The Love of Zero (1927) film by Robert Florey

Avant-garde (pronounced [avɑ̃gaʁd] in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard". Robert Florey ( 14 September 1900, Paris - 16 May 1979, Santa Monica California) was a French screenwriter French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people ^[1] The adjective form is used in English, to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics. In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions

Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. Social norms have been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values beliefs attitudes and behaviors Status quo is a Latin term meaning the present existing state of affairs or "the state in which" The notion of the existence of the avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, as distinct from postmodernism. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Postmodernism posits that the age of the constant pushing of boundaries is no longer with us and that avant-garde has little to no applicability in the age of Postmodern art. Postmodern art is a term used to describe art which is thought to be in contradiction to some aspect of Modernism, or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath However, this is not true in the case of music as many pieces are still being released which are generally considered Avant-garde in popular culture [1][2].

Working definition

The vanguard, a small troop of highly skilled soldiers, explores the terrain ahead of a large advancing army and plots a course for the army to follow. A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Terrain, or relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land surface. This concept is applied to the work done by small collectives of intellectuals and artists as they open pathways through new cultural or political terrain for society to follow. An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating

The origin of the application of this French term to art is still debated. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Some fix it on May 17, 1863, the opening of the Salon des Refusés in Paris, organized by painters whose work was rejected for the annual Paris Salon of officially sanctioned academic art. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Salon des Refusés, French for “exhibition of rejects” is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously The Salon (Salon or rarely Paris Salon (French Salon de Paris) beginning in 1725 was the official Art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts Salons des Refusés were held in 1863, 1874, 1875, and 1886.

The term also refers to the promotion of radical social reforms. It was this meaning that was evoked by the Saint Simonian Olinde Rodrigues in his essay, "L'artiste, le savant et l'industriel," (“The artist, the scientist and the industrialist”, 1825) which contains the first recorded use of "avant-garde" in its now-customary sense: there, Rodrigues calls on artists to "serve as [the people's] avant-garde," insisting that "the power of the arts is indeed the most immediate and fastest way" to social, political, and economic reform. Saint-Simonianism was a French socialist movement of the first half of the Nineteenth century. Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues (1795&ndash1851 more commonly known as Olinde Rodrigues, was a French banker mathematician, and social reformer ^[2] Over time, avant-garde became associated with movements concerned with art for art's sake, focusing primarily on expanding the frontiers of aesthetic experience, rather than with wider social reform. " Art for art's sake " is the usual English rendition of a French Slogan, from the early 19th century l'art pour l'art and expresses a philosophy Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called

Avant-garde jazz is a more recent application of the term, dating back to the late 1950s. Avant-garde jazz (also known as avant-jazz) is a style of music and Improvisation that combines Avant-garde Art music and composition with

Fountain by Marcel Duchamp, 1917, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz

For instance, whereas Marcel Duchamp's fountain (a urinal), which he declared a piece of art, may have been avant-garde at the time but is no longer given the title today as the body of work has already been created; it is no longer innovative. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist Alfred Stieglitz (January 1 1864 &ndash July 13 1946 was an American photographer who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in making Photography an acceptable Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art Avant-garde is therefore temporal and relates to the process of art's unfolding in time. Duchamp's work retains its distinction as avant-garde even today, because it marks a historical point in the advancement of the conception of art, relative to the period in which it surfaced. Similarly, "avant-garde" can be applied to the forerunners of any new movements.

Theorizing the avant-garde

Several writers have attempted to map the parameters of avant-garde activity with limited success. One of the most useful and respected analyses of vanguardism as a cultural phenomenon remains the Italian essayist Renato Poggioli's 1962 book Teoria dell'arte d'avanguardia (The Theory of the Avant-Garde). Renato Poggioli ( Florence 1907-1963 was an Italian literary critic and specialist in Russian literature. Surveying the historical, social, psychological and philosophical aspects of vanguardism, Poggioli reaches beyond individual instances of art, poetry and music to show that vanguardists may be seen as sharing certain ideals or values which are manifested in the non-conformist lifestyles they adopted, vanguard culture being shown to be a variety or subcategory of Bohemianism. The term bohemian, of French origin was first used in the English language in the nineteenth century to describe the untraditional lifestyles of marginalized and impoverished Artists ^[3]

Reflecting on Charles Baudelaire's complaint that 'the man of letters is the enemy of the world' and Stéphane Mallarmé's distress over the isolation of the creator in "this society that will not let him live", Poggioli opines that beyond having habitually non-conformist postures, Avant-garde creators have historically existed in a state of mutual antagonism towards both the public and tradition. Stéphane Mallarmé (malaʁ'me ( March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898) whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French As pioneers, avant-gardes have shunned popularity, seeing those who are popular as producing complacent or compromised work. This is also why avant-gardists have abhorred fashion, judging it to deal in stereotypes, falsehoods and insincere sentiments. Their iconoclasm has witnessed avant-gardes taking positions against current trends; but as pioneers they will also adopt a strong ‘down-with-the-past’ attitude. Vanguardists are committed to new ideals, seeing traditions, institutions and orthodoxies as outmoded prisons of convention.

Taken together, these traits mean that avant-gardes are often estranged from society. This has taken several forms, as some creators were socially alienated. In Sociology and Critical social theory, alienation refers to an individual's estrangement from traditional community and others in general It has been common for avant-gardes to declare their opposition to the bourgeoisie class in particular. Their antagonism towards accepted values and approaches has also meant that historically their audience has tended to be the intelligentsia. For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. Poggioli further tries to classify avant-gardes according to four conceptual dispositions: Nihilism, Agonism, Futurism, and Decadence. Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose Agonism is a political theory which emphasises the potentially positive aspects of certain (but not all forms of political conflict Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century Decadence can refer to a personal trait or to the state of a society (or segment of it

Other authors have attempted to both clarify and extend Poggioli's study. The German literary critic Peter Bürger's Theory of the Avant-Garde (1974) looks at the Establishment's embrace of socially critical works of art and suggests that in complicity with capitalism, "art as an institution neutralizes the political content of the individual work. "^[4] While the title of Bürger's essay is an explicit reference to Poggioli's, he makes several useful additions to the latter's groundbreaking study, such as the distinction between "historical" (Futurism, Dada, Surrealism) and "neo" avant-garde (Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Nouveau Réalisme, Fluxus, etc. Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Fluxus —a name taken from a Latin word meaning "to flow"—is an international network of artists composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media ).

Bürger's essay also greatly influenced the work of contemporary American art historians such as Benjamin H. D. Buchloh, while older critics like Bürger continue to view the postwar neo-avant-garde as the empty recycling of forms and strategies from the first two decades of the twentieth century, others like Clement Greenberg view it, more positively, as a new articulation of the specific conditions of cultural production in the postwar period. Benjamin H D Buchloh is the Franklin D and Florence Rosenblatt Professor of Modern Art at Harvard University. Clement Greenberg ( January 16, 1909 - May 7, 1994) was an influential American Buchloh, in the collection of essays Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry (2000) critically argues for a dialectical approach to these positions. ^[5] In the postmodern period, Jean-Francois Lyotard and Griselda Pollock^[6] have re-articulated the Avant-Garde in art. Jean-François Lyotard (ʒɑ̃ fʀɑ̃swa ljɔˈtaʀ August 10 1924 April 21 1998) was a French philosopher and literary Griselda Pollock (born 1949) is a prominent art historian and cultural analyst and a world-renowned scholar of international post-colonial feminist studies in the

Avant-garde and mainstream society

The concept of avant-garde refers exclusively to marginalised artists, writers, composers and thinkers whose work is not only opposed to mainstream commercial values, but often has an abrasive social or political edge. Many writers, critics and theorists made assertions about vanguard culture during the formative years of modernism, although the initial definitive statement on the avant-garde was the essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch ^[7] As the essay’s title suggests, Clement Greenberg conclusively showed not only that vanguard culture has historically been opposed to ‘high’ or ‘mainstream culture’, but that it also has rejected the artificially synthesized mass culture that has been produced by industrialization. Avant-Garde and Kitsch is the title of a 1939 essay by Clement Greenberg, first published in the Partisan Review, in which he claimed that Clement Greenberg ( January 16, 1909 - May 7, 1994) was an influential American Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — Each of these media is a direct product of Capitalism – they are all now substantial industries – and as such they are driven by the same profit-fixated motives of other sectors of manufacturing, not the ideals of true art. For Greenberg, these forms were therefore kitsch: they were phony, faked or mechanical culture, which often pretended to be more than they were by using formal devices stolen from advanced or vanguard culture. Kitsch /kɪtʃ/ is a term of German or Yiddish origin that has been used to categorize art that is considered an inferior tasteless copy of an existing For instance, during the 1930s the advertising industry was quick to take visual mannerisms from surrealism, but this does not mean that 1930s advertising photographs are truly surreal. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members It was a matter of style without substance. In this sense Greenberg was at pains to distance true avant-garde creativity from the market-driven fashion change and superficial stylistic innovation that are sometimes used to claim privileged status for these manufactured forms of the new consumer culture. Consumerism is the equation of personal Happiness with the purchase of material possessions and consumption.

Max Horkheimer (front left), Theodor Adorno (front right), and Jürgen Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg, Germany

A similar view was likewise argued by assorted members of the Frankfurt School, including Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in their essay The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass-Deception (1944), and also Walter Benjamin in his highly influential The Work of Art in the Age of Technical Reproduction (1936) ^[8]. Max Horkheimer (February 14 1895 &ndash July 7 1973 was a German Philosopher and Sociologist, and a founder and guiding thinker of Critical Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Jürgen Habermas (ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs born June 18, 1929 is a German Philosopher and Sociologist in the tradition of Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist Critical theory, Social research, and Philosophy. Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Max Horkheimer (February 14 1895 &ndash July 7 1973 was a German Philosopher and Sociologist, and a founder and guiding thinker of Critical Dialectic of Enlightenment (German Dialektik der Aufklärung) is the core text of Critical Theory explaining the socio-psychological status Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit is a 1936 essay by German cultural critic Where Greenberg used the German word kitsch to describe the antithesis of avant-garde culture, members of the Frankfurt School coined the term mass culture to indicate that this bogus culture is constantly being manufactured by a newly emerged Culture industry (comprising commercial publishing houses, the movie industry, the record industry, the electronic media). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Kitsch /kɪtʃ/ is a term of German or Yiddish origin that has been used to categorize art that is considered an inferior tasteless copy of an existing Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — Culture industry is a term coined by Theodor Adorno (1903-1969 and Max Horkheimer (1895-1973 who argued that popular culture is akin to a factory producing standardized They also pointed out that the rise of this industry meant that artistic excellence was displaced by sales figures as a measure of worth: a novel, for example, was judged meritorious solely on whether it was a best-seller, music succumbed to ratings charts and the blunt commercial logic of the Gold disc. In this way the autonomous artistic merit so dear to the vanguardist was abandoned and sales increasingly became the measure, and justification, of everything. Consumer culture now ruled.

Despite the central arguments of Greenberg, Adorno and others, the term ‘avant-garde’ has been appropriated and misapplied by various sectors of the culture industry since the 1960s, chiefly as a marketing tool to publicise popular music and commercial cinema. It is now common to describe successful rock musicians and celebrated film-makers as avant-garde, the very word having been stripped of its proper meaning. Noting this important conceptual shift, major contemporary theorists such as Matei Calinescu in Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism (1987), and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern: A History (1995), have suggested that this is a sign our culture has entered a new post-modern age, when the former modernist ways of thinking and behaving have been rendered redundant. Matei Călinescu (b June 15, 1934) is a Romanian literary critic and professor of Comparative literature at Indiana University, in Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century

Nevertheless the most incisive critique of the vanguardism against the views of mainstream society was offered by the New York critic Harold Rosenberg in the late 1960s. Harold Rosenberg ( February 2, 1906, New York City - July 11, 1978, New York City was an American writer educator philosopher ^[9] Trying to strike a balance between the insights of Renato Poggioli and the claims of Clement Greenberg, Rosenberg suggested that from the mid-1960s onward progressive culture ceased to fulfill its former adversarial role. Since then it has been flanked by what he called 'avant-garde ghosts' to the one side, and a changing mass culture on the other, both of which it interacts with to varying degrees. This has seen culture become, in his words, ‘a profession one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing it. ’

Examples

Music

Main article: Avant-garde music

Avant-garde in music may refer, among other things, to an extreme form of musical improvisation in which little or no regard is given by soloists to any underlying chord structure or rhythm, such as free jazz and some forms of noise music. Avant-garde music is a subjective term that can be used in different ways Musical Improvisation is the creative activity of immediate Musical composition, which combines performance with communication of emotions and instrumental In Music, a solo (from the Italian solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer A chord progression (also chord sequence and harmonic progression or sequence) is a series of chords played in order Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. It can refer to any form of music working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner. ^[10]

Musique concrète (meaning concrete music in French) is a technique, used sometimes in avant-garde music, that starts from recorded acoustical sounds (which may be from traditional musical instruments or singing or speaking voices, as well as from natural environmental sounds and other non-inherently musical noises, or even electronically generated sounds) which are transformed in the recording studio to create musical structures. Musique concrète ( French; literally "concrete music" is a style of Avant-garde music that relies on recorded sounds including natural Pieces that have used Musique concrète include Étude aux chemins de fer (1948) and Variations sur une flûte mexicaine (1949) by Pierre Schaeffer, "Revolution 9" by The Beatles (1968), "Are you Hung Up?" by Frank Zappa, "1983... (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)" by Jimi Hendrix and "Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict" by Pink Floyd (1969). Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer ( August 14, 1910 &ndash August 19, 1995) was a French " Revolution 9 " is a Musique concrète track that appeared on The Beatles ' 1968 self-titled LP release (commonly known as the White The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21 1940 – December 4 1993 was an American Composer, Electric guitarist Record producer and Film director " 1983 (A Merman I Should Turn to Be " is a song by Jimi Hendrix, performed by The Jimi Hendrix Experience on their 1968 album Electric Ladyland James Marshall Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix) (November 27 1942 – September 18 1970 was an American Guitarist, Singer and Songwriter " Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict " is a track written and performed by Roger Waters from the two-part 1969 Pink Floyd are Influences of musical improvisation, free jazz and minimalism can be found on The Velvet Underground album The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967) and on Patti Smith's Horses (1975). Minimalist music is an originally American genre of experimental or Downtown music named in the 1960s based mostly in consonant harmony, steady This article is about the band For their self-titled album see The Velvet Underground (album; for the book see The Velvet Underground (book Patricia Lee Smith ( born December 30 1946 is an American Singer-songwriter and poet Horses is the debut album by Patti Smith, released in 1975 on Arista Records.

Avant-garde art movements

References and notes

1. ^ Avant-garde definitions. Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. Angry Penguins, an Australian literary and artistic Avant-garde movement of the 1940s stimulated by a Modernist magazine of the same name published by Ars subtilior (more subtle art is a Musical style characterized by rhythmic and notational complexity centered around Paris, Avignon Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international Asemic writing is a wordless open Semantic form of Writing. The word asemic means "having no specific semantic content" ("House of Building" or "Building School" is the common term for the, a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts and was famous Cinéma Pur ( French for Pure Cinema) was an Avant-garde film movement birthed in Paris in the 1920s and 30s COBRA (or CoBrA) was a European Avant-garde movement active from 1949 to 1952. Conceptual art is Art in which the Concept (s or Idea (s involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns Constructivism was an Artistic and architectural movement in Russia from 1919 onward which rejected the idea of " Art for art's sake " Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European Cyberpunk is a Science fiction genre noted for its focus on " High tech and low life. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released For the album by The White Stripes see De Stijl (album. De Stijl (in English, generally də ˈstaɪl after style; from the Dogme 95 or Dogma 95 is an Avant-garde Filmmaking movement started in 1995 by the Danish directors Lars von Trier and In 1961 filmmaker Gene Bernofsky and artist Clark Richert, art students from the University of Kansas, developed an art concept they called Drop Art Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form Les Fauves ( French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early Fluxus —a name taken from a Latin word meaning "to flow"—is an international network of artists composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s The Incoherents (Les Arts Incohérents was a short-lived French art movement founded by Parisian writer and publisher Jules Lévy in 1882 which anticipated many of the art Industrial music is a loose term for a number of different styles of Experimental music, especially but not necessarily Electronic music. Lettrism is a French Avant-garde movement established in Paris in the mid-1940s by Romanian immigrant Isidore Isou. See also Tachisme, Art Informel, School of Paris, Lyrical Abstraction refers to two related but distinctly separate movements in Post-war Mail art is Art which uses the Postal system as a medium The term mail art can refer to an individual message the medium through which it is sent or Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features Musique concrète ( French; literally "concrete music" is a style of Avant-garde music that relies on recorded sounds including natural Neo-Dada is a label applied primarily to the Visual arts describing artwork that has similarities in method or intent to earlier Dada artwork Neoism refers both to a specific subcultural network of artistic performance and media experimentalists and more generally to a practical underground philosophy The Neotericoi (νεωτερικοί Greek for "new poets" Neoterics or the Neoteric period refers to Avant-garde poets and their Neue Slowenische Kunst (a German phrase meaning "New Slovenian Art" aka NSK, is a controversial political Art collective that No Wave was a short-lived but influential Art music, Film, Performance art, Video and Contemporary art scene that had its beginnings Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Postminimalism is a term utilized in various artistic fields for work which is influenced by or attempts to develop and go beyond the aesthetic of Minimalism. Primitivism refers to a an artistic movement in particular which originated as a reaction to the Enlightenment, or b the general tendency to idealize any social behavior Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Social Realism, also known as Socio-Realism, is an Artistic movement, expressed in the visual and other realist arts, which depicts Working class Space music, also spelled spacemusic, is an umbrella term used to describe music that evokes a feeling of contemplative spaciousness This term is not to be confused with Supremacism. black circle Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts This article is about the style of drama For the short story see Theatre of Cruelty (Discworld The Theatre of Cruelty is a concept Dictionary. com. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
2. ^ Calinescu, Matei (1987). The Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-Garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism. Duke University Press.  
3. ^ Poggioli, Renato (1981). The Theory of the Avant-Garde. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-88216-4.  , translated from the Italian by Gerald Fitzgerald, 2nd ed.
4. ^ Bürger, Peter (1974). Theorie der Avantgarde. Suhrkamp Verlag.   English translation (University of Minnesota Press) 1984: 90.
5. ^ Buchloh, Benjamin (2001). Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry: Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975. MIT Press. ISBN 0262024543.  
6. ^ Griselda Pollock, Avant-Garde Gambits: Gender and the Colour of Art History (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993); Fred Orton & Griselda Pollock, Avant-Gardes and Partisans Reviewed (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996). ISBN 0-7190-4398-0 ISBN 0-7190-4399-9
7. ^ Avant-Garde and Kitsch written by the New York art critic Clement Greenberg and published in the journal Partisan Review in 1939. Clement Greenberg ( January 16, 1909 - May 7, 1994) was an influential American Partisan Review was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936
8. ^ The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by Walter Benjamin
9. ^ Rosenberg, Harold (1983). The De-Definition of Art: Action Art to Pop to Earthworks. Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-72673-8.  . Originally published: New York: Horizon Press, 1972; reprinted New York: Collier Books, 1973.
10. ^ David Nicholls (ed. ), The Cambridge History of American Music (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 122–24. ISBN 0521454298 ISBN 9780521545549

See also

• Russian avant-garde
• Bohemianism
• Intelligentsia
• Experimental film
• Experimental music
• Experimental theatre
• Experimental literature
• Avant-garde metal
• List of avant-garde artists