aristotle and to al-Farabi. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi
Ontology:Distinction between essence and existence
Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi Disambiguation For the Wigwam album see Being (album, for spiritual or religious beingness, see Ego (spirituality In Philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is and which it has by necessity In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect. [16]
The significance of the issue is that there is no issue more central for Islamic philosophy than Wujud (at once being and existence) and its relation to essence. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings [17] The major ontological distinction made by Avicenna between these two is so central to the whole structure of Islamic philosophy for the past millennium and finally led to division of the philosophers into two groups, one believe in Existentialism or the principiality of existence like Mulla Sadra and the other believe in Essentialism or the principiality of essence like Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi. In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence Sadr al-Din Moḥammad Shirazi also called Mulla Sadra ( also spelt Molla Sadra or Mollasadra or sadrol mote allehin; (c For other uses see Illuminati (disambiguation. Illuminationist Philosophy ( Arabic: حكمة الإشراق ḥikmah al-ishrāq, Persian Shahab al-Din Yahya as-Suhrawardi ( Persian شهاب الدين يحيى سهروردى, also known as Sohrevardi) was a Persian philosopher Sufi [18]
Some orientalists (or those particularly influenced by Thomist scholarship) argued that Avicenna was the first to view existence (wujud) as an accident that happens to the essence (mahiyya) and make a real distinction between essence and existence, and was also an early proponent of the concept of essentialism. In Philosophy, essentialism is the view that for any specific kind of Entity, there is a set of Characteristics or Properties all of which Avicenna anticipated Frege and Bertrand Russell in "holding that existence is an accident of accidents" and also anticipated Alexius Meinong's "view about nonexistent objects. Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege ( 8 November 1848, Wismar, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin &ndash 26 July 1925 Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian Alexius Meinong ( July 17, 1853 - November 27, 1920) was an Austrian Philosopher. "[19] He also provided early arguments for "a 'necessary being' as cause of all other existents. "[20]. However, this aspect of ontology is not the most central to the distinction that Avicenna established between essence and existence. One cannot therefore make the claim that Avicenna was the proponent of the concept of essentialism per se, given that existence (al-wujud) when thought of in terms of necessity would ontologically translate into a notion of the Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi), which is without description or definition, and particularly without quiddity or essence (la mahiyya lahu). In Philosophy, essentialism is the view that for any specific kind of Entity, there is a set of Characteristics or Properties all of which Consequently, Avicenna's ontology is 'existentialist' when accounting for being qua existence in terms of necessity (wujub), while it is 'essentialist' in terms of thinking about being qua existence (wujud) in terms of contingency qua possibility (imkan; or mumkin al-wujud: contingent being). [21]
Avicenna was also the first to argue that existence is not a predicate. [22] The idea of "essence precedes existence" is a concept which also dates back to Avicenna[23] and his school of Avicennism, and was further developed by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi[24] and his Illuminationist philosophy. Shahab al-Din Yahya as-Suhrawardi ( Persian شهاب الدين يحيى سهروردى, also known as Sohrevardi) was a Persian philosopher Sufi For other uses see Illuminati (disambiguation. Illuminationist Philosophy ( Arabic: حكمة الإشراق ḥikmah al-ishrāq, Persian The opposite idea of "existence precedes essence" was thus developed in the works of Averroes[23] and Mulla Sadra[25] as a reaction to this idea and is a key foundational concept of existentialism. The proposition that existence precedes essence is a central claim of Existentialism, which reverses the traditional philosophical view that the Essence or nature Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European Sadr al-Din Moḥammad Shirazi also called Mulla Sadra ( also spelt Molla Sadra or Mollasadra or sadrol mote allehin; (c Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence
God as the First Cause and Necessary Existent
- See also: Cosmological argument and Ontological argument
Before Avicenna the discussions among Muslim philosophers were about the unity of God as divine creator and his relationship with the world as creation. The cosmological argument is an Argument for the Existence of God or a " First Cause " An Ontological argument for the existence of God attempts the method of a priori proof, which uses intuition and reason alone The earlier philosophers were affected by the Plotinus ideas. Plotinus ( Greek:) (ca AD 204–270 was a major philosopher of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism (along with his [26] The ontological form of cosmological argument is put forwarded by Avicenna which is known as "contingency and necessity argument" (Imakan wa Wujub). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born
Avicenna found inspiration for this metaphysical view in the works of Al-Farabi, but his innovation is in his account a single and necessary first cause of all existence. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi Whether this view can be reconciled with Islam, particularly given the question of what role is left for God's will, was to become a subject of considerable controversy within intellectual Islamic discourse. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Avicenna's proof for the existence of God was the first ontological argument, which he proposed in the Metaphysics section of The Book of Healing. Arguments for and against the existence of God have been proposed by philosophers theologians and others An Ontological argument for the existence of God attempts the method of a priori proof, which uses intuition and reason alone The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical [27][28] This was the first attempt at using the method of a priori proof, which utilizes intuition and reason alone. "A priori" redirects here For other uses see A priori. Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Avicenna's proof of God's existence is unique in that it can be classified as both a cosmological argument and an ontological argument. The cosmological argument is an Argument for the Existence of God or a " First Cause " "It is ontological insofar as ‘necessary existence’ in intellect is the first basis for arguing for a Necessary Existent". The proof is also "cosmological insofar as most of it is taken up with arguing that "contingent existents" cannot stand alone and must end up in a Necessary Existent. " [29] Another argument Avicenna presented for God's existence was the problem of the mind-body dichotomy. The mind-body Dichotomy is the view that " mental " phenomena are in some respects "non- physical " (distinct from the Body [30]
According to Avicenna, the universe consists of a chain of actual beings, each giving existence to the one below it and responsible for the existence of the rest of the chain below. Because an actual infinite is deemed impossible by Avicenna, this chain as a whole must terminate in a being that is wholly simple and one, whose essence is its very existence, and therefore is self-sufficient and not in need of something else to give it existence. Because its existence is not contingent on or necessitated by something else but is necessary and eternal in itself, it satisfies the condition of being the necessitating cause of the entire chain that constitutes the eternal world of contingent existing things. [16] Thus his ontological system rests on the conception of God as the Wajib al-Wujud (necessary existent). An Ontological argument for the existence of God attempts the method of a priori proof, which uses intuition and reason alone God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. There is a gradual multiplication of beings through a timeless emanation from God as a result of his self-knowledge. [10][31]
This view has a profound impact on the monotheistic concept of creation. For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] Existence is not seen by Avicenna as the work of a capricious deity, but of a divine, self-causing thought process. The movement from this to existence is necessary, and not an act of will per se. The world emanates from God by virtue of his abundant intellect - an immaterial cause as found in the neoplatonic concept of emanation. Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by
Cosmology
In Avicenna's account of creation (largely derived from Al-Farabi), from this First Cause proceeds the creation of the material world. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi The First Cause is transcends the Celestial intelligences that move the spheres. However Avicenna offers his version in response to how multiplicity can have emerged from unity, the First Cause. [32]
The First Intellect, in contemplating the necessity of its existence, gives rise to the Second Intellect. In contemplating its emanation from God, it then gives rise to the First Spirit, which animates the Sphere of Spheres (the universe). In contemplating itself as a self-caused essence (that is, as something that could potentially exist), it gives rise to the matter that fills the universe and forms the Sphere of the Planets (the First Heaven in al-Farabi).
This triple-contemplation establishes the first stages of existence. It continues, giving rise to consequential intellects which create between them two celestial hierarchies: the Superior Hierarchy of Cherubim (Kerubim) and the Inferior Hierarchy, called by Avicenna "Angels of Magnificence". CHERUB is a series of young adult books written by the author Robert Muchamore. An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition These angels animate the heavens, but are deprived of all sensory perception, but have imagination which allows them to desire the intellect from which they came. Their vain quest to join this intellect causes an eternal movement in heaven. They also cause prophetic visions in humans.
The angels created by each of the next seven Intellects are associated with a different body in the Sphere of the Planets. These are: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and the Moon. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University The last of these is of particular importance, since its association is with the Angel Gabriel ("The Angel").
This Ninth Intellect occurs at a step so removed from the First Intellect that the emanation that then arises from it explodes into fragments, creating not a further celestial entity, but instead creating human souls, which have the sensory functions lacked by the Angels of Magnificence.
Theory of knowledge and prophecy
According to Avicenna, at birth the incorporeal human soul contains no thought and has merely an empty potentially for thinking. This unqualified potentially for thought which belongs to every member of human being is a deposition inheriting in the incorporeal human soul. [33]
For Avicenna, the human intellect has neither the role nor the power to abstract the intelligible from the sensible. Humans are intellectual only potentially, and All knowledge and all recollection are an emanation and an illumination which come from the Angel. Only illumination by the Angel confers upon them the ability to make from this potential a real ability to think. This is the Tenth Intellect, identified with the "active intellect" of Aristotle's De Anima. Active intellect or agent intellect is a term used in both psychology and philosophy On the Soul ( Greek ( Perì Psūchês) Latin De Anima) is a major treatise by Aristotle on the nature of living things [34]
It is dual in structure, practical intellect and contemplative intellect, and its two aspects are known as terrestrial angels. The degree to which minds are illuminated by the Angel varies. Of the four states of the contemplative intellect, the one which corresponds to intimacy with the Angel who is the active Intelligence is called the holy intellect(al-aql al-qudsi). At its height, it attains the privileged status of the spirit of prophecy. Prophecy, generally describes the disclosing of Information that is not known to the Prophet by any ordinary means [35] Prophets are illuminated to the point that they possess not only rational intellect, but also an imagination and ability which allows them to pass on their superior wisdom to others. In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary Some receive less, but enough to write, teach, pass laws, and contribute to the distribution of knowledge. Others receive enough for their own personal realisation, and others still receive less.
On this view, all humanity shares a single agent intellect - a collective consciousness. The final stage of human life, according to Avicenna, is reunion with the emanation of the Angel. Thus, the Angel confers upon those imbued with its intellect the certainty of life after death. For Avicenna, as for the neoplatonists who influenced him, the immortality of the soul is a consequence of its nature, and not a purpose for it to fulfill. Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by
According to Henry Corbin, when it comes to the question of the nous poietikos (intelligentia agens), on which the interpreters of Aristotle have been divided from the beginning, Avicenna, following al-Farabi and Ismaili cosmogony and contrary to Themistius and Thomas Aquinas, opted for an Intelligence which is separate from and extrinsic to the human intellect; yet at the same time he does not identify it with the concept of God, as did Alexander of Aphrodisias and the Augustinians. Henry Corbin ( 14 April 1903 - October 7, 1978 was a Philosopher, Theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون Themistius (317 Paphlagonia - ca 387 CE named (eloquent was a Statesman, Rhetorician and Philosopher, Life He was born Alexander of Aphrodisias was the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle. Al-Farabi and Avicenna regarded this Intelligence as a being in the Pleroma, and as linking man directly to the Pleroma. Pleroma (Greek grc πλήρωμα generally refers to the totality of divine powers Hereby these philosophers demonstrated their gnostic originality. On the other hand, they were not content with the Peripatetic notion of the soul as the form of an organic body: this 'information' is only one of the soul's functions, and not even the most important of them. The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece. Thus their anthropology is neo-Platonic. Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by [36]
Definition of truth
Avicenna defined truth as:
"What corresponds in the mind to what is outside it. The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality "[37]
Avicenna elaborated on his definition of truth in his Metaphysics:
"The truth of a thing is the property of the being of each thing which has been established in it. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science "[38]
In his Quodlibeta, Thomas Aquinas wrote a commentary on Avicenna's definition of truth in his Metaphysics and explained it as follows:
"The truth of each thing, as Avicenna says in his Metaphysica, is nothing else than the property of its being which has been established in it. So that is called true gold which has properly the being of gold and attains to the established determinations of the nature of gold. Now, each thing has properly being in some nature because it stands under the complete form proper to that nature, whereby being and species in that nature is. "[38]
Avicennian logic
Avicenna discussed the topic of logic in Islamic philosophy and Islamic medicine extensively in his works, and developed his own system of logic known as "Avicennian logic" as an alternative to Aristotelian logic. Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy. In formal logic, a formal system (also called a logical system, a logistic system, or simply a logic Formal systems in mathematics consist The Organon is the name given by Aristotle 's followers the Peripatetics to the standard collection of his six works on Logic. By the 12th century, Avicennian logic had replaced Aristotelian logic as the dominant system of logic in the Islamic world. [39]
After the Latin translations of the 12th century, Avicennian logic had an influence on early medieval European logicians such as Albertus Magnus,[40] though Aristotelian logic later became popular in Europe due to the strong influence of Averroism. The Renaissance of the 12th century saw a major search by European scholars for new learning which led them to the Arabic fringes of Europe especially to Islamic Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century, the first of which was based on the
In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) wrote a book on Avicennian logic, which was a commentary of Avicenna's Al-Isharat (The Signs) and Al-Hidayah (The Guidance). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( [41]
Hypothetical syllogism
Avicenna developed an early theory on hypothetical syllogism, which formed the basis of his early risk factor analysis. In Logic, a hypothetical syllogism has two uses In Propositional logic it expresses a rule of inference while in the History of logic, it is a short-hand A risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of Disease or Infection. [42]
Propositional calculus
Avicenna developed an early theory on propositional calculus, which was an area of logic not covered in the Aristotelian tradition. This is a technical mathematical article about the area of mathematical logic variously known as "propositional calculus" or "propositional logic" [43]
Temporal modal logic
The first criticisms of Aristotelian logic were written by Avicenna, who produced independent treatises on logic rather than commentaries. The Organon is the name given by Aristotle 's followers the Peripatetics to the standard collection of his six works on Logic. Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. He criticized the logical school of Baghdad for their devotion to Aristotle at the time. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He investigated the theory of definition and classification and the quantification of the predicates of categorical propositions, and developed an original theory on temporal modal syllogism. A definition is a statement of the meaning of a Word or Phrase. Quantification has two distinct meanings In Mathematics and Empirical science, it refers to human acts known as Counting and Measuring In Logic and Philosophy, proposition refers to either (a the content or Meaning of a meaningful Declarative sentence In Logic, the term temporal logic is used to describe any system of rules and symbolism for representing and reasoning about propositions qualified in terms of Time A modal logic is any system of formal logic that attempts to deal with modalities. A syllogism, or logical appeal, (συλλογισμός &mdash "conclusion" "inference" (usually the categorical syllogism) is a kind of Its premises included modifiers such as "at all times", "at most times", and "at some time". [44]
Systematic refutations of Greek logic were later written by the Illuminationist school, founded by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (1155-1191), who developed the idea of "decisive necessity", which refers to the reduction of all modalities (necessity, possibility, contingency and impossibility) to the single mode of necessity, an important innovation in the history of logical philosophical speculation. For other uses see Illuminati (disambiguation. Illuminationist Philosophy ( Arabic: حكمة الإشراق ḥikmah al-ishrāq, Persian Shahab al-Din Yahya as-Suhrawardi ( Persian شهاب الدين يحيى سهروردى, also known as Sohrevardi) was a Persian philosopher Sufi In Criminal law, necessity may be either a possible justification or an exculpation for breaking the Law. A logically possible Proposition is one that can be asserted without implying a logical Contradiction. In Contract law, impossibility is an excuse for the nonperformance of duties under a contract based on a change in circumstances (or the discovery of preexisting circumstances [45]
The Arabic theory of temporal modal logic is considered one of the most significant advances in Islamic logic, and was further developed up until the 15th century, with the logical treatise Sharh al-takmil fi'l-mantiq written by Muhammad ibn Fayd Allah ibn Muhammad Amin al-Sharwani being the last major Arabic work on logic. [46]
Inductive logic
While Avicenna often relied on deductive reasoning in philosophy, he used a different approach in medicine. Deductive reasoning is Reasoning which uses deductive Arguments to move from given statements ( Premises to Conclusions which must be true if the Avicenna contributed inventively to the development of inductive logic, which he used to pioneer the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases. Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of Reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed In Medicine and Psychology, the term syndrome refers to the association of several clinically recognizable features signs (observed by a physician Diagnosis is the identification by Process of elimination, of the nature of anything In his medical writings, Avicenna was the first to describe the methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation which are critical to inductive logic and the scientific method. Mill's Methods are five methods of induction described by Philosopher John Stuart Mill in his 1843 book A System of Logic. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena [42][47]
Avicennian epistemology and psychology
Empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture
One of Avicenna's most influential theories in Muslim psychology and epistemology is his theory of knowledge, in which he developed the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa, which later gave rise to the nature versus nurture debate in modern philosophy and psychology. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Tabula rasa ( Latin: blank slate) refers to the epistemological thesis that individual human beings are born with no built-in mental content The nature versus nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature" i Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and He argued that the "human intellect at birth is rather like a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know" and that knowledge is attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts" which is developed through a "syllogistic method of reasoning; observations lead to prepositional statements, which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts. A central concept in Science and the Scientific method is that all Evidence must be empirical, or empirically based that is dependent on evidence A syllogism, or logical appeal, (συλλογισμός &mdash "conclusion" "inference" (usually the categorical syllogism) is a kind of Reasoning is the cognitive process of looking for Reasons for beliefs conclusions actions or feelings " He further argued that the intellect itself "possesses levels of development from the material intellect (al-‘aql al-hayulani), that potentiality that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-‘aql al-fa‘il), the state of the human intellect at conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge. "[48]
In the 12th century, the Andalusian-Arabian philosopher and novelist Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) first demonstrated Avicenna's theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert island. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Tufail (c 1105 Guadix Spain &ndash 1185 (full Arabic name A thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is a proposal for an Experiment that would test a Hypothesis or Theory Arabic literature ( Arabic: الأدب العربي Al-Adab Al-Arabi) is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān ( حي بن يقظان " Alive son of Awake " Philosophus Autodidactus " The Self-Taught Philosopher A feral child ( Feral, Wild, or undomesticated) is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age and has no (or little The term desert island, or deserted island, refers to an Island which is uninhabited or sparsely inhabited The Latin translation of his work, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,[49] which went on to become one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern Western philosophy, and influenced many Enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Edward Pococke (1604-1691 was an English Orientalist and biblical scholar John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is one of John Locke 's two most famous works the other being his Second Treatise on Civil Government In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy George Berkeley (ˈbɑrkli (12 March 1685 14 January 1753 also known as Bishop Berkeley, was a Philosopher.
Neuropsychiatry, psychophysiology, psychosomatic medicine
In The Canon of Medicine, Avicenna noted the close relationship between emotions and the physical condition and felt that music had a definite physical and psychological effect on patients. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Of the many mental disorders that he described in the Qanun, one is of unusual interest: love sickness. Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as Love sickness is a non-medical term used to describe mental and physical symptoms associated with Falling in love. Avicenna is reputed to have diagnosed this condition in a Prince in Jurjan who lay sick and whose malady had baffled local doctors. Avicenna noted a fluttering in the Prince's pulse when the address and name of his beloved were mentioned. The great doctor had a simple remedy: unite the sufferer with the beloved.
Avicenna was the pioneer of neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychiatry is the branch of Medicine dealing with Mental disorders attributable to diseases of the Nervous system. He first described numerous neuropsychiatric conditions, including hallucination, insomnia, mania, nightmare, melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke, vertigo and tremor. A hallucination, in the broadest sense is a Perception in the absence of a stimulus. Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity Mania (from Greek μανία and that from μαίνομαι - mainomai, "to rage to be furious" is a severe medical condition A nightmare is a Dream which causes a strong unpleasant emotional response from the sleeper typically fear or horror being in situations of extreme danger or the sensations Dementia (from Latin de- "apart away" + Mens ( genitive mentis) "mind" is the progressive decline Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Vertigo (from the Latin vertere, to turn and the suffix -igo, a condition i Tremor is an unintentional somewhat rhythmic muscle movement involving to-and-from movements (oscillations of one or more parts of the body [50]
Avicenna was also a pioneer in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine, and the firs to recognize 'physiological psychology' in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test attributed to Carl Jung. Psychophysiology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία Psychosomatic medicine is an interdisciplinary medical field studying psychosomatic illness, now more commonly referred to as psychophysiologic illness or disorder Physiological psychology is a subdivision of Biological psychology that studies the neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours In Medicine, a person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries. Word Association is a common Word game involving an Exchange of words that are associated together Avicenna identified love sickness when he was treating a very ill patient by "feeling the patient's pulse and reciting aloud to him the names of provinces, districts, towns, streets, and people. Love sickness is a non-medical term used to describe mental and physical symptoms associated with Falling in love. " He noticed how the patient's pulse increased when certain names were mentioned, from which Avicenna deduced that the patient was in love with a girl whose home Avicenna was "able to locate by the digital examination. " Avicenna advised the patient to marry the girl he is in love with, and the patient soon recovered from his illness after his marriage. [51]
Thought experiments on self-consciousness
- "Floating Man" thought experiment
While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna described the earliest known thought experiment, now famously known as the "Floating Man" thought experiment, to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality of the soul. Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) A thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is a proposal for an Experiment that would test a Hypothesis or Theory Self-awareness is the concept that one exists as an individual separate from other people with private Thoughts. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living He referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities Active intellect or agent intellect is a term used in both psychology and philosophy Hypostatic abstraction, also known as hypostasis or subjectal abstraction, is a formal operation that takes an element of information such as might be expressed The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. His "Floating Man" thought experiment tells its readers to imagine themselves suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. In Psychology, sensation is the first stage in the biochemical and neurologic events that begins with the impinging of a stimulus upon the receptor cells of a Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields He argues that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Self-consciousness is an acute sense of self-awareness It is a preoccupation with oneself as opposed to the philosophical state of Self-awareness, which is the awareness He thus concludes that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. Self is broadly defined as the essential qualities that make a person distinct from all others For other uses of Object see Object. In Philosophy, an object is a thing an Entity, or a Being. A relative term, also called a rhema or a rheme, is a logical term that requires reference to any number of other objects called the Correlates ' of Given may refer to the goalkeeper Shay Given or to Given West Virginia, a community in the United States. Substance theory, or substance attribute theory, is an ontological theory about objecthood, positing that a substance is distinct from its This idea was in contrast with Muslim theologians including Mu'tazili and Ash'ari ones. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. The Ash'ari theology ( Arabic الأشاعرة al-asha`irah) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan Avicenna summarized his thought experiment as follows:[52]
"Most people and many of the speculative theologians have thought that the human being is this body and that everyone refers to it when saying 'I'. This is a false belief, as we shall show. "
"The one among us must imagine himself as though he is created all at once and created perfect, but that his sight has been veiled from observing external things, and that he is created falling in the air or the void in a manner where he would not encounter air resistance, requiring him to feel, and that his limbs are separated from each other so that they neither meet nor touch. He must then reflect as to whether he will affirm the existence of his self. "
"He will not doubt his affirming his self existing, but with this he will not affirm any limb from among his organs, no internal organ, whether heart or brain and no external thing. Rather, he would be affirming his self without affirming it for length, breadth, and depth. "
"Hence the one who affirms has a means to be alerted to the existence of his soul as something other than the body - indeed, other than body - and to his being directly acquainted with [this existence] and aware of it. "
Later Muslim philosophers and theologians such as Suhrawardi and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī attempted to further develop this idea. Shahab al-Din Yahya as-Suhrawardi ( Persian شهاب الدين يحيى سهروردى, also known as Sohrevardi) was a Persian philosopher Sufi [53] This argument was then later refined and simplified by René Descartes in epistemic terms when he stated: "I can abstract from the supposition of all external things, but not from the supposition of my own consciousness. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge "[54] There's another viewpoint that Descartes's quotation is a misunderstanding when he said "I think, therefore I am. " la Cogito ergo sum " (I think therefore I am sometimes misquoted as la Dubito ergo cogito ergo sum (Latin "I doubt therefore I think therefore I am" " On the basis of Avicenna's discussion, a human knows himself without any internal or external effect and before any thought and if somebody tries to prove himself on the basis of an effect like his own consciousness, then he is just misleading himself. [53]
- "Flying Man" thought experiment
Avicenna also described another similar "Flying Man" thought experiment, which asks the question: "Can the soul be aware of its existence without the body?" Avicenna then responded with the following thought experiment:[55]
"Imagine a man flying in a void. His organs would not register any sensation, and perhaps he would not feel like a three dimensional being. But he would be aware of not experiencing his body, which means that the soul is a spiritual reality. "
This experiment was well-known in medieval Europe and had an influence on Christian philosophers such as Saint Bonaventure and Albertus Magnus. Christian philosophy is a term to describe the fusion of various fields of Philosophy with the theological doctrines of Christianity. Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (San Bonaventura (1221 &ndash July 15, 1274) born John of Fidanza (Giovanni di Fidanza was the eighth Minister [55]
Philosophy of science
Scientific methodology
- See also: The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine
In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of the The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical Philosophy of science is the study of assumptions foundations and implications of Science. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Inquiry or enquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting Knowledge, resolving Doubt, or solving a Problem. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The Posterior Analytics is a text from Aristotle 's Organon that deals with demonstration, Definition, and Scientific knowledge Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty. In traditional Logic, an axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstrated but considered to be either self-evident, or subject A hypothesis (from Greek) consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible Deductive reasoning is Reasoning which uses deductive Arguments to move from given statements ( Premises to Conclusions which must be true if the " Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). First Principles is also the title of a work by Herbert Spencer. Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. To examine somebody or something is to inspect it closely hence an examination is a detailed inspection or analysis of an object or person In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide. " In its place, he develops "a method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry. "[56]
In The Canon of Medicine, Avicenna was the first to describe the methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation which are critical to inductive logic and the scientific method. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian Mill's Methods are five methods of induction described by Philosopher John Stuart Mill in his 1843 book A System of Logic. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena [42][47] However, unlike his contemporary Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī who developed scientific methods where "universals came out of practical, experimental work" and "theories are formulated after discoveries", Avicenna developed a scientific method where "general and universal questions came first and led to experimental work. In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or "[57]
Natural philosophy
Avicenna and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, who are both regarded as two of the greatest polymaths in Persian history, engaged in a written debate, with al-Biruni mostly criticizing Aristotelian natural philosophy and the Peripatetic school, while Avicenna and his student Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Ma'sumi respond to al-Biruni's criticisms in writing. A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece. Al-Biruni began by asking Avicenna eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens, with his first question criticizing Aristotle's reasons for denying the existence of levity or gravity in the celestial spheres and the Aristotelian notion of circular motion being an innate property of the heavenly bodies. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. On the Heavens (or De Caelo) is Aristotle 's chief cosmological treatise it contains his astronomical theory Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In Astronomy and Navigation, the celestial sphere is an imaginary rotating Sphere of "gigantic Radius " In Physics, circular motion is Rotation along a Circle: a circular path or a circular Orbit. The term intrinsic denotes a characteristic or property of some thing or action which is essential and specific to that thing or action and which is wholly independent s are significant physical entities, associations or structures which current Science has confirmed to exist in Space. [58]
Biruni's second question criticizes Aristotle's over-reliance on more ancient views concerning the heavens, while the third criticizes the Aristotelian view that space has only six directions. Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another The fourth question deals with the continuity and discontinuity of physical bodies, while the fifth criticizes the Peripatetic school's denial of the possibility of there existing another world completely different from the world known to them. In Physics, a physical body (sometimes called simply a body or even an object) is a collection of Masses taken to be one The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place [59] In his sixth question, Biruni rejects Aristotle's view on the celestial spheres having circular orbits rather than elliptic orbits. In Astronomy and Navigation, the celestial sphere is an imaginary rotating Sphere of "gigantic Radius " For other meanings of the term "orbit" see Orbit (disambiguation In Astrodynamics or Celestial mechanics a circular In Astrodynamics or Celestial mechanics an elliptic orbit is a Kepler orbit with the eccentricity greater than 0 and less than 1 In his seventh question, he rejects Aristotle's notion that the motion of the heavens begins from the right side and from the east, while his eighth question concerns Aristotle's view on the fire element being spherical. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST internal designation HT-7U is an experimental Superconducting Tokamak Magnetic fusion energy Fire has been an important part of many cultures and religions from pre-history to modern day and was vital to the development of civilization "Globose" redirects here See also Globose nucleus. A sphere (from Greek σφαίρα - sphaira, "globe The ninth question concerns the movement of heat, and the tenth question concerns the transformation of elements. In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature [60] The eleventh question concerns the burning of bodies by radiation reflecting off a flask filled with water, and the twelfth concerns the natural tendency of the classical elements in their upward and downward movements. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy The Flux Advanced Security Kernel ( FLASK) is an Operating system security architecture that provides flexible support for security policies Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Many ancient philosophies used a set of archetypal classical "elements" to explain patterns in Nature. The thirteenth question deals with vision, while the fourteenth concerns habitation on different parts of Earth. In Psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from Visible light reaching the Eyes The resulting Perception is also The Habitation at Port-Royal was an early French colonial settlement and is presently a National Historic Site located at Port Royal in the Canadian province of EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 His fifteenth question asks how two opposite squares in a square divided into four can be tangential, while the sixteenth question concerns vacuum. Classification A square (regular Quadrilateral) is a special case of a Rectangle as it has four right angles and equal parallel sides For the tangent function see Trigonometric functions. For other uses see Tangent (disambiguation. This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner. His seventeenth question asks "if things expand upon heating and contract upon cooling, why does a flask filled with water break when water freezes in it?" His eighteenth and final question concerns the observable phenomenon of ice floating on water. Ice is a Solid phase, usually crystalline, of a Non-metalic substance that is liquid or gas at Room temperature, such as Ammonia [61]
After Avicenna responded to the questions, Biruni was unsatisfied with some of the answers and wrote back commenting on them, after which Avicenna's student Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Ma'sumi wrote back on behalf of Avicenna. [58]
Theology
Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. His aim was to prove the existence of God and his creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. [62]
Avicenna wrote a number of treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the Islamic prophets, who he viewed as "inspired philosophers", and on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Qur'an, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study He attempted to use philosophy in order to prove the realities established by the Islamic prophetic tradition. [63]
Quranic commentaries
Avicenna memorized the Qur'an by the age of seven, and as an adult, he wrote five treatises commenting on suras from the Qur'an. Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran One of these texts included the Proof of Prophecies, in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Qur'an in high esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers, and in his Autobiography, he considered both religion and philosophy as necessary parts of the entire truth. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality [64]
Avicennism in Islamic philosophy
Avicenna's immediate followers were of the highest standing. There was, first and foremost, the faithful Abu Ubayd al-Juzjani, who wrote a Persian version and commentary on the Hayy ibn Yaqdhan; Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) wrote a philosophical novel, also entitled Hayy ibn Yaqzan; Husayn ibn Zayla of Isfahan, who wrote a commentary on it in Arabic; and Bahmanyar, a Zoroastrian whose important work remains unedited. Abu Ubaid al-Juzjani was a Persian physician from Juzjan in Afghanistan. Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān ( حي بن يقظان " Alive son of Awake " Philosophus Autodidactus " The Self-Taught Philosopher TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Tufail (c 1105 Guadix Spain &ndash 1185 (full Arabic name A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Abul Hassan Bahmanyar ibn Marzuban (some sources Daylami) ' Ajami Adarbayijani, known as Bahmanyar (died 1067 was a famous pupil of Avicenna Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings [65]
However Avicennism affected the critics too. Just two generations after Avicenna, al-Ghazali testifies to the fact that no serious Muslim thinker could ignore the claim of philosophy as a way to the highest and most comprehensive knowledge available to man and as a way to the Truth. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died He also testifies to the fact that philosophy for all practical purposes meant Avicenna's philosophy. When he tried to present the intentions of the philosophers, he wrote a summary of Avicenna's philosophy. And when he tried to show the incoherence of the philosophers, he wrote a refutation of Avicennism. The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ) in Arabic (تهافت الفلاسفة is the title of a landmark 11th century Polemic in Islamic Similarly, when Al-Shahrastani came to give an account of the doctrines of “the philosophers of Islam” as distinguished from the doctrines of Greek or Indian philosophers, he simply summarized the doctrines of “the most distinguished . Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī (1086–1153 CE) was an influential historian of religions and a Heresiographer. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings . . Avicenna”. [1] His supriority has been so great that several scholars in the 12th century commented on his strong influence at the time:[66]
"People nowadays [believe] that truth is whatever [Ibn Sina] says, that it is inconceivable for him to err, and that whoever contradicts him in anything he says cannot be rational. "
Most of the later Muslim theologians and mystics who tried to harmonize philosophy and theology, like Nasir al-Din Tusi, or philosophy and mysticism, like Suhrawardi, and later on, philosophy and theology and mysticism, like Mulla Sadra, also made use of Avicennan methodology and arguments. Sadr al-Din Moḥammad Shirazi also called Mulla Sadra ( also spelt Molla Sadra or Mollasadra or sadrol mote allehin; (c [1]
Criticism and post-Avicennian philosophy among Muslims
- See also: Early Islamic philosophy, Sufi philosophy, Persian philosophy, Eastern philosophy, and Scholasticism
Avicenna's philosophical doctrine was later criticized by Muslim theologians, Sufis and other Islamic philosophers. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Sufi philosophy includes the schools of thought unique to Sufism, a mystical branch within Islam. Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian Eastern philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of Asia, including Indian philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Persian Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar These criticisms eventually led to a new philosophy in the 16th century known as Transcendent Theosophy. Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’li ( حكمت متعالي) the doctrine and Philosophy that has been developed and perfected by the
Ash'ari theologians, especially al-Ghazali and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, criticized him due to the contrast of some of his ideas to that of the Qur'an and Hadith. The Ash'ari theology ( Arabic الأشاعرة al-asha`irah) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Taymi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi ( Arabic / The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Al-Ghazali, in his famous work The Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahafat al-Falasafah), criticized Avicenna in three cases: First, qadim, that is the word has no beginning in the past and is not created in time. The Incoherence of the Philosophers ( Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ) in Arabic (تهافت الفلاسفة is the title of a landmark 11th century Polemic in Islamic Second, that God's knowledge includes only classes of beings (universals) and does not extend to individual beings and their circumstances (particulars), and third, , bodily resurrection, i. This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general e. after death the souls of humans will never again return into bodies. According to al-Ghazali, in these three cases the teachings of Islam, which are based on revelation, suggest the opposite and thus overrule the unfounded claims of the Avicenna. [67]
He accused Avicenna of disbelief in Islam and even argued that it was fard to consider him a Kafir, despite the fact that Avicenna accepted the shortage of his own philosophy in several works, including The Book of Healing, where he confessed that he can not prove bodily resurrection but accepts it on the basis of faith. Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty This article is on the Islamic religious term For the pejorative racial slur see Kaffir (ethnic slur. The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in [68][69] In the following period, in the wake of Avicenna's Peripatetic philosophy in the 11th and 12th centuries, Ash'ari theology was predominant in the eastern Islamic lands. The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece. The Ash'ari theology ( Arabic الأشاعرة al-asha`irah) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan Of course, as Henry Corbin mentions, Avicennism didn't fade away by such criticisms in the Muslim world, especially in Iran. Henry Corbin ( 14 April 1903 - October 7, 1978 was a Philosopher, Theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. [70][71]
Among Muslim philosophers Averroes criticized Avicenna due to his divergence from Aristotle. Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. [72] He rejected the theory of the celestial Souls, and consequently the theory of an imagination which is independent of the corporeal senses. [73] The tide of Averroism was to submerge the effects of Avicennism in Christianity, quite a different fate awaited it in the East. Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century, the first of which was based on the Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings There Averroism was unknown, and al-Ghazali's critique didn't have great effect. [74]
On the other hand some Sufis such as Rumi and Attar usually criticized rationalistic methodology of Early Islamic philosophy which put reason as a curtain between intellect and truth, which lead to considering the God as the First Cause which couldn't be worshiped. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar [75] Sufis also have criticized Avicenna on the basis of Sufi metaphysics. Major ideas in Sufi metaphysics have surrounded the concept of Wahdat or "Unity" For example Farid-al-Din Attar criticized him while describes Tawhid in Conference of the Birds. Abū Hamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm (born 1145-46 in Nishapur &ndash died c The basis of the criticism is "Wahdat-ul-Wujood" or Unity of Being which means there is not any true being but God. Major ideas in Sufi metaphysics have surrounded the concept of Wahdat or "Unity" This idea contradicts with the Avicennan cosmology which considers God as the first cause of all things. According to Sufism there isn't any real cause but God. [76]
Insofar as the opposition between al-Ghazali and philosophers may with truth be defined as the opposition between the philosophy of the heart and pure speculative philosophy, it was one that could be overcome only by something which did not reject either philosophy or the spiritual experience of Sufism, this was the doctrine of al-Suhrawardi. [77] In the eastern part of Muslim lands Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi followed Avicenna's attempts to build an "Oriental philosophy" (Hikmat al-Mashriqia), a project which according to Suhrwardi, could never have been completed because he was ignorant of true Oriental sources such as Persian philosophy. Shahab al-Din Yahya as-Suhrawardi ( Persian شهاب الدين يحيى سهروردى, also known as Sohrevardi) was a Persian philosopher Sufi Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian Al-Suhrawardi essentialistic approach led to a new philosophy which is known as the School of Illumination. In Philosophy, essentialism is the view that for any specific kind of Entity, there is a set of Characteristics or Properties all of which For other uses see Illuminati (disambiguation. Illuminationist Philosophy ( Arabic: حكمة الإشراق ḥikmah al-ishrāq, Persian [78][79] As Suhrwardi wrote in the beginning of Story of Western Loneliness, he starts the story from where Avicenna ended the story of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan. Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān ( حي بن يقظان " Alive son of Awake " Philosophus Autodidactus " The Self-Taught Philosopher
In the 13th century, Avicennism was revived by the efforts of Nasir al-Din Tusi, though the interpretation of this Avicennism was based on the ideas of Suhrwardi and Ibn Arabi, and differed from the rationalist Avicennism known in Europe. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Arabi (ابن عربي ( July 28, 1165 - November 10, 1240) was an In the 16th century, Mulla Sadra innovated a new philosophical system which combined the vision of Sufi metaphysics and the rationalistic Peripatetic approach of Avicenna. Sadr al-Din Moḥammad Shirazi also called Mulla Sadra ( also spelt Molla Sadra or Mollasadra or sadrol mote allehin; (c Major ideas in Sufi metaphysics have surrounded the concept of Wahdat or "Unity" He also solved some of the major problems in Avicennism such as bodily resurrection. This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general [80][81]
Avicennism in medieval Europe
In medieval Europe, the main significance of the Latin corpus lies in the interpretation of Avicennism, in particular for regarding his doctrines on the nature of the soul and his existence-essence distinction, along with the debates and censure that they raised in scholastic Europe. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with In Philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is and which it has by necessity Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries This was particularly the case in Paris, where Avicennism was later proscribed in 1210. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Not to be confused with prescription and other meanings of proscription. However, the influence of his psychology and theory of knowledge upon William of Auvergne and Albertus Magnus have been noted. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and William of Auvergne can refer to several people William of Auvergne Bishop of Paris (1228-1249 William IV of Auvergne (989–1016 (also More significant is the impact of his metaphysics upon the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science [82] Finally the tide of Averroism was to submerge the effects of Avicennism in Christianity. Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century, the first of which was based on the Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings [83]
The Latin followers of Avicenna, known as the "Avicennian left" in Europe, also came close to materialism in the 13th century, according to Ernest Mandel. Ernest Ezra Mandel, also known by various pseudonyms such as Ernest Germain, Pierre Gousset, Henri Vallin, Walter etc [84]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f "Avicenna". TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical Iranian philosophy or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Sufi philosophy includes the schools of thought unique to Sufism, a mystical branch within Islam. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ Goodman (1992), pp. ix and x
- ^ Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), p. 80-81, "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame. The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm is a private Roman Catholic Research university located in [1]
- ^ Nasr (1996), p. 35
- ^ Nasr, (2006), pp. 87 and 88
- ^ "Avicenna", in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Concise Online Version, 2006 ([2]); D. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Gutas, "Avicenna", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Version 2006, (LINK); Avicenna in (Encyclopedia of Islam: © 1999 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands)
- ^ Charles F. Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language Encyclopedia about the history culture and Horne (1917), ed. , The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, p. 90-91. Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, New York. (cf. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973-1037): On Medicine, c. 1020 CE
- ^ O'Connor, John J. cf is an abbreviation for the Latin -derived (but also modern English) word confer, meaning "compare" or "consult" & Robertson, Edmund F. , “Avicennism”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
- ^ Avicenna (Abu Ali Sina)
- ^ a b Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian "Avicenna". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2007-11-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany)
- ^ Nader El-Bizri, The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger (Binghamton, N. Y. : Global Publications SUNY, 2000), pp. 149-171.
- ^ Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna’s De Anima between Aristotle and Husserl," in The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp. 67-89.
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 173
- ^ a b Islamic philosophy, by Oliver Leaman
- ^ Corbin (1993) pp. xvi and xvii
- ^ a b "Islam". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
- ^ Nasr,(2006) p. 63
- ^ Nasr,(2006) pp. 85-88
- ^ Alejandro, Herrera Ibáñez (1990), “La distinción entre esencia y existencia en Avicena”, Revista Latinoamericana de Filosofía 16: 183-195, <http://www.formalontology.it/avicenna_biblio.htm>. Retrieved on 29 January 2008
- ^ Fadlo, Hourani George (1972), “Ibn Sina on necessary and possible existence”, Philosophical Forum 4: 74-86, <http://www.formalontology.it/avicenna_biblio.htm>. Retrieved on 29 January 2008
- ^ For recent discussions of this question see: Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna and Essentialism", The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54 (June 2001), pp. 753-778.
- ^ Morewedge, P. , “Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument”, Monist 54: 234-49
- ^ a b Irwin, Jones (Autumn 2002), “Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam”, The Philosopher LXXXX (2)
- ^ (Razavi 1997, p. 129)
- ^ (Razavi 1997, p. 130)
- ^ نظريه توحيد و راههای اثبات آن تا پيش از ابنسينا غالباً بر محور ارتباط خدا با جهان آفرينش، يعنی وحدت آفريننده جهان از جهت آفرينندگی او، در نظر بوده است. كندی (ج 1، ص 207) در رسالهای كه در پاسخ به علیبن جَهْم نگاشته، خدا را به عنوان مُحدِث جهان، واحد خوانده و برای اثبات اين مطلب، به اقامه استدلال به شيوه مذكور پرداخته است. برای فارابی (1405، ص 102) نيز اساس تبيين و اثبات توحيد، همين رابطه آفرينندگی خدا نسبت به جهان است. برای تبارشناسيِ اين بذلِ توجه فيلسوفان مسلمان به رابطه خدا با جهان در اثبات توحيد، میتوان به استشهاد فارابی (همانجا) به اُثولوجيا اشاره كرد. با توجه به اينكه اُثولوجيا نوشته فلوطين * (متوفی 269 يا 270 ميلادی) است، شايد بتوان يكی از ريشههای اين گرايش فيلسوفان مسلمان را انديشه فلوطين دانست. گر چه فارابی (1982، ص 39؛ همو، 1993، ص 42، 45) بنا بر اين گرايش، در اثبات وحدت خدا از برخی معانی، مانند «اول بودن»، استفاده كرده، لكن بر خلاف فلوطين، رابطه خدا را با جهان همانند رابطه جزء و كل، و نوعی رابطه درونی و حلولی ندانسته، بلكه بر تغاير جوهری و ذاتی خدا با جهان تصريح نموده است. علاوه بر اين، از حيث وجود نيز خدا را وجودی خاص و متمايز و از اين جهت نيز «واحد» دانستTawhid in the words of Philosophers Encyclopaedia Islamica
- ^ Johnson (1984), pp. 161–171.
- ^ Morewedge, P. , “Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument”, Monist 54: 234-49
- ^ Mayer, Toby (2001), “Ibn Sina’s ‘Burhan Al-Siddiqin’”, Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press) 12 (1): 18-39
- ^ Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment, Springer Science+Business Media, September 30, 2007, ISBN 9781402060830
- ^ AVICENNA'S COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTENCE
- ^ Davidson (1992) p. The Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies ( OCIS) is a Recognised Independent Centre associated with the University of Oxford, England. Springer Science+Business Media or Springer (ˈʃpʁɪŋɐ is a worldwide Publishing company based in Germany, which publishes textbooks academic 82
- ^ Davidson (1992), pp. 83 and 84
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 172
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 172
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 172
- ^ Osman Amin (2007), "Influence of Muslim Philosophy on the West", Monthly Renaissance 17 (11).
- ^ a b Jan A. Aertsen (1988), Nature and Creature: Thomas Aquinas's Way of Thought, p. 152. BRILL, ISBN 9004084517.
- ^ I. M. Bochenski (1961), "On the history of the history of logic", A history of formal logic, p. 4-10. Translated by I. Thomas, Notre Dame, Indiana University Press. Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is a Publishing house at Indiana University that engages in Academic publishing, specializing (cf. Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology)
- ^ Richard F. cf is an abbreviation for the Latin -derived (but also modern English) word confer, meaning "compare" or "consult" Washell (1973), "Logic, Language, and Albert the Great", Journal of the History of Ideas 34 (3), p. 445-450 [445].
- ^ Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher, Encyclopedia of Islamic World). cf is an abbreviation for the Latin -derived (but also modern English) word confer, meaning "compare" or "consult"
- ^ a b c Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195135806.
- ^ Lenn Evan Goodman (1992), Avicenna, p. 188, Routledge, ISBN 041501929X. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals
- ^ History of logic: Arabic logic, Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
- ^ Dr. Lotfollah Nabavi, Sohrevardi's Theory of Decisive Necessity and kripke's QSS System, Journal of Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences.
- ^ Nicholas Rescher and Arnold vander Nat, "The Arabic Theory of Temporal Modal Syllogistic", in George Fadlo Hourani (1975), Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, p. Nicholas Rescher (born July 15, 1928 in Hagen, Germany) is an American philosopher, affiliated for many years with the 189-221, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0873952243. The State University of New York Press (or SUNY Press) founded in 1966 is a University press that is part of State University of New York system
- ^ a b Lenn Evan Goodman (1992), Avicenna, p. 33, Routledge, ISBN 041501929X. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals
- ^ Sajjad H. Rizvi (2006), Avicenna/Ibn Sina (CA. 980-1037), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ G. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP is a free Online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995 A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224-262, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004094598. Founded in 1683 in Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill (known as E
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- ^ Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the Islamic Medical Association, 2002 (2), p. IMANA Logogif|frame|right|The IMANA Logo]] The Islamic Medical Association of North America ( "IMANA") is the largest Muslim medical organization in 2-9 [7].
- ^ Nasr (1996), pp. 315, 1022 and 1023
- ^ a b پارسانيا حميد (1989) حديث پيمانه [3]
- ^ Nasr (1996), pp. 315 and 1023
- ^ a b Turgut Özal, The Philosophies of Islam, Greece and the West
- ^ McGinnis, Jon (July 2003), “Scientific Methodologies in Medieval Islam”, Journal of the History of Philosophy 41 (3): 307-327
- ^ Sardar, Ziauddin (1998), “Science in Islamic philosophy”, Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H016.htm>. Ziauddin Sardar (born 1951) is a London -based writer who specializes in topics dealing with the future of Islam, as well as Islamic science and The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy is an Encyclopedia of Philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in Retrieved on 3 February 2008
- ^ a b Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina--Al-Biruni correspondence", Islam & Science, June 2003.
- ^ Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina--Al-Biruni correspondence", Islam & Science, December 2003.
- ^ Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina--Al-Biruni correspondence", Islam & Science, Summer 2004.
- ^ Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina--Al-Biruni correspondence", Islam & Science, Winter 2004.
- ^ Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 8-9, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195135806.
- ^ James W. Morris (1992), "The Philosopher-Prophet in Avicenna's Political Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed. ), The Political Aspects of Islamic PhIlosophy, Chapter 4, Cambridge Harvard University Press, p. Harvard University Press ( HUP) is a Publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in Academic publishing. 142-188 [159-161].
- ^ Jules Janssens (2004), "Avicenna and the Qur'an: A Survey of his Qur'anic commentaries", MIDEO 25, p. 177-192.
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 174
- ^ Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), p. 80-81, "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame. The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm is a private Roman Catholic Research university located in [4]
- ^ Al-Ghazali by Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, First published Tue 14 Aug, 2007
- ^ Keller, Nuh Ha mim (2006), Kalam and Islam [5]
- ^ Nasr, (1996) p. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. 35
- ^ Corbin, (1993) p. 174
- ^ Nasr, (2006) p. 86 and 87
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 153
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 171
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 174
- ^ علم تقليدي وبال جان ماست عاريه است و ما نشسته كان ماست علم گفتاري كه آن بيجان بود طالب روي خريداران بود به عقيدهي مولانا، فلسفه و به ويژه بخش مابعدالطبيعهي آن، بارزترين جلوهي علم تقليدي است. چرا كه با افضل معلوم - خداوند متعال - برخوردي مبتني بر بيگانگي و نه الفت اتخاذ كرده است. اينكه مولانا «علت اولي» ناميدن خداوند را سقيم (56) مييابد و از قول خداوند ميگويد كه «چار طبع و علت اولي نيام»، دليل بيزاري مولانا از طرز تلقي فلاسفه از خداوند است. خداوندي كه بارزترين صفت او «علت اولي» بودن باشد، البته نميتواند قبلهي آشنايي و عشقورزي و حاجت خواهي آدمي قرار گيرد. به نظر ميرسد اين مواجههي مبتني بر بيگانگي فلاسفه با خداوند، عمدهترين دليل بيزاري مولانا از اهل فلسفه بوده باشد. اينگونه مواجهه سبب گرديده است كه مولانا بارزترين نمود علم تقليدي را در فلسفه سراغ كند و فلسفه و اهل آن را به نمايندگي تمام علوم تقليدي مورد طعن و تعريض [ http://www.iptra.ir/vdcjuqxheem.html ريشه جدال مولانا با فلسفه چه بود]
- ^ رفت پیش بوعلی آن پیر زن کاغذی زر برد کین بستان ز من شیخ گفتش عهد دارم من که نیز جز ز حق نستانم از کس هیچچیز پیرزن در حال گفت ای بوعلی از کجا آوردی آخر احولی تو درین ره مرد عقد و حل نهای چند بینی غیر اگر احول نهای حکایت پیرزنی که کاغذ زری به بوعلی داد
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 251
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 174
- ^ Nasr (2006), p. 87
- ^ Nasr (1996), p. 35
- ^ Nasr, (2006), pp. 87 and 88
- ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Avicenna/Ibn Sina (CA. 980-1037)
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 174
- ^ Ernest Mandel (1986), The Place of Marxism in History, "I. Ernest Ezra Mandel, also known by various pseudonyms such as Ernest Germain, Pierre Gousset, Henri Vallin, Walter etc The general historical context"
References
- Books
- Corbin, Henry (1993 (original French 1964)). Henry Corbin ( 14 April 1903 - October 7, 1978 was a Philosopher, Theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard. London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 167-175. ISBN 0710304161.
- Davidson, Herbert Alan (1992). Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect. Oxford University Press US. ISBN :0195074238.
- Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992). Avicenna. Routledge. ISBN 041501929X.
- Razavi, Mehdi Amin (1997), Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination, Routledge, ISBN 0700704124
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Oliver Leaman (1996). Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian Oliver Leaman is a Professor of Philosophy and Zantker Professor of Judaic Studies History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 0415131596.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of prophecy. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791467996.
- Encyclopedia
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian "Avicenna". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2007-11-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany)
- "Islam". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
External links
- History of Islamic Philosophy by Henry Corbin (pp. Henry Corbin ( 14 April 1903 - October 7, 1978 was a Philosopher, Theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at 167-175)
- Ibn Sina (Islamic Philosophy Online)
- Avicenna on the subject and the object of metaphysics with annotated bibliography
- Philosophy of Avicenna
- Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on Judaic Thought by Stanford Encylopedia of philosophy
- Antioch Gate has published the entire text (in English translation) of Ibn Sina's rare work "A Compendium on the Soul" (keywords: Ibn Sina. pdf, Avicenna. pdf, Avicena. pdf, Ibn Sina - A Compendium on the Soul. pdf).
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