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Aviation encompasses all the activities relating to airborne devices created by human ingenuity, generally known as aircraft. This is a list of Transport related topics. For more topics there is a collection of transportation related lists and a transportation category These activities include the organizations and regulatory bodies as well as the personnel related with the operation of aircraft and the industries involved in airplane manufacture, development, and design. [1]
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History
Many cultures have built devices that travel through the air, from the earliest projectiles such as stones and spears, to more sophisticated buoyant or aerodynamic devices such as the mechanical pigeon of Archytas in ancient Greece[2][3], the boomerang in Australia, the hot air Kongming lantern, and kites. Aviation history deals with the development of mechanical Flight, from the earliest attempts in Kite -powered and gliding flight to powered Heavier-than-air flight Archytas (Ἀρχύτας 428 BC – 347 BC was an Ancient Greek Philosopher, Mathematician, Astronomer, Statesman, and strategist A boomerang is a simple implement used for various purposes It is primarily associated with Australian Aborigines but has been found amongst peoples of North For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A kite is a flying tethered object that depends upon the tension of a tethering system There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and later, more credible claims of short-distance human flights including a kite flight by Yuan Huangtou in China, and the parachute flight and controlled glider flight of Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman). Icarus ( Greek:, Latin: Íkaros, Etruscan: Vicare) is a character in Greek mythology. Yuan Huangtou (Chinese was the son of emperor Yuan Lang of Eastern Wei. A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes Abbas Ibn Firnas (810 &ndash 887 AD) was also known as Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas and العباس بن فرناس ( Arabic language)
The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, in a hot air balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or The hot air balloon is the oldest successful human-carrying Flight technology Joseph-Michel Montgolfier ( 26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier ( 6 January 1745
The practicality of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required. Terminology In some countries airships are also known as dirigibles from the French (fr ''diriger'' to direct plus -ible) meaning "directable" Jean-Pierre Blanchard flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785. Jean-Pierre Blanchard (aka Jean Pierre François Blanchard was a French inventor most remembered as a pioneer in Aviation and ballooning. Subsequent early dirigible developments included machine-powered propulsion (Henri Giffard, 1852), rigid frames (David Schwarz, 1896), and improved speed and maneuverability (Alberto Santos-Dumont, 1901). Henri Giffard (1825-1882 was a French engineer Giffard invented the Injector and the powered Airship with a steam engine weighing over 400 lb it was the world's David Schwarz may refer to David Schwarz (aviation inventor David Schwarz (Australian Rules footballer Alberto Santos-Dumont (July 20 1873 &ndash July 23 1932 was an early pioneer of Aviation.
While there are many competing claims for the earliest powered, heavier-than-air flight, the most widely-accepted date is December 17, 1903 by the Wright brothers, though their aircraft was impractical to fly for more than a short distance because of control problems. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst or NAES Lakehurst, also known as Maxfield Field, is a military Airport located three miles (5 km west of There are conflicting views as to what was the first flying machine. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The widespread adoption of ailerons made aircraft much easier to manage, and only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions. For the band with a similar name see The Ailerons Ailerons are hinged control surfaces attached to the Trailing edge of the Wing of a Fixed-wing World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. In contrast to small non-rigid blimps, giant rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. A rigid airship was a type of Airship in which the envelope retained its shape by the use of an internal structural framework rather than by being forced into The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company. A Zeppelin is a type of Rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century based on designs he had outlined
The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout It flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August of 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of the that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on June 6, 1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire killing 36 people. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time.
Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s, such as Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight in 1927. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3 which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets. TurboJET (噴射飛航 is the brand name for the operations of the Hong Kong -based Shun Tak-China Travel Ship Management Limited (信德中旅船務管理有限公司 A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the
After WWII, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. General aviation (abbr GA) is one of two categories of Civil aviation. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle class market. The Cessna Aircraft Company is an airplane manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wichita, Kansas. Piper Aircraft Inc, is a manufacturer of General aviation Aircraft, located at the Vero Beach Municipal Airport in Vero Beach Florida Hawker Beechcraft The Beech Aircraft Corporation, previously the Beechcraft Division of Raytheon and now a unit of Hawker Beechcraft, is a United
By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other planes at the time. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions. A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary Engine that extracts energy from a flow of Combustion gas
Yuri Gagarin was the first human to travel to space on April 12, 1961, while Neil Armstrong was the first to set foot on the moon on July 21, 1969. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Neil Alden Armstrong (born August 5 1930 is a former American Astronaut, Test pilot, University Professor, and United States Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Since the 1960s, composite airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, but the most important innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical The arrival of solid-state electronics, the Global Positioning System, satellite communications, and increasingly small and powerful computers and LED displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of airliners and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. In Electronics, a transistor is a Semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial Satellite stationed in space for the purposes of Telecommunications. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through synthetic vision, even at night or in low visibility. Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS are a set of technologies that provide pilots with clear and intuitive means of understanding their flying environment
On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded aircraft to make a spaceflight, opening the possibility of an aviation market outside the earth's atmosphere. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " SpaceShipOne is a Spaceplane that completed the first privately funded Human spaceflight on June 21, 2004. Spaceflight is the use of Space technology to fly a Spacecraft into and through Outer space. Meanwhile, flying prototypes of aircraft powered by alternative fuels, such as ethanol, electricity, and even solar energy, are becoming more common and may soon enter the mainstream, at least for light aircraft. Solar energy is the Light and radiant heat from the Sun that powers Earth 's Climate and Weather and sustains Life
Civil aviation
Civil aviation includes all non-military flying, both general aviation and scheduled air transport. Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying representing all non- Military aviation, both private and commercial General aviation (abbr GA) is one of two categories of Civil aviation. An airline provides air transport services for Passengers or Freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license
Air transport
There are five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft:
- Airbus, based in Europe
- Boeing, based in the United States
- Bombardier, based in Canada
- Embraer, based in Brazil
- Tupolev, based in Russia (scheduled to be merged into the United Aircraft Building Corporation)
Boeing, Airbus, and Tupolev concentrate on wide-body and narrow-body jet airliners, while Bombardier and Embraer concentrate on regional airliners. An airline provides air transport services for Passengers or Freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license Swiss International Air Lines Ltd (short Swiss) is the principal Airline of Switzerland operating scheduled services in Europe and to North America WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Airbus SAS (ˈɛərbʌs in English, Airbus2ogg|/ɛʁbys/]] in French, and /ˈɛːɐbʊs/ in German) is an aircraft manufacturing The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Bombardier Inc (bɔ̃baʁdje is a Canadian conglomerate, founded by Joseph-Armand Bombardier as L'Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée in 1942 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Embraer -- IPA [ɪ̃ⁿbɾaˈɛɾ] -- the Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Tupolev ( Туполев) is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Moscow. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending United Aircraft Corporation (UAC in Russian: О бъединённая а виастроительная к орпорация (OAK is a Russian An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers A regional airliner is a small Airliner designed to fly between 35 and 100 passengers from point to point on short-haul flights Large networks of specialized parts suppliers from around the world support these manufacturers, who sometimes provide only the initial design and final assembly in their own plants. The Chinese ACAC consortium will also soon enter the civil transport market with its ACAC ARJ21 regional jet. The AVIC I Commercial Aircraft Company (ACAC consortium is a subsidiary of Aviation Industries of China I (AVIC I formed in 2002 by various Chinese aviation companies WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [4]
Until the 1970s, most major airlines were flag carriers, sponsored by their governments and heavily protected from competition. A flag carrier refers to a Transportation company such as an Airline or Shipping company that is locally registered in a given Country Since then, open skies agreements have resulted in increased competition and choice for consumers, coupled with falling prices for airlines. Open skies refers to a bilateral (and sometimes Multilateral) Air Transport Agreement which liberalizes the rules for international The combination of high fuel prices, low fares, high salaries, and crises such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and the SARS epidemic have driven many older airlines to government-bailouts, bankruptcy or mergers. At the same time, low-cost carriers such as Ryanair and Southwest have flourished. Ryanair (,) is an Irish Airline with headquarters in Dublin and its biggest operational base at London Stansted Airport in the UK Southwest Airlines Co ( is an American low-cost Airline based in Dallas Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas ' McCarran
General aviation
General aviation includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both private and commercial. General aviation (abbr GA) is one of two categories of Civil aviation. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Air Creation is a French manufacturer of ultra-light aircraft. Private aviation is the part of Civil aviation that involves flying not for hire Commercial aviation is the part of Civil aviation (both General aviation and scheduled airline service) that involves operating aircraft for hire General aviation may include business flights, air charter, private aviation, flight training, ballooning, parachuting, gliding, hang gliding, aerial photography, foot-launched powered hang gliders, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, traffic reporting, police air patrols and forest fire fighting. Air charter is the business of renting an entire Aircraft as opposed to individual Aircraft seats. The hot air balloon is the oldest successful human-carrying Flight technology Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes History See also History of hang gliding Summary: Hang gliding existed in China perhaps by the 4th century AD according to the writing of the Aerial photography is the taking of Photographs of the ground from an elevated position History See also History of hang gliding Summary: Some glider flights have been recorded as early as 875 AD
Each country regulates aviation differently, but general aviation usually falls under different regulations depending on whether it is private or commercial and on the type of equipment involved.
Many small aircraft manufacturers, including Cessna, Piper, Diamond, Mooney, Cirrus Design, Raytheon, and others serve the general aviation market, with a focus on private aviation and flight training. The Cessna Aircraft Company is an airplane manufacturing corporation headquartered in Wichita, Kansas. Piper Aircraft Inc, is a manufacturer of General aviation Aircraft, located at the Vero Beach Municipal Airport in Vero Beach Florida Diamond Aircraft Industries is an Austrian-based manufacturer of general aviation aircraft and motor gliders The Mooney Airplane Company (MAC is a US manufacturer of single-engined General aviation aircraft The Cirrus Design Corporation is an Aircraft manufacturer that was founded in 1984 by Alan and Dale Klapmeier to produce the VK-30 kit aircraft Raytheon Company ( is a major American Defense contractor and industrial corporation with core Manufacturing concentrations in Defense systems
The most important recent developments for small aircraft (which form the bulk of the GA fleet) have been the introduction of advanced avionics (including GPS) that were formerly found only in large airliners, and the introduction of composite materials to make small aircraft lighter and faster. Avionics means "aviation electronics" It comprises electronic systems for use on aircraft artificial satellites and spacecraft comprising Communications Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical Ultralight and homebuilt aircraft have also become increasingly popular for recreational use, since in most countries that allow private aviation, they are much less expensive and less heavily regulated than certified aircraft. Also known as amateur-built aircraft or kit planes, homebuilt aircraft are constructed by persons for whom this is not a professional activity
Military aviation
Simple balloons were used as surveillance aircraft as early as the 18th century. Air power redirects here for electrical and mechanical energy supplied by air movement see Wind power "Ballooning" redirects here For the behavior of Spiders and other Arthropods see Ballooning (spider. Over the years, military aircraft have been built to meet ever increasing capability requirements. A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing Aircraft that is in the current employ of a Military power Manufacturers of military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost, performance, and the speed of production.
Types of military aircraft
- Fighter aircraft's primary function is to destroy other aircraft. A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed (e. g. Sopwith Camel, A6M Zero, F-16, MiG-29, Su-27, F-22). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
- Ground attack aircraft are used against tactical earth-bound targets. Ground-attack aircraft are military aircraft designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as Close air support for and in proximity to their own ground forces Tactical bombing uses Aircraft to attack troops and military equipment in the battle zone (e. g. Junkers Stuka diver bomber, Ilyushin Il-2 ,J-22 Orao, Sukhoi Su-25, and the A-10). The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka (from Stu rz' ka' mpfflugzeug, " Dive bomber " was a two-seat (pilot and rear gunner WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
- Bombers are generally used against more strategic targets. A bomber is a Military aircraft designed to attack ground and sea targets primarily by dropping Bombs on them Strategic bombing is a Military strategy used in a Total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability to wage war rather (e. g. Zeppelin, B-29 Superfortress, Tu-22, Dassault Mirage IV, and the B-2 Spirit)
- Cargo transport aircraft are used to transport hardware and personnel, such as the C-17 Globemaster III or C-130 Hercules. A Zeppelin is a type of Rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century based on designs he had outlined WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A cargo aircraft (also known as freighters or freight aircraft) is an Fixed-wing aircraft designed or converted for the carriage of goods rather WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
- Surveillance aircraft are used for reconnaissance (e. Surveillance aircraft are military Aircraft used for monitoring enemy activity usually carrying no armament Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information g. Rumpler Taube, de Havilland Mosquito, U-2, and MiG-25R). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
- Helicopters are used for assault support, cargo transport and close air support. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. Assault Support is one of the six functions of United States Marine Corps aviation and is comprised of those actions required to airlift personnel supplies or equipment Cargo airlines (or airfreight carriers, and derivatives of these names are Airlines dedicated to the Transport of Cargo. In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to
Air Traffic Control (ATC)
Air traffic control (ATC) involves communication with aircraft to help maintain separation — that is, they ensure that aircraft are sufficiently far enough apart horizontally or vertically for no risk of collision. Air traffic control ( ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct Aircraft on the ground and in the air A control tower, or more specifically an air traffic control tower is the name of the airport building from which the Air traffic control unit controls the movement of aircraft Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the Netherlands ' main Airport, located 20 minutes (17 The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Controllers may co-ordinate position reports provided by pilots, or in high traffic areas (such as the United States) they may use RADAR to see aircraft positions. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships
There are generally four different types of ATC:
- centre controllers, who control aircraft enroute between airports
- control towers (including tower, ground control, clearance delivery, and other services), which control aircraft within a small distance (typically 10-15 km horizontal, and 1,000 m vertical) of an airport.
- oceanic controllers, who control aircraft over international waters between continents, generally without radar service.
- terminal controllers, who control aircraft in a wider area (typically 50-80 km) around busy airports.
ATC is especially important for aircraft flying under Instrument flight rules (IFR), where they may be in weather conditions that do not allow the pilots to see other aircraft. However, in very high-traffic areas, especially near major airports, aircraft flying under Visual flight rules (VFR) are also required to follow instructions from ATC.
In addition to separation from other aircraft, ATC may provide weather advisories, terrain separation, navigation assistance, and other services to pilots, depending on their workload.
ATC does not control all flights. The majority of VFR flights in North America are not required to talk to ATC (unless they are passing through a busy terminal area or using a major airport), and in many areas, such as northern Canada, ATC services are not available even for IFR flights at lower altitudes. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
Environmental impact
Like all activities involving combustion, operating powered aircraft (from airliners to hot air balloons) releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), soot, and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Aviation impacts the environment because Aircraft engines emit noise, particulates gases contribute to Climate change and Global dimming Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Soot (ˈsʊt is a general term that refers to the black impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to aviation:
- Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause (mainly large jet airliners) emit aerosols and leave contrails, both of which can increase cirrus cloud formation — cloud cover may have increased by up to 0. The tropopause is in the atmosphere between the Troposphere and the Stratosphere. A jet airliner, sometimes contracted to jetliner, is a passenger Airplane (passenger Aeroplane) that is powered by Jet engines. 2% since the birth of aviation. [5]
- Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly nitrogen compounds, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations. The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric [6][7]
- Most light piston aircraft burn avgas, which contains tetra-ethyl lead (TEL), a highly-toxic substance that can cause soil contamination at airports. Avgas is a high-octane Aviation fuel used for Aircraft and Racing cars Avgas is a Portmanteau for aviation gasoline Tetra-ethyl lead, abbreviated TEL, is an organometallic compound with the formula ( CH3CH2)4 Pb. Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded mogas, and turbine engines and diesel engines — neither of which requires lead — are appearing on some newer light aircraft. Light aircraft is a generic category of aircraft that comprises many official designations in many countries
Notes
- ^ Babcock Gover, Philip (1990). Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 978-0877792017.
- ^ Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
- ^ Automata history [1]
- ^ China's Aircraft Industry Gets Off the Ground - TIME
- ^ Aviation and the Global Atmosphere (IPCC)
- ^ Lin, X. ; Trainer, M. and Liu, S. C. , (1988). "On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production. ". Journal of Geophysical Research 93: 15879–15888.
- ^ Grewe, V. ; D. Brunner, M. Dameris, J. L. Grenfell, R. Hein, D. Shindell, J. Staehelin (July 2001). "Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes". Atmospheric Environment 35 (20): 3421-3433. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
See also
A Accidents and incidents in aviation ADF Adverse Yaw Aerobatics AerodynamicsDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic