Autonomy (Greek: Auto-Nomos - nomos meaning "law": one who gives oneself his/her own law) is the right to self-government. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization. Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Bioethics is the philosophical study of the ethical controversies brought about by advances in Biology and Medicine. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Within these contexts, it refers to the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, uncoerced decision. As commonly used, individual refers to a Person or to any specific object in a collection In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used as the basis for determining moral responsibility for one's actions. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language One of the best known philosophical theories of autonomy was developed by Kant. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg In medicine, respect for the autonomy of patients is an important goal for doctors and other health-care professionals, though it can conflict with a competing ethical principle, beneficence. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Politically, it is also used to refer to the self-governing of a people. An English Noun The English noun people has two distinct fields of application as a countable noun, a group of Humans
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Politics
In politics, autonomy refers to self-governance. In the past few decades, a large movement of Autonomism has emerged amongst the anti-capitalist Left, merging with pieces of Marxism, social democracy, Anarchism, the Inclusive Democracy project, and the Anti-Globalization Movement. Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i The theoretical project of Inclusive Democracy ( ID; as distinguished from the political project which is part of the democratic and autonomy traditions emerged from the work " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas
Philosophy
The word autonomy has several usages in philosophical contexts. In ethics, autonomy refers to a person's capacity for self-determination in the context of moral choices. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Kant argued that autonomy is demonstrated by a person who decides on a course of action out of respect for moral duty. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg That is, an autonomous person acts morally solely for the sake of doing "good", independently of other incentives. In Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant applied this concept to create a definition of personhood. The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals or Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten 1785) Immanuel He suggested that such compliance with moral law creates the essence of human dignity. This brief article is about how the term dignity is used The article presents dignity as it is used by international organizations governments bioethicists academics and In metaphysical philosophy, the concept of autonomy is referenced in discussions about free will, fatalism, determinism, and agency.
Religion
In the theology of the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) there is a debate over free will vs. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The question of free will predestination; which is ultimately a debate about "autonomy". Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation If there is free will, mankind is a society of autonomous beings, at least as far as their time on Earth is concerned. The debate concerns how much of a person's actions are dependent upon his own will, and how much is determined beforehand by God.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church when a church body is given "autonomy" it is permitted to rule itself internally, but still remains nominally subject to the mother church to which it belongs. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world In Christianity, the term mother church or Mother Church may have one of five meanings The first Mission church in an area or a Pioneer An autonomous church is permitted to elect its own primate, but the primate must be consecrated by the Patriarch of the mother church. Primate (from the Latin Primus, "first" is a title or rank bestowed on some Bishops in certain Christian churches Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service usually religious
Medicine
In a medical context, respect for a patient's autonomy is considered a fundamental ethical principle. This belief is the central premise of the concept of informed consent. Informed consent is a legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given Consent based upon an appreciation and understanding of the facts implications This idea, while considered essential to today's practice of medicine, was developed in the last 50 years. According to Beauchamp and Childress (in Principles of Biomedical Ethics), the Nuremberg trials detailed accounts of horrifyingly exploitative medical "experiments. " These incidences prompted calls for safeguards in medical research. In the 1940s, the phrase "informed consent" appeared but didn't become widely used until the 1970s. Initially, discussions about informed consent focused almost exclusively on research subjects, but eventually has come to apply to the conventional physician-patient relationship as well. The seven elements of informed consent (as defined by Beauchamp) include threshold elements (Competence and Voluntariness), information elements (Disclosure, Recommendation, and Understanding) and consent elements (Decision and Authorization. )
Restrictions on autonomy
Autonomy can be, and usually is to one extent or another, waived to another authority, such as by agreeing to follow governing laws. The actions available to an autonomous unit can be restricted by a more powerful authority, such as when a cattleman sets a fence around his herd, or a court sentences a criminal to prison. The decisions of an autonomous unit can be coerced, and its actions forced. Autonomy can be restricted through the aspect of the ability to act, as in the case of a newborn or through the aspect of the ability to decide as in the case of a person in a coma.
Space systems
Autonomy is an increasing feature of space systems with two objectives
- Mandatory for new functions:
- e. g. several spacecrafts in formation flight adjust their relative positions so that interferometric measurements with wide basis can be performed
- Cost reduction:
- e. g. failure detection and recovery by spacecraft system without ground station involvement reduces Up-/Downlink useage and reduces operational costs on ground.
Various uses
- In computing, an autonomous peripheral is one that can be used with the computer turned off
- Within self-determination theory in psychology, autonomy refers to 'autonomy support versus control', "hypothesizing that autonomy-supportive social contexts tend to facilitate self-determined motivation, healthy development, and optimal functioning. For an account of the words periphery and peripheral as they are used in biology sociology politics computer hardware and other fields see the Self-determination theory (SDT is a general theory of human motivation concerned with the development and functioning of personality within social contexts "
- In mathematical analysis, an autonomous ordinary differential equation is time-independent. In Mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (or ODE) is a relation that contains functions of only one Independent variable, and one or more of its
- In linguistics, an autonomous language is one which is independent of other languages, for example has a standard, grammar books, dictionaries, literature etc. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields An autonomous language or variety is usually a Standard language that has its own established norms as opposed to a heteronomous variety
- In robotics "autonomy means independence of control. See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application This characterization implies that autonomy is a property of the relation between two agents, in the case of robotics, of the relations between the designer and the autonomous robot. Autonomous robots are Robots which can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance Self-sufficiency, situatedness, learning or development, and evolution increase an agent’s degree of autonomy. ", according to Rolf Pfeifer.
- In economics, autonomous consumption is consumption expenditure when income levels are zero, making spending autonomous to income. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Autonomous consumption is a term used to describe consumption expenditure that occurs when income levels are zero
See also
Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Teaching for Social justice is an educational philosophy that proponents argue Teaches for Justice and equity all learners in Post-autonomous Art describes a mode of making art at a time when the artist's presumed autonomy (established in Modernism and still maintained in Post-modernism The Viable Systems Model, or VSM is a model of the organisational structure of any viable or Autonomous System. States wishing to retain territorial integrity in opposition to ethnic or indigenous demands for self-determination or independence sometimes offer or impose limited territorial autonomyDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic