Citizendia

For the reality show, see Average Joe (show). Average Joe was an American Reality television show broadcast on the NBC beginning in 2003

The term Average Joe or Average Jane is used in the United States to refer to the average American. Today statistics by the United States Department of Commerce provide information regarding the societal attributes of those who may be referred to as being "average". While some individual attributes are easily identified as being average, such as the median income, other characteristics, such as family arrangements may not be identified as being average. In 2000 for example no single household arrangement constituted more than 30% of total households. Married couples with no children were the most common constituting 28. 7% of households. It would nonetheless be inaccurate to state that the average American lives in a childless couple arrangement as 71. 3% do not. [1]Other "average" characteristics are easier to identify. In terms of social class, the average American may be described as either being middle[2] or working class. There is considerable controversy regarding social class in the United States, and it remains a concept with many competing definitions The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. [3][4] As social classes lack distinct boundaries the average American may have a status in the area where the lower middle and working class overlap. [5] Overall the average American, age 25 or older, made roughly $32,000 per year,[6] does not have a college degree, has been, is, or will be married as well as divorced at least once during his or her lifetime, lives in his or her own home in a suburban setting and holds a white collar office job. Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education [7]

Television characters such as Doug Heffernan from the show King of Queens may be referred to as "the average Joe"[8] Other televisions shows depicting the lives of "Average Joes" include All in the family and The Simpsons. Douglas Steven "Doug" Heffernan is a fictional character in the American Situation comedy In real life, as chronicled in his 2005 book The Average American: The Extraordinary Search for the Nation's Most Ordinary Citizen, Kevin O'Keefe successfully completed a nationwide search for the person who was the most statistically average in the United States during a five-year span ending in 2005.

Contents

Families

Family arrangements in the US have become more diverse with no particular households arrangement being prevalent enough to be identified as the average.
Family arrangements in the US have become more diverse with no particular households arrangement being prevalent enough to be identified as the average. [1]
Changes in the composition of US households between 1970 and 2000.
Changes in the composition of US households between 1970 and 2000. [1]

As the United States is a highly diverse nation, it should not be surprising that there is no single prevalent household arrangement. While the "nuclear family" consisting of a married couple with their own children is often seen as the average American family, such households constitute less than a quarter of all households. The term nuclear family developed in the Western world to distinguish the Family group consisting of parents most commonly a Father and Mother [1][5] Married couples without children are currently the plurality constituting 28. 7% of households, compared to 24. 1% for nuclear families. Another 25. 5% of households consisted of single persons residing alone. Recent trends have shown the numbers of nuclear families as well as childless married couples decrease. In 1970, 40. 3% of US households consisted of nuclear families with childless couples making up 30. 3% of households and 10. 6% of households being arranged in "Other family types. " By 2000 the percentage of nuclear families had decreased by 40%, while the number of other family types had increased by 51%. The percentage of single households has also steadily increased. In 1970, only 17% of households consisted of singles. In 2000 that figure had increased by 50% with singles constituting 25. 5% of households. The most drastic increase was among the percentage of households made up of single males, which nearly doubled from 5. 6% in 1970 to 10. 7% in 2000. [1] Today, one can no longer refer to the nuclear family as the average American household, neither can one identify the current plurality of married couples without children as "the average. " Recent statistics indeed indicate that there is no average American family arrangement, but that American society is home to a wide and diverse variety of family arrangements. The one thing the data does indicate is that the average Joe most likely does not reside in a nuclear 4-person family. [5][1]

“"The nuclear family. . . is the idealized version of what most people think when they they think they think think of "family. . . " The old definition of what a family is. . . the nuclear family- no longer seems adequate to cover the wide diversity of household arrangements we see today, according to many social scientists (Edwards 1991; Stacey 1996). Thus has arisen the term postmodern family, which is meant to describe the great variability in family forms, including single-parent families and child-free couples. "- Brian K. Williams, Stacey C. Sawyer, Carl M. Wahlstrom, Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships, 2005. [1]”

A statement that can be made, however, is that most Americans will marry at least once in their life time with first marriage most commonly ending in divorce. Today a little over half, 52. 3% of US household include a married couple, showing a significant decrease since 1970 when 70. 6% of households included a married couple. [1] Current trends indicate that people in the US are marrying later and less often with higher divorce rates. Despite the declining prevalence of marriage more than three quarters of Americans will marry at least once in their life time. The average age for marriage for a male was 26. 8 and 25. 1 for a female. Americans are also likely to re-marry after their first divorce. In 1990, 40% of all marriages are remarriages. Overall one can conclude that while there is no prevalent average household arrangement, most Americans (the average Joe) will get married and divorced once with a considerable number of American re-marrying at least once. [5]

YearFamilies (69. 7%)Non-families (31. 2%)
Married couples(52. 5%)Single ParentsOther blood relativesSingles (25. 5%)Other non-family
Nuclear familyWithout childrenMaleFemale
200024. 1%28. 7%9. 9%7%10. 7%14. 8%5. 7%
197040. 3%30. 3%5. 2%5. 5%5. 6%11. 5%1. 7%

Income

Median personal income in the United States.
Median personal income in the United States. Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals
Main articles: Personal income in the United States and Household income in the United States

Income in the United States is most commonly measured either by individual or household. Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals Household income is a measure of current private income commonly used by the United States government and private institutions Income in the United States is measured by the United States Department of Commerce either by household or individual. Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals Household income is a measure of current private income commonly used by the United States government and private institutions In 2005 the median personal income, the amount earned by the average Joe or average Jane, is largely determined by who is or who is not included in the statistics. Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals Personal income statistics are given in accordance to a variety of demographic characteristics. The median income for all 233 million persons over the age of 15 was $28,567. Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals [9] By only including those above age 25, the vast majority of students and all working adolescents are excluded. The median income for the people above the age 25 was $32,140 in 2005. Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals Of those with incomes, over the age of 25, almost three quarters, 73. 31%, the median income was clocked at $39,336 in 2005. [6] This figure excludes those employed part-time, students, working teenagers, retires and the unemployed. Depending on whether or not those working part-time are included, the average American makes between $32,000 and $39,000. [6][9]

In 2005, 42% of all households and 76% of households in the top quintile had two or more income earners. [10] As a result there was a considerable discrepancy between household and personal income. Recent studies, such as the one conducted by Harvard professor Elizabeth Warren, have shown that the average American household needs two incomes in order to live what is commonly perceived as a middle-class lifestyle. [11] The median income per household member was clocked at $24,672 in 2005. This means that the average Joe earns roughly $32,000 a year, lives in a household with an income of $46,000 with $24,000 of gross annual income per member. [12] Personal income changes considerably over the life-time of the average American, from $28,000 at age 25 to about $42,000 at the age of 65. Yet, very young and old persons would commonly not be considered to be average Americans.

Data typeHouseholds[13]Families[14]Per household member[12]Persons, all surveyed[15]Persons, age 25+[16]Persons, age 25-64[17]Persons, full-time, age 25-64[18]Male, full-time, age 25-64[19]Female, full-time, age 25-64[20]
Median (annual gross income)$46,326$56,194$24,672$28,567$32,140$32,611$39,509$43,473$33,351

SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2006[20][19][18][17][16][15][14][13][12]

Income at a glance

Median income levels
HouseholdsPersons, age 25 or older with earningsHousehold income by race
All householdsDual earner
households		Per household
member		MalesFemalesBoth sexesAsianWhite,
non-hispanic		HispanicBlack
$46,326$67,348$23,535$39,403$26,507$32,140$57,518$48,977$34,241$30,134
Median personal income by educational attainment
MeasureSome High SchoolHigh school graduateSome collegeAssociate degreeBachelor's degree or higherBachelor's degreeMaster's degreeProfessional degreeDoctorate degree
Persons, age 25+ w/ earnings$20,321$26,505$31,054$35,009$49,303$43,143$52,390$82,473$70,853
Male, age 25+ w/ earnings$24,192$32,085$39,150$42,382$60,493$52,265$67,123$100,000$78,324
Female, age 25+ w/ earnings$15,073$21,117$25,185$29,510$40,483$36,532$45,730$66,055$54,666
Persons, age 25+, employed full-time$25,039$31,539$37,135$40,588$56,078$50,944$61,273$100,000$79,401
Household$22,718$36,835$45,854$51,970$73,446$68,728$78,541$100,000$96,830
Household income distribution
Bottom 10%Bottom 20%Bottom 25%Middle 33%Middle 20%Top 25%Top 20%Top 5%Top 1. The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education Bachelor's degree or higher is a commonly used term by the US Census Bureau and other United States government agencies on the federal as well as state and local level 5%Top 1%
$0 to $10,500$0 to $18,500$0 to $22,500$30,000 to $62,500$35,000 to $55,000$77,500 and up$92,000 and up$167,000 and up$250,000 and up$350,000 and up
SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2006; income statistics for the year 2005

Education

Main article: Educational attainment in the United States
Educational attainment in the United States according to the US Census Bureau.
Educational attainment in the United States according to the US Census Bureau. The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education [21]

The US population seems almost equally divided between those who have and those have not attended college. While only a minority of Americans, 27. 6%, have graduated college with a Bachelor's degree or more, a slight majority, 53%, of Americans had "some college" education. Bachelor's degree or higher is a commonly used term by the US Census Bureau and other United States government agencies on the federal as well as state and local level As only 36. 2% had an Associates degree or more, with only roughly 9% having a graduate degree. The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education On the other end of the strata, 14. 8% of persons did not graduate high school. [22] It is fair to assume that the average Joe/Jane is neither a college graduate nor a high school drop-out. It is, however, difficult to determine whether or not the average American has some college education as the population is split between those who did and did not attend college. The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education Over the past half century the educational attainment of the US population has significantly increased. [7] The income of an individual with some college education was also similar to the overall median personal income. Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals The median personal income for someone with some college education was $31,054, compared to $32,140 for the overall population, age 25 or older with earnings. The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education The median income for a high school graduate, on the other hand, was considerably below the national median personal income estimated at $26,505. Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education [23] Overall, despite a slight decrease in the percentage of high school graduates and significantly slower growth of college graduate, the average American is more educated today than ever before, having graduated high school and likely, though not necessarily, attended college. The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education [7]

“"In 2003, over four-fifths (85 percent) of all adults 25 years or older reported they had completed at least high school; over

one in four adults (27 percent) had attained at least a bachelor’s degree; both measures are all time highs. In 2003, the percentage of the adult population who had completed high school increased for the first time since 2000, when it was 84 percent. "- US Census Bureau, 2003 report on educational attainment.

”
YearNo high school diplomaHigh school graduateSome collegeAssociates degreeBachelor's degreeGraduate degree
200514. 8%85. 2%53. 0%36. 2%27. 6%9. 5%

SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2005[22]

Social class

Main articles: Social class in the United States and American middle class

In terms of social class the average American may be referred to as being either a member of the middle[2] or working class. There is considerable controversy regarding social class in the United States, and it remains a concept with many competing definitions The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. There is considerable controversy regarding social class in the United States, and it remains a concept with many competing definitions The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. [3][4] The discrepancy is largely the result of differing class models and definitions of what constitutes a member of the middle class. There is considerable controversy regarding social class in the United States, and it remains a concept with many competing definitions The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. Currently the vast majority of Americans self-identify themselves as middle class, yet some experts in the field such Michael Zweig of NYU Stoney Brook or Dennis Gilbert of Cornell University have brought forth different theories. The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. As most Americans are neither professionals nor managers and lack college degrees the Average American may be described as being either or both, lower middle and working class. The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education [5][7]

“"Everyone wants to believe they are middle class. For people on the bottom and the top of the wage scale the phrase connotes a certain Regular Joe cachet. But this eagerness to be part of the group has led the definition to be stretched like a bungee cord"- Dante Chinni, the Christian Science Monitor”

Occupational autonomy is a key factor in regards to class positions. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday [24] Professionals and managers who are exclusively labeled as middle class and often as upper middle class, conceptualize, create and consult in their jobs. The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. Due to their great expertise they enjoy a high degree of autonomy in the work place. [4] The American economy, however, does not require a labor force consisting solely of professionals. The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. Instead it requires a greatly diverse and specialized labor force. Thus the majority of Americans complete assigned tasks with considerably less autonym and creative freedom than professionals, leading to theory that they may better be described as being members of the working class. The American middle class is an ambiguously defined Social class in the United States. [5]

Academic Class Models
Dennis Gilbert, 2002William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005Leonard Beeghley, 2004
ClassTypical characteristicsClassTypical characteristicsClassTypical characteristics
Capitalist class (1%)Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Dennis Gilbert is Professor and chair of Sociology at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York. Leonard Beeghley is Professor of Sociology at the University of Florida since 1975 Ivy League education common. Upper class 1%Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common. The super-rich (0. 9%)Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.
The Rich (5%)Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.
Upper middle class1 (15%)Highly educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomyUpper middle class1 (15%)Highly educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000Middle class (plurality/
majority?; ca. 46%)		College educated workers with incomes considerably above-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.
Lower middle class (30%)Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white collar. Lower middle class (32%)Semi-professionals and craftsman with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.
Working class (30%)Clerical and most blue collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education. Working class (32%)Clerical, pink and blue collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education. Working class
(ca. 40% - 45%)		Blue collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.
Working poor (13%)Service, low-rung clerical and some blue collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.
Lower class (ca. 14% - 20%)Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.
Underclass (12%)Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education. The poor (ca. 12%)Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.
References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
1The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Colins.

Occupation

Percent of labor force by employment sector, 2003.
Percent of labor force by employment sector, 2003. [7]

Most Americans today are white collar salaried employees who work in varied environments, from comfortable offices, retail outlets to hospitals. Roughly one quarter, 23. 4%, of Americans were employed in the traditional blue collar fields that require hard physical labor with another 14% employed in the service industry. [7] Office administrators or more colloquial, secretaries, were the largest single occupation in the United States. In 2004 there were 4. 1 million secretaries with a median income of $34,970, near the national median of $32,000. [25] Overall those employed in office administrative and support, service and sales occupations constituted 38. 6% of the labor force. Those employed in business and professional as well as professional support occupations (e. g. nurses) made up 38. 0% of the labor force. Combined white collar employees including service workers such as restaurant serves and hotel maids constituted 76. 6% of the labor force. If service workers are excluded 62. 8% were employed in white collar occupations. Educational attainment varied greatly depending on occupational field with 68% of those in the professional and professional support fields having a Bachelor's degree of higher, compared to only 31. 6% of those employed in sales and 11. 6% of those in the service sector. Considering the fact that the average American does not have a Bachelor's degree, he or she is most likely employed in the service, sales, and office support fields with many working in the professional support and business fields as well. Overall the American economy and labor force have changed greatly since the middle of the 20th. century with most worker today being employed in office and service occupations. [7]

Homeownership

Homeownership rate according to race.
Homeownership rate according to race. [26]
Main article: Homeownership in the United States

According to US Department of Commerce data the vast majority, 67% of housing units in the United States were owner occupied, had 3 or fewer bedrooms with 1 or less occupant per room (including kitchen, dining room, living room, etc. The homeownership rate in the United States in 2005 remained similar to that in other post-industrial nations with 68 The homeownership rate in the United States in 2005 remained similar to that in other post-industrial nations with 68 . . ) and were mortgaged. [27] The overwhelming majority, 85%, of all housing units had three or fewer bedrooms while 15% of all housing had 4 or more bedrooms. The plurality of housing units, 40%, had three bedrooms. The vast majority, 67%, of housing units were mortgaged with 52% households spending 25% or less of their annual income on mortgage payments. Household income is a measure of current private income commonly used by the United States government and private institutions The median value of a housing unit in the US was $167,500 in 2005 with the median mortgage payment being clocked at $1,295. ' Real estate pricing deals with the valuation (finance and there are three main methods appraisals with comparable properties capitalization rate comparisons with similar The average size of a household was 2. 5 persons with almost all housing units, 97%, having 1 or fewer occupants per room. However, the term "room" does not exclusively refer to bedrooms, but includes the kitchen, dining room, family room, bath rooms and any other rooms a house might have. While 85% of American homes had 3 or fewer bedrooms the median number of total rooms per housing units was 5. 3 in 2005. [27] Considering these statistics one can conclude that the average American resides in his or her own home, pays roughly $1,000 per month in mortgage payments for a three or less bedroom house with no more than 1 occupant per room. The homeownership rate in the United States in 2005 remained similar to that in other post-industrial nations with 68 [27]

US Census Bureau data from 2002 identified a series of housing characteristics for units owner-occupied units inhabited by households with average incomes, ranging from $40,000 to $60,000. The median square footage for homes occupied by middle income households was 1,700 with 52% of such homes having two or more bathrooms. The median value of these homes was $112,000 with the median year of construction being 1970. Middle income households tended to spend roughly 18% of their monthly income on housing. Considering these statistics it is likely that many average Americans reside in 1,700-square-foot (160 m²) homes, priced slightly above $100,000 with two or more bathrooms that were built in the late 1960s and early 1970s. [28]

Criticism

While the notion of an "average person" is used extensively, some researchers warn of inherent controversies of the statistical approach, which must be taken with caution. As John Allen Paulos quipped, "The statistic is that the average resident of Miami, Florida, is born Hispanic and dies Jewish". John Allen Paulos (born July 4, 1945) is a professor of Mathematics at Temple University in Philadelphia who has gained fame as a Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [29]

See also

US related topics

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Williams, Brian; Stacey C. The United States is an urbanized nation with 808 percent of its population of 305186613 residing in cities and suburbs as of mid-year 2005 Personal income is a measure utilized by the United States government particularly the Department of Commerce, to determine the income of individuals The educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education There is considerable controversy regarding social class in the United States, and it remains a concept with many competing definitions The development of the culture of the United States of America — music, cinema, dance, architecture, literature, poetry The homeownership rate in the United States in 2005 remained similar to that in other post-industrial nations with 68 A general-audience description of a mathematical or scientific concept is one that can be understood by the average educated person The Name " John Doe " is used as a Placeholder name for a male party in a legal action case or discussion whose true identity is either unknown or Sawyer, Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005). Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships. Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-36674-0.  
  2. ^ a b Christian Science Monitor on What is Middle Class. Retrieved on 2006-09-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul
  3. ^ a b Vanneman, Reeve; Lynn Weber Cannon (1988). The American Perception of Class. New York, NY: Temple University Press. 0877225931.  
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  11. ^ Middle income can't buy Middle class lifestyle. Retrieved on 2006-01-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
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  17. ^ a b US Census Bureau, personal income, age 25-64, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the
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  21. ^ US Census Bureau, Educational Attainment during the 2000 Census. Retrieved on 2006-07-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
  22. ^ a b US Census Bureau, 2005, data published on Infoplease.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
  23. ^ US Census Bureau, Personal income, age 25+, 2006 statistics forum. Retrieved on 2006-01-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
  24. ^ Eichar, Douglas (1989). Occupation and Class Consciousness in America. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 0-313-26111-3.  
  25. ^ US Department of Labor, Office administrators in the US. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
  26. ^ US Census Bureau, homeownership by race. Retrieved on 2006-10-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
  27. ^ a b c US Census Bureau, Housing Charateristics, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-01-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
  28. ^ Beeghley, Leonard; Joseph Hickey (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. New York, New York: Pearson. 0-205-37558-8.  
  29. ^ John Allen Paulos (1998) "Once Upon a Number: The Hidden Mathematical Logic of Stories", ISBN 0465051596
John Allen Paulos (born July 4, 1945) is a professor of Mathematics at Temple University in Philadelphia who has gained fame as a
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