Persian scholar
Name:	Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn Sīnā
Title:	Sharaf al-Mulk, Hujjat al-Haq, Sheikh al-Rayees
Birth:	approximately 980 CE / 370 AH
Death:	1037 CE / 428 AH
Ethnicity:	Persian[1]
Region:	Central Asia and Persia
Maddhab:	Twelver Shi'a Muslim[2]
School tradition:	Avicennism[3]
Main interests:	Medicine, alchemy and chemistry, astronomy, ethics, metaphysics, philosophy, Islamic studies, logic, mathematics, psychology, physics and science, poetry, theology
Notable ideas:	Father of modern medicine and the concept of momentum, founder of Avicennism and Avicennian logic, forerunner of psychoanalysis, and pioneer of aromatherapy and neuropsychiatry. Classical (pre-modern Era The following is a non-comprehensive list of Iranian scientists and engineers that lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern Events By Place Europe Otto II renounces his claim to Lorraine. 370 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 980 &ndash 981 CE 428 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to X &ndash X CE layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy. Islamic poetry is poetry written by Muslims on the topic of Islam. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the In Classical mechanics, momentum ( pl momenta SI unit kg · m/s, or equivalently N · s) is the product Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for Neuropsychiatry is the branch of Medicine dealing with Mental disorders attributable to diseases of the Nervous system.
Works:	The Canon of Medicine The Book of Healing
Influences:	Hippocrates, Sushruta, Charaka, Aristotle, Galen, Plotinus, Neoplatonism, Indian mathematics, Muhammad, Ja'far al-Sadiq, Wasil ibn Ata, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, al-Razi, al-Biruni, Muslim physicians
Influenced:	Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Omar Khayyám, Algazel, Abubacer, Averroes, Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī, Ibn al-Nafis, Averroism, Scholasticism, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, Thomas Aquinas, Jean Buridan, Giambattista Benedetti, Galileo Galilei, William Harvey, René Descartes, Spinoza

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (Persian: ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا; c. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca Sushruta was a surgeon and teacher of Ayurveda who flourished in the Indian city of Kashi by the 6th century BCE For the village in Azerbaijan see Çərəkə; for the book Charaka Samhita see Charaka Samhita. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Plotinus ( Greek:) (ca AD 204–270 was a major philosopher of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism (along with his Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by Indian mathematics &mdashwhich here is the mathematics that emerged in South Asia zero, Negative numbers, Arithmetic, and Algebra. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (702-765 in accurate transliteration Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Wasil ibn Ata (700–748 (واصل بن عطاء was a Muslim theologian ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi For the Thoroughbred racehorse see Omar Khayyam (horse Ghiyās od-Dīn Abol-Fath Omār ibn Ebrāhīm Khayyām Neyshābūri (غیاث الدین Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Tufail (c 1105 Guadix Spain &ndash 1185 (full Arabic name Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century, the first of which was based on the Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Jean Buridan (in Latin, Johannes Buridanus; ca 1295 &ndash 1358 was a French Priest who sowed the seeds of the Copernican revolution Giambattista (Gianbattista Benedetti ( August 14 1530 &ndash January 20 1590) was an Italian mathematician from Venice Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher William Harvey ( April 1, 1578 – June 3, 1657) was an English Physician who is credited with being the first in Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, 980 in Bukhara,^[4][5] Khorasan – 1037 in Hamedan^[6]), also known as Ibn Seena^[7] and commonly known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna (Greek Aβιτζιανός),^[8] was a Persian^[9] Muslim polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. Events By Place Europe Otto II renounces his claim to Lorraine. Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A polymath ( Greek polymathēs, πολυμαθής "having learned much" is a person whose knowledge is not restricted to one subject area Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, poet, psychologist, physicist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian. Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy. Islamic poetry is poetry written by Muslims on the topic of Islam. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. ^[10]

Ibn Sīnā wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar ^[11][12] His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine,^[1] which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities up until the early 19th century. The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian ^[13] The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in the universities of Montpellier and Louvain as late as 1650. The University of Montpellier (Université Montpellier was a French University in Montpellier in the Languedoc-Roussillon région The Université catholique de Louvain, sometimes known as UCL, is Belgium 's largest French -speaking University, and a successor institution ^[14] Ibn Sīnā developed a medical system that combined his own personal experience with that of Islamic medicine, the medical system of the Greek physician Galen,^[15] Aristotelian metaphysics^[16] (Avicenna was one of the main interpreters of Aristotle)^[17], and ancient Persian, Mesopotamian and Indian medicine. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The practice and study of Medicine in Persia has a long and prolific history Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other He was also the founder of Avicennian logic and the philosophical school of Avicennism, which were influential among both Muslim and Scholastic thinkers. Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries

Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine,^[18][19] particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,^[20] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases,^[21] the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials,^[22] randomized controlled trials,^[23][24] efficacy tests,^[25][26] clinical pharmacology,^[27] neuropsychiatry,^[28] risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,^[29] and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Quantification has two distinct meanings In Mathematics and Empirical science, it refers to human acts known as Counting and Measuring Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic For other uses see Quarantine (disambiguation Quarantine is voluntary or compulsory isolation typically to contain the spread of something A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) in general simply known as medical research, is the Basic research or Applied research conducted Evidence-based medicine (EBM aims to apply Evidence gained from the Scientific method to certain parts of medical practice In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices A randomized controlled trial (RCT is a type of scientific Experiment most commonly used in testing the Efficacy or Effectiveness of Healthcare Efficacy is the capacity to produce a desired size of an effect under Ideal or Optimal conditions Clinical pharmacology is the science of drugs and their Clinical use Neuropsychiatry is the branch of Medicine dealing with Mental disorders attributable to diseases of the Nervous system. A risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of Disease or Infection. In Medicine and Psychology, the term syndrome refers to the association of several clinically recognizable features signs (observed by a physician A dietitian (also 'dietician' though 'dietitian' is used consistently by professionals is an expert in Food and Nutrition. ^[30] He is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics,^[31] and regarded as a pioneer of aromatherapy. In Classical mechanics, momentum ( pl momenta SI unit kg · m/s, or equivalently N · s) is the product Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for ^[32]

George Sarton, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science:

"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). George Alfred Leon Sarton (1884-1956 was a Belgian -American Polymath, historian of science, and father of the writer May Sarton. Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers Universalism can be classified as a Religion, Theology and Philosophy that generally holds all persons and creatures are related to God or the Divine and For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body The 'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments. Mediastinitis is Inflammation of the tissues in the mid-chest or Mediastinum. Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is an Inflammation of the pleura the lining of the Pleural cavity surrounding the Lungs Pleurisy has a variety An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans Perversion is a concept describing those types of Human behavior that are perceived to be a serious deviation from what is considered to be orthodox or normal Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components "^[21]

Contents 1 Circumstances 2 Biography 2.1 Early life 2.2 Adulthood 2.3 Later life and Death 3 Avicennian science 3.1 The Canon of Medicine 3.2 Avicennian psychology 3.3 Astronomy and astrology 3.4 Chemistry 3.5 Earth sciences 3.6 Physics 4 Avicennian philosophy 4.1 Metaphysical doctrine 4.2 Avicennian logic 4.3 Natural philosophy 4.4 Philosophy of science 4.5 Theology 4.6 Thought experiments 5 Other contributions 5.1 Engineering 5.2 Poetry 6 Legacy 7 Works 7.1 List of Works 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

Circumstances

Avicenna created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as Islam's Golden Age (ca 10-11 century CE), in which the translations of Graeco-Roman, Neo- and Mid-Platonic, and Aristotelian texts by the Kindi schools were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, as well as building upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry, and medicine. ^[33] Samanid dynasty in Greater Khorasan and central Asia as well as Buwayhid on in western part of Persia and Iraq could provide a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivalled Baghdad as a cultural capital of Islam. Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous ^[34]

The study of Quran and Hadith throve in such a scholarly atmosphere. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Philosophy Fiqh and theology kalam were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi Avicenna could use the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamedan. Balkh ( - Balḫ) also known as Bactra, was once a major world city but was destroyed entirely by the Mongols. Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the Gorgan ( Persian: گرگان Caspian: Vergen is the capital of the Golestan Province, Iran. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) As various texts, such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar show, he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. As Aruzi Samarqandi describes in his four articles before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met al-Biruni (a noted scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician). Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Alī, known as Nizamī-i Arūzī-i Samarqandī ( was a Persian Poet and prose writer of the 12th century

Biography

Early life

He was born in Persia around 980 in Afshana, in Bukhara province, his mother's home, a small city now part of Uzbekistan. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly His father, a respected Ismaili^{[35] [36]} scholar of Balkh, an important town of the Persian state of Khorasan, now part of Afghanistan, was at the time of his son's birth the governor in one of the Samanid Nuh ibn Mansur's estates. For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman He had his son very carefully educated at Bukhara. Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky Ibn Sina himself was a Twelver Shia. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam ^[37] Ibn Sina's independent thought was served by an extraordinary intelligence and memory, which allowed him to overtake his teachers at the age of fourteen. As he said in his autobiography there wasn't anything which he hadn't learned when he reached eighteen.

Ibn Sīnā was put under the charge of a tutor, and his precocity soon made him the marvel of his neighbours; he displayed exceptional intellectual behaviour and was a child prodigy who had memorized the Qur'an by the age of 10 and a great deal of Persian poetry as well. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities List of child prodigies|Fictional child prodigies A child prodigy is a one who masters one or more skills or arts at an early age Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost ^[1] He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer, and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. Indian mathematics &mdashwhich here is the mathematics that emerged in South Asia zero, Negative numbers, Arithmetic, and Algebra. This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the ^[38][39]

As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work. Metaphysics is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi ^[40] For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions (wudu), then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer (salah) till light broke on his difficulties. This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Deep into the night he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi So great was his joy at the discovery, thus made by help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.

He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18,^[1] and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science " The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

Adulthood

His first appointment was that of physician to the emir, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Events By Place Europe First documented reference to the City of Gdańsk. Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labours, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.

When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in the modern Uzbekistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn Urgench ( Uzbek: Urganch / Урганч, Persian گرگانج Gorganch is a city (1999 pop Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot Merv ( Russian: Мерв from Persian: مرو Marv, sometimes transliterated Marw or Mary; cf Shams al-Ma'äli Kavuus, the generous ruler of Dailam and central Persia, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find an asylum, was about that date (1052) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Daylam (Sometimes Daylaman, Dailam or Delam) was a province of Persia, now part of Gīlān. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Ibn Sina himself was at this season stricken down by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Gorgan ( Persian: گرگان Caspian: Vergen is the capital of the Golestan Province, Iran. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Several of Ibn Sina's treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his Canon of Medicine also dates from his stay in Hyrcania. Hyrcania was the the name of a Satrapy located in the territories of present day Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan and part of Turkmenistan

Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rai, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, (present day capital of Iran), the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). See Rayshahr for the Sassanid center of learning in Fars province Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Abu Taleb Rostam was the Buyid amir of Ray, a city in Iran (997-1029 The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Seyyedeh Khatun (d 1029 was a Sultaness of Buwayhids (Diylamids of Ray (Rages Isfahan and Hamadan ( Buwayhid dynasty About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rai. See Rayshahr for the Sassanid center of learning in Fars province Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. Abu Taher (d 1021 was the Buyid ruler of Hamadan from 997 to 1021 After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamadãn where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. Qazvin ( also spelled as Ghazvin) is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran with an estimated population of 331409 in 2005 Abu Taher (d 1021 was the Buyid ruler of Hamadan from 997 to 1021 The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian The emir consented that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in a sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.

Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hidden, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labours. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favourite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped out of the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honourable welcome from the prince.

Later life and Death

The remaining ten or twelve years of Ibn Sīnā's life were spent in the service of Abu Ja'far 'Ala Addaula, whom he accompanied as physician and general literary and scientific adviser, even in his numerous campaigns. Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

During these years he began to study literary matters and philology, instigated, it is asserted, by criticisms on his style. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" He contrasts with the nobler and more intellectual character of Averroes. Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European A severe colic, which seized him on the march of the army against Hamadan, was checked by remedies so violent that Ibn Sina could scarcely stand. "Cholic" redirects here For cholic acid see Cholic acid. On a similar occasion the disease returned; with difficulty he reached Hamadan, where, finding the disease gaining ground, he refused to keep up the regimen imposed, and resigned himself to his fate.

His friends advised him to slow down and take life moderately. He refused, however, stating that: "I prefer a short life with width to a narrow one with length". On his deathbed remorse seized him; he bestowed his goods on the poor, restored unjust gains, freed his slaves, and every third day till his death listened to the reading of the Qur'an. He died in June 1037, in his fifty-eighth year, and was buried in Hamedan, Iran. Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Avicennian science

The Canon of Medicine

Main article: The Canon of Medicine

About 100 treatises were ascribed to Ibn Sina. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian Some of them are tracts of a few pages, others are works extending through several volumes. The best-known amongst them, and that to which Ibn Sina owed his European reputation, is his 14-volume The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text in Europe and the Islamic world up until the 18th century. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian ^[41] The book is known for its introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,^[20] the discovery of contagious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases,^[21] the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of infectious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, clinical trials,^[22] neuropsychiatry,^[28] risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases,^[29] and hypothesized the existence of microrganisms. In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Quantification has two distinct meanings In Mathematics and Empirical science, it refers to human acts known as Counting and Measuring Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans For other uses see Quarantine (disambiguation Quarantine is voluntary or compulsory isolation typically to contain the spread of something An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) in general simply known as medical research, is the Basic research or Applied research conducted In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices Neuropsychiatry is the branch of Medicine dealing with Mental disorders attributable to diseases of the Nervous system. A risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of Disease or Infection. In Medicine and Psychology, the term syndrome refers to the association of several clinically recognizable features signs (observed by a physician Diagnosis is the identification by Process of elimination, of the nature of anything ^[30] It classifies and describes diseases, and outlines their assumed causes. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Hygiene, simple and complex medicines, and functions of parts of the body are also covered. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness In this, Ibn Sīnā is credited as being the first to correctly document the anatomy of the human eye, along with descriptions of eye afflictions such as cataracts. A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the Eye or in its envelope varying in degree from slight to complete opacity It asserts that tuberculosis was contagious, which was later disputed by Europeans, but turned out to be true. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common It also describes the symptoms and complications of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Both forms of facial paralysis were described in-depth. In addition, the workings of the heart as a valve are described. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic

The Canon of Medicine was the first book dealing with experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, randomized controlled trials,^[23][24] and efficacy tests,^[25][26] and it laid out the following rules and principles for testing the effectiveness of new drugs and medications, which still form the basis of clinical pharmacology^[27] and modern clinical trials:^[22]

1. "The drug must be free from any extraneous accidental quality. Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) in general simply known as medical research, is the Basic research or Applied research conducted Evidence-based medicine (EBM aims to apply Evidence gained from the Scientific method to certain parts of medical practice A randomized controlled trial (RCT is a type of scientific Experiment most commonly used in testing the Efficacy or Effectiveness of Healthcare Efficacy is the capacity to produce a desired size of an effect under Ideal or Optimal conditions A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Clinical pharmacology is the science of drugs and their Clinical use In health care clinical trials are conducted to allow safety and Efficacy data to be collected for new drugs or devices "
2. "It must be used on a simple, not a composite, disease. "
3. "The drug must be tested with two contrary types of diseases, because sometimes a drug cures one disease by Its essential qualities and another by its accidental ones. "
4. "The quality of the drug must correspond to the strength of the disease. For example, there are some drugs whose heat is less than the coldness of certain diseases, so that they would have no effect on them. "
5. "The time of action must be observed, so that essence and accident are not confused. "
6. "The effect of the drug must be seen to occur constantly or in many cases, for if this did not happen, it was an accidental effect. "
7. "The experimentation must be done with the human body, for testing a drug on a lion or a horse might not prove anything about its effect on man. "

An Arabic edition of the Canon appeared at Rome in 1593, and a Hebrew version at Naples in 1491. Of the Latin version there were about thirty editions, founded on the original translation by Gerard de Sablonetta. In the 15th century a commentary on the text of the Canon was composed. Other medical works translated into Latin are the Medicamenta Cordialia, Canticum de Medicina, and the Tractatus de Syrupo Acetoso.

It was mainly accident which determined that from the 12th to the 18th century, Ibn Sīnā should be the guide of medical study in European universities, and eclipse the names of Rhazes, Ali ibn al-Abbas and Averroes. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (died 982-994 also known as Masoudi or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian Physician and Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European His work is not essentially different from that of his predecessor Rhazes, because he presented the doctrine of Galen, and through Galen the doctrine of Hippocrates, modified by the system of Aristotle, as well as the Indian doctrines of Sushruta and Charaka. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other Sushruta was a surgeon and teacher of Ayurveda who flourished in the Indian city of Kashi by the 6th century BCE For the village in Azerbaijan see Çərəkə; for the book Charaka Samhita see Charaka Samhita. ^[42] But the Canon of Ibn Sīnā is distinguished from the Al-Hawi (Continens) or Summary of Rhazes by its greater method, due perhaps to the logical studies of the former.

The work has been variously appreciated in subsequent ages, some regarding it as a treasury of wisdom, and others, like Averroes, holding it useful only as waste paper. Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European In modern times it has been seen of mainly historic interest as most of its tenets have been disproved or expanded upon by scientific medicine. The vice of the book is excessive classification of bodily faculties, and over-subtlety in the discrimination of diseases. It includes five books; of which the first and second discuss physiology, pathology and hygiene, the third and fourth deal with the methods of treating disease, and the fifth describes the composition and preparation of remedies. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness This last part contains some personal observations.

He is, like all his countrymen, ample in the enumeration of symptoms, and is said to be inferior to Ali in practical medicine and surgery. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental He introduced into medical theory the four causes of the Peripatetic system. The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece. Of natural history and botany he pretended to no special knowledge. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Up to the year 1650, or thereabouts, the Canon was still used as a textbook in the universities of Leuven and Montpellier. Leuven ( French: Louvain, often used in English German: Löwen) is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France.

In the museum at Bukhara, there are displays showing many of his writings, surgical instruments from the period and paintings of patients undergoing treatment. Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky A surgical instrument is a specially designed tool or device for performing specific actions of carrying out desired effects during a Surgery or operation such as modifying Ibn Sīnā was interested in the effect of the mind on the body, and wrote a great deal on psychology, likely influencing Ibn Tufayl and Ibn Bajjah. MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Tufail (c 1105 Guadix Spain &ndash 1185 (full Arabic name Abū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sāyigh ( Arabic أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصائغ known as Ibn Bājjah (ابن باجة was an Andalusian He also introduced medical herbs.

Avicennian psychology

Main articles: Avicennism, The Canon of Medicine, and The Book of Healing

In Muslim psychology and the neurosciences, Avicenna was a pioneer of neuropsychiatry. Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system Neuropsychiatry is the branch of Medicine dealing with Mental disorders attributable to diseases of the Nervous system. He first described numerous neuropsychiatric conditions, including hallucination, insomnia, mania, nightmare, melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke, vertigo and tremor. A hallucination, in the broadest sense is a Perception in the absence of a stimulus. Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity Mania (from Greek μανία and that from μαίνομαι - mainomai, "to rage to be furious" is a severe medical condition A nightmare is a Dream which causes a strong unpleasant emotional response from the sleeper typically fear or horror being in situations of extreme danger or the sensations Dementia (from Latin de- "apart away" + Mens ( genitive mentis) "mind" is the progressive decline Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Vertigo (from the Latin vertere, to turn and the suffix -igo, a condition i Tremor is an unintentional somewhat rhythmic muscle movement involving to-and-from movements (oscillations of one or more parts of the body ^[28]

Avicenna was also a pioneer in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. Psychophysiology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία Psychosomatic medicine is an interdisciplinary medical field studying psychosomatic illness, now more commonly referred to as psychophysiologic illness or disorder He recognized 'physiological psychology' in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test attributed to Carl Jung. Physiological psychology is a subdivision of Biological psychology that studies the neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours In Medicine, a person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries. Word Association is a common Word game involving an Exchange of words that are associated together Avicenna is reported to have treated a very ill patient by "feeling the patient's pulse and reciting aloud to him the names of provinces, districts, towns, streets, and people. " He noticed how the patient's pulse increased when certain names were mentioned, from which Avicenna deduced that the patient was in love with a girl whose home Avicenna was "able to locate by the digital examination. " Avicenna advised the patient to marry the girl he is in love with, and the patient soon recovered from his illness after his marriage. ^[43]

Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa' (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul"). The main thesis of these tracts is represented in his so-called "flying man" argument, which resonates with what was centuries later entailed by Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche"). ^[44][45]

Astronomy and astrology

In 1070, Abu Ubayd al-Juzjani, a pupil of Ibn Sīnā, claimed that his teacher Ibn Sīnā had solved the equant problem in Ptolemy's planetary model. Abu Ubaid al-Juzjani was a Persian physician from Juzjan in Afghanistan. Equant (or Punctum aequans) is a Mathematical concept developed by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to account for the observed Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca ^[46]

The study of astrology was refuted by Avicenna. This is a sub-article of History of science in the Islamic World and Astrology. His reasons were both due to the methods used by astrologers being conjectural rather than empirical and also due to the views of astrologers conflicting with orthodox Islam. In Mathematics, a conjecture is a Mathematical statement which appears resourceful but has not been formally proven to be true under the rules of A central concept in Science and the Scientific method is that all Evidence must be empirical, or empirically based that is dependent on evidence For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. He also cited passages from the Qur'an in order to justify his refutation of astrology on both scientific and religious grounds. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran ^[47]

Chemistry

In chemistry, steam distillation was described by Ibn Sīnā. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Steam distillation is a special type of Distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds The technique was used to produce alcohol and essential oils. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile

As a chemist, Avicenna was one of the first to write refutations on alchemy, after al-Kindi. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c Four of his works on the refutation of alchemy were translated into Latin as:^[48]

• Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae
• Declaratio Lapis physici Avicennae filio sui Aboali
• Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapifum
• Avicennae ad Hasan Regem epistola de Re recta

In one of these works, Ibn Sīnā discredited the theory of the transmutation of substances commonly believed by alchemists:

"Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The philosopher's stone (lapis philosophorum Greek: Chrysopoeia) is a Legendary substance supposedly capable of turning inexpensive Metals Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of "^[49]

Among his works refuting alchemy, Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais. The Dominican friar Vincent of Beauvais ( Vincentius Bellovacensis) (c ^[48]

Earth sciences

Ibn Sīnā wrote on the earth sciences in The Book of Healing, in which he hypothesized on two geological causes of mountains:

"Either they are the effects of upheavals of the crust of the earth, such as might occur during a violent earthquake, or they are the effect of water, which, cutting itself a new route, has denuded the valleys, the strata being of different kinds, some soft, some hard. Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the Sciences related to the planet The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is In Geology and related fields a stratum (plural strata) is a layer of rock or Soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes . . It would require a long period of time for all such changes to be accomplished, during which the mountains themselves might be somewhat diminished in size. "^[50]

Physics

In physics, Ibn Sīnā was the first to employ an air thermometer to measure air temperature in his scientific experiments. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. The thermometer is a device that measures Temperature or Temperature gradient using a variety of different principles it comes from the Greek roots Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or ^[51]

In mechanics, Ibn Sīnā developed an elaborate theory of motion, in which he made a distinction between the inclination and force of a projectile, and concluded that motion was a result of an inclination (mayl) transferred to the projectile by the thrower, and that projectile motion in a vacuum would not cease. Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements In Physics, motion means a constant change in the location of a body Inclination in general is the Angle between a Reference plane and another plane or axis of direction In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. A projectile is any object propelled through space by the exertion of a force which ceases after launch Trajectory is the path a moving object follows through space The object might be a Projectile or a Satellite, for example ^[52] He viewed inclination as a permanent force whose effect is dissipated by external forces such as air resistance. In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a ^[53] His theory of motion was thus consistent with the concept of inertia in Newton's first law of motion. The vis insita or innate force of matter is a power of resisting by which every body as much as in it lies endeavors to preserve in its present state whether it be of rest or of moving Newton's laws of motion are three Physical laws which provide relationships between the Forces acting on a body and the motion of the ^[52] Ibn Sīnā also referred to mayl to as being proportional to weight times velocity, a precursor to the concept of momentum in Newton's second law of motion. In the Physical sciences weight is a Measurement of the gravitational Force acting on an object In Physics, velocity is defined as the rate of change of Position. In Classical mechanics, momentum ( pl momenta SI unit kg · m/s, or equivalently N · s) is the product Newton's laws of motion are three Physical laws which provide relationships between the Forces acting on a body and the motion of the ^[54] Ibn Sīnā's theory of mayl was further developed by Jean Buridan in his theory of impetus. Jean Buridan (in Latin, Johannes Buridanus; ca 1295 &ndash 1358 was a French Priest who sowed the seeds of the Copernican revolution

In optics, Ibn Sina discovered that the speed of light is finite, as he "observed that if the perception of light is due to the emission of some sort of particles by a luminous source, the speed of light must be finite. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 A subatomic particle is an elementary or composite Particle smaller than an Atom. "^[55] He also provided a sophisticated explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. A rainbow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon that causes a spectrum of Light to appear in the Sky when the Sun Carl Benjamin Boyer described Ibn Sīnā's theory on the rainbow as follows:

"Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. Carl Benjamin Boyer ( November 3, 1906 – April 26, 1976) has been called the " Gibbon of math history"he The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not only of the bow, but also of the color formation, holding the iridescence to be merely a subjective sensation in the eye. "^[56]

Avicennian philosophy

Main article: Avicennism

Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Most of his works were written in Arabic - which was the de facto scientific language of that time, and some were written in the Persian language. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often corrected the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad. Ijtihad (Arabic اجتهاد is a technical term of Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources

In the medieval Islamic world, due to Avicenna's successful reconciliation between Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Kalam, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of Islamic philosophy by the 12th century, with Avicenna becoming a central authority on philosophy. Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings ^[57]

Avicennism was also influential in medieval Europe, particular his doctrines on the nature of the soul and his existence-essence distinction, along with the debates and censure that they raised in scholastic Europe. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with In Philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is and which it has by necessity Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries This was particularly the case in Paris, where Avicennism was later proscribed in 1210. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Not to be confused with prescription and other meanings of proscription. Nevertheless, his psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and William of Auvergne can refer to several people William of Auvergne Bishop of Paris (1228-1249 William IV of Auvergne (989–1016 (also Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science ^[58]

Metaphysical doctrine

Early Islamic philosophy, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism the difference between essence and existence. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. In Philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is and which it has by necessity In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi The search for a truly definitive Islamic philosophy can be seen in what is left to us of his work.

Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). Disambiguation For the Wigwam album see Being (album, for spiritual or religious beingness, see Ego (spirituality In Philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is and which it has by necessity In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. Causality (but not causation) denotes a necessary relationship between one event (called cause and another event (called effect) which is the direct consequence To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect. ^[59]

Avicenna’s consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a ‘necessary existent due to what is other than itself’ (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is ‘false in itself’ and ‘true due to something else other than itself’. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists. ^[60][61] The Necessary exists ‘due-to-Its-Self’, and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is ‘One’ (wahid ahad) ^[62] since there cannot be more than one ‘Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself’ without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist ‘due-to-themselves’ as well as ‘due to what is other than themselves’; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these ‘Existents’ are not one and the same. ^[63] Avicenna adds that the ‘Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself’ has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari’) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad’), and time (waqt). ^[64][65][66]

Avicennian logic

Avicenna discussed the topic of logic in Islamic philosophy extensively in his works, and developed his own system of logic known as "Avicennian logic" as an alternative to Aristotelian logic. Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy. The Organon is the name given by Aristotle 's followers the Peripatetics to the standard collection of his six works on Logic. By the 12th century, Avicennian logic had replaced Aristotelian logic as the dominant system of logic in the Islamic world. ^[67] After the Latin translations of the 12th century, Avicennian logic was also influential in Europe. The Renaissance of the 12th century saw a major search by European scholars for new learning which led them to the Arabic fringes of Europe especially to Islamic

Ibn Sina developed an early theory on hypothetical syllogism, which formed the basis of his early risk factor analysis. In Logic, a hypothetical syllogism has two uses In Propositional logic it expresses a rule of inference while in the History of logic, it is a short-hand A risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of Disease or Infection. ^[29] He also developed an early theory on propositional calculus, which was an area of logic not covered in the Aristotelian tradition. This is a technical mathematical article about the area of mathematical logic variously known as "propositional calculus" or "propositional logic" ^[68] The first criticisms of Aristotelian logic were also written by Ibn Sina, who developed an original theory on temporal modal syllogism. The Organon is the name given by Aristotle 's followers the Peripatetics to the standard collection of his six works on Logic. In Logic, the term temporal logic is used to describe any system of rules and symbolism for representing and reasoning about propositions qualified in terms of Time A modal logic is any system of formal logic that attempts to deal with modalities. A syllogism, or logical appeal, (συλλογισμός &mdash "conclusion" "inference" (usually the categorical syllogism) is a kind of ^[69] Ibn Sina also contributed inventively to the development of inductive logic, being the first to describe the methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation which are critical to inductive logic and the scientific method. Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of Reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed Mill's Methods are five methods of induction described by Philosopher John Stuart Mill in his 1843 book A System of Logic. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena ^[29]

Natural philosophy

Ibn Sina and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī engaged in a written debate, with al-Biruni mostly criticizing Aristotelian natural philosophy and the Peripatetic school, while Avicenna and his student Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Ma'sumi respond to al-Biruni's criticisms in writing. Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from The Peripatetics were members of a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece. Al-Biruni began by asking Avicenna eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. On the Heavens (or De Caelo) is Aristotle 's chief cosmological treatise it contains his astronomical theory ^[70]

Philosophy of science

Further information: Avicennism, The Book of Healing, and The Canon of Medicine

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical Philosophy of science is the study of assumptions foundations and implications of Science. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Inquiry or enquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting Knowledge, resolving Doubt, or solving a Problem. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The Posterior Analytics is a text from Aristotle 's Organon that deals with demonstration, Definition, and Scientific knowledge Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty. In traditional Logic, an axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstrated but considered to be either self-evident, or subject A hypothesis (from Greek) consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible Deductive reasoning is Reasoning which uses deductive Arguments to move from given statements ( Premises to Conclusions which must be true if the " Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). First Principles is also the title of a work by Herbert Spencer. Aristotelianism is a tradition of Philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle. To examine somebody or something is to inspect it closely hence an examination is a detailed inspection or analysis of an object or person In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide. " In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry. "^[71]

Theology

Ibn Sīnā was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. Islamic theology is a branch of Islamic studies regarding the beliefs associated with the Islamic faith His aim was to prove the existence of God and his creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. ^[72] Avicenna wrote a number of treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the Islamic prophets, who he viewed as "inspired philosophers", and on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Qur'an, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study ^[73]

Ibn Sīnā memorized the Qur'an by the age of seven, and as an adult, he wrote five treatises commenting on suras from the Qur'an. Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran One of these texts included the Proof of Prophecies, in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Qur'an in high esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets ^[74]

Thought experiments

While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality of the soul. Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) A thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is a proposal for an Experiment that would test a Hypothesis or Theory Self-awareness is the concept that one exists as an individual separate from other people with private Thoughts. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living He referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities Active intellect or agent intellect is a term used in both psychology and philosophy Hypostatic abstraction, also known as hypostasis or subjectal abstraction, is a formal operation that takes an element of information such as might be expressed The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. His "Floating Man" thought experiment tells its readers to imagine themselves suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. In Psychology, sensation is the first stage in the biochemical and neurologic events that begins with the impinging of a stimulus upon the receptor cells of a Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields He argues that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Self-consciousness is an acute sense of self-awareness It is a preoccupation with oneself as opposed to the philosophical state of Self-awareness, which is the awareness He thus concludes that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. Self is broadly defined as the essential qualities that make a person distinct from all others For other uses of Object see Object. In Philosophy, an object is a thing an Entity, or a Being. A relative term, also called a rhema or a rheme, is a logical term that requires reference to any number of other objects called the Correlates ' of Given may refer to the goalkeeper Shay Given or to Given West Virginia, a community in the United States. Substance theory, or substance attribute theory, is an ontological theory about objecthood, positing that a substance is distinct from its ^[75][76][77]

Other contributions

Engineering

In the chapters on mechanics and engineering in his encyclopedia Mi'yar al-'aql (The Measure of the Mind), Avicenna writes an analysis on the ilm al-hiyal (science of ingenious devices) and makes the first successful attempt to classify simple machines and their combinations. Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity He first describes and illustrates the five constituent simple machines: the lever, pulley, screw, wedge, and windlass. An illustration is a visualization such as a Drawing, Painting, Photograph or other work of Art that stresses subject more than A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity A pulley (also called a sheave or block) is a Wheel with a groove between two Flanges around its Circumference A screw is a shaft with a helical groove or thread formed on its surface and provision at one end to turn the screw A wedge is a triangular shaped tool a compound and portable Inclined plane, and one of the six classical Simple machines It can be used to separate A windlass is an apparatus for moving heavy weights Typically a windlass consists of a horizontal cylinder (barrel which is rotated by the turn of a crank or belt He then analyzes all the combinations of these simple machines, such as the windlass-screw, windlass-pulley and windlass-lever for example. He is also the first to describe a mechanism which is essentially a combination of all of these simple machines (except for the wedge). ^[78]

Poetry

Almost half of Ibn Sīnā's works are versified. ^[79] His poems appear in both Arabic and Persian. As an example, Edward Granville Browne claims that the following verses are incorrectly attributed to Omar Khayyám, and were originally written by Ibn Sīnā:^[80]

از قعر گل سیاه تا اوج زحل,
Up from Earth's Centre through the Seventh Gate

کردم همه مشکلات گیتی را حل,
I rose, and on the Throne of Saturn sate,

بیرون جستم زقید هر مکر و حیل,
And many Knots unravel'd by the Road;

هر بند گشاده شد مگر بند اجل. Edward Granville Browne (1862&ndash1926 born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, England was a British Orientalist who published For the Thoroughbred racehorse see Omar Khayyam (horse Ghiyās od-Dīn Abol-Fath Omār ibn Ebrāhīm Khayyām Neyshābūri (غیاث الدین
But not the Master-Knot of Human Fate.

When some of his opponents blame him for blasphemy, he says ^[81]

کفر چو منی گزاف و آسان نبود

The blasphemy of somebody like me is not easy and exorbitant

محکمتر از ایمان من ایمان نبود

There isn't any stronger faith than my faith

در دهر چو من یکی و آن هم کافر

There is just one person greater than me in the world and that one is god

پس در همه دهر یک مسلمان نبود

Then there are Muslims in the whole world.

Legacy

Further information: Avicennism

As early as the 1300s when Dante Alighieri showed him experiencing a perfect eternity with some the greatest men in history in his Divine Comedy such as Virgil, Averroes, Homer, Horace, Ovid, Lucan, Socrates, Plato, and Saladin, Avicenna has been recognized by both East and West, as one of history's great figures. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Avicennism ( is a school of Early Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. The Divine Comedy Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c

George Sarton, the father of the history of science, described Ibn Sīnā as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history"^[21] and called him "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times. George Alfred Leon Sarton (1884-1956 was a Belgian -American Polymath, historian of science, and father of the writer May Sarton. " He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine. He was influenced by the approach of Hippocrates and Galen, as well as Sushruta and Charaka. Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Sushruta was a surgeon and teacher of Ayurveda who flourished in the Indian city of Kashi by the 6th century BCE For the village in Azerbaijan see Çərəkə; for the book Charaka Samhita see Charaka Samhita. Along with Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, and al-Ibadi, Ibn Sīnā is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936 - 1013 (أبو القاسم بن خلف TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Hunein Bit Ishak أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي; known in Latin as Johannitius (809-873 was a famous and influential He is remembered in Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Ibn Sīnā is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics. In Classical mechanics, momentum ( pl momenta SI unit kg · m/s, or equivalently N · s) is the product Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. ^[31]

In Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Many portraits and statues remain in Iran today. An impressive monument to the life and works of the man who is known as the 'doctor of doctors' still stands outside the Bukhara museum and his portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century There is also a crater on the moon named the Avicenna crater. Avicenna is a lunar crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the western limb on the northern rim of the Lorentz basin Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamedan (Iran), the ibn Sīnā Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe (The capital of the Republic of Tajikistan), Avicenna School in Karachi, Pakistan and Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan are all named in his honor. Bu-Ali Sina University, also written Bu Ali Sina University and Avicenna University, is a university in the city of Hamedan in Hamedan province Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Dushanbe (Душанбе Dushanbe; formerly Dyushambe or Stalinabad) population 661100 people (2006 census is the Capital and largest city Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of The Avicenna School, is a co-education school in Karachi, Pakistan. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Balkh ( - Balḫ) also known as Bactra, was once a major world city but was destroyed entirely by the Mongols. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

In 1980, the former Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A commemorative stamp is a Postage stamp issued to honor or commemorate a place event or person Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of ^[82]

In March 2008, it was announced ^[83] that Avicenna’s name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The Avicenna Directories project named after Avicenna, was announced in March 2008 The project team stated “Why Avicenna? Avicenna … was … noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna’s name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality. ”

Works

Scarcely any member of the Muslim circle of the sciences, including theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics, and music, was left untouched by the treatises of Ibn Sīnā. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. This vast quantity of works - be they full-blown treatises or opuscula - vary so much in style and content (if one were to compare between the 'ahd made with his disciple Bahmanyar to uphold philosophical integrity with the Provenance and Direction, for example) that Yahya (formerly Jean) Michot has accused him of "neurological bipolarity".

Ibn Sīnā's works numbered almost 450 volumes on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 volumes of his surviving works concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine. Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar ^[84] His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine,^[1]

Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of His book on animals was translated by Michael Scot. Michael Scot ( Latin: Michael Scotus) (1175 &ndash 1232? was a Medieval mathematician and Scholar. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though the Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā's world; Arabic philosophers have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.

The Logic and Metaphysics have been printed more than once, the latter, e. g. , at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc. , take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836). Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical The Bodleian Library ( the main Research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in England Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī (1086–1153 CE) was an influential historian of religions and a Heresiographer. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone. For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician. Roger Bacon, O

List of Works

This is the list of some of Avicenna's well-known works:^[85]

• Sirat al-shaykh al-ra’is (The Life of Ibn Sina), ed. and trans. WE. Gohlman, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1974. (The only critical edition of Ibn Sina’s autobiography, supplemented with material from a biography by his student Abu ‘Ubayd al-Juzjani. A more recent translation of the Autobiography appears in D. Gutas, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna’s Philosophical Works, Leiden: Brill, 1988. )^[85]

• Al-Isharat wa-‘l-tanbihat (Remarks and Admonitions), ed. S. Dunya, Cairo, 1960; parts translated by S. C. Inati, Remarks and Admonitions, Part One: Logic, Toronto, Ont. : Pontifical Institute for Mediaeval Studies, 1984, and Ibn Sina and Mysticism, Remarks and Admonitions: Part 4, London: Kegan Paul International, 1996. ^[85]

• Al-Qanun fi’l-tibb (The Canon of Medicine), ed. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian I. a-Qashsh, Cairo, 1987. (Encyclopedia of medicine. )^[85]

• Risalah fi sirr al-qadar (Essay on the Secret of Destiny), trans. G. Hourani in Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. ^[85]

• Danishnama-i ‘ala’i (The Book of Scientific Knowledge), ed. and trans. P Morewedge, The Metaphysics of Avicenna, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. ^[85]

• Kitab al-Shifa’ (The Book of Healing). The Book of Healing ( Arabic: الشفاء Al-Shefa, Latin: Sanatio) is a scientific and philosophical (Ibn Sina’s major work on philosophy. He probably began to compose al-Shifa’ in 1014, and completed it in 1020. ) Critical editions of the Arabic text have been published in Cairo, 1952-83, originally under the supervision of I. Madkour^[85]

• Hayy ibn Yaqdhan a Persian myth. Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān ( حي بن يقظان " Alive son of Awake " Philosophus Autodidactus " The Self-Taught Philosopher A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Tufail (c 1105 Guadix Spain &ndash 1185 (full Arabic name In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( ^[86]

See also

Footnotes

References

Books

• Corbin, Henry (1993 (original French 1964)). Henry Corbin ( 14 April 1903 - October 7, 1978 was a Philosopher, Theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard. London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 167-175. ISBN 0710304161.  
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Oliver Leaman (1996). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian Oliver Leaman is a Professor of Philosophy and Zantker Professor of Judaic Studies History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 0415131596.  
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of prophecy. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791467996.  
• Von Dehsen, Christian D. ; Scott L. Harris. Philosophers and religious leaders. Greenwood Press. ISBN 1-5735-6152-5.  

Encyclopedia

• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian "Avicenna". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2007-11-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany)  
• "Islam". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont  

Further reading

• A good introduction to his life and philosophical thought is Avicenna by Lenn E. Goodman (Cornell University Press: 1992, updated edition 2006)
• For Ibn Sina's life, see Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, translated by de Slane (1842); F. Wüstenfeld's Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher (Gottingen, 1840). Abu-l ‘Abbas Ahmad ibn Khallikan (أبو العباس أحمد بن خلكان ( September 22, 1211 &ndash October 30, 1282) was a Kurdish William McGuckin (also Mac Guckin and MacGuckin) known as Baron de Slane, was a nineteenth-century Irish orientalist Heinrich Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (1808-1899 was a German orientalist, known as a literary historian of Arabic literature, born at Münden, Hanover
• Shahrastani, German translation, vol. Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī (1086–1153 CE) was an influential historian of religions and a Heresiographer. ii. 213-332
• For a list of extant works, C. Brockelmann's Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (Weimar, 1898), vol. Carl Brockelmann (1868-1956 German Semiticist, was the foremost orientalist of his generation i. pp. 452-458. (XV. W. ; G. W. T. )
• For an overview of his career see Shams Inati, "Ibn Sina" in History of Islamic Philosophy, ed. Hossein Seyyed Nasr and Oliver Leaman, New York: Routledge (1996).
• For a new understanding of his early career, based on a newly discovered text, see also: Michot, Yahya, Ibn Sînâ: Lettre au vizir Abû Sa'd. Editio princeps d'après le manuscrit de Bursa, traduction de l'arabe, introduction, notes et lexique (Beirut-Paris: Albouraq, 2000) ISBN 2-84161-150-7.
• Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna and Essentialism," Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54 (June 2001), pp. 753-778
• Nader El-Bizri, "Being and Necessity: A Phenomenological Investigation of Avicenna’s Metaphysics and Cosmology," in Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology on the Perennial Issue of Microcosm and Macrocosm, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006), pp. 243-261
• Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna’s De Anima between Aristotle and Husserl," in The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp. 67-89
• O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F. , “Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina (Avicenna)”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• For his medicine, see:
• Sprengel, Histoire de la Medicine
• Edward G. Browne, Islamic Medicine, 2002, Goodword Pub. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J Sprengel is a surname and may refer to Hermann Sprengel (1834–1906 chemist Karl or Carl Sprengel (1787–1859 botanist Edward Granville Browne (1862&ndash1926 born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, England was a British Orientalist who published , ISBN 81-87570-19-9
• For his philosophy, see:
• Michot, Jean R. , La destinée de l'homme selon Avicenne (Leuven: Peeters, 1986) ISBN 90-6381-071-2.
• Dimitri Gutas, "Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna's Philosophical Works" (Leiden: Brill 1988)
• Reisman, David C. (ed. ), "Before and After Avicenna: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Avicenna Study Group" (Leiden: Brill 2003)
• The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy, edited by P. Adamson and R. Taylor, (Cambridge: Cambridge: University Press 2005)
• Amos Bertolacci, The reception of Aristotle's Metaphysics in Avicenna's Kitab al-Sifa'. A milestone of Western metaphysical thought (Leiden: Brill 2006)
• Avicenne: Réfutation de l'astrologie. Edition et traduction du texte arabe, introduction, notes et lexique par Yahya Michot. Préface d'Elizabeth Teissier (Beirut-Paris: Albouraq, 2006) ISBN 2-84161-304-6.
• Shoja MM, Tubbs RS. The disorder of love in the Canon of Avicenna (A. D. 980-1037). Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:228–229.
• Gordon, Stewart. When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East" Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008. ISBN 0-306-81556-7.
• Nader El-Bizri, The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger (Binghamton, N. Y. : Global Publications SUNY, 2000).

External links

• Avicenna an article by Seyyed Hossein Nasr on Encyclopedia Britannica Online
• Philosophy Bites podcast on Avicenna. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian
• Avicenna An article by encyclopedia Iranica
• Biography & Works from Routledge
• Ibn Sina (Islamic Philosophy Online)
• Ibn Sina from the Encyclopedia of Islam
• Avicenna/Ibn Sina at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Physician's Day in Iran: A Reference Article on Pur Sina (Avicenna) by Manouchehr Saadat Noury
• Biography of Avicenna (in English)
• Biography of Avicenna
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Avicenna
• In Our Time, BBC 4 Radio podcast, 45 minutes on Avicenna

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language Encyclopedia about the history culture and The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP is a free Online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995

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