Autonomism refers to a set of left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. A stencil is a Template used to draw or paint identical letters, Symbols, Shapes or Patterns every The Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus ( EKH) is a building in Vienna 's 10th district Favoriten. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Autonomism (autonomia) emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerist (operaismo) communism. After World War II and the overthrow of Mussolini's fascist regime, Italy's history was dominated by the Democrazia Cristiana (DC - Christian-Democrats Workerism is a name given to different trends in Left-wing political discourse especially Anarchism and Marxism. Workerism is a name given to different trends in Left-wing political discourse especially Anarchism and Marxism. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant after influence from the Situationists, the failure of the Italian far-left movements in the 1970s and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri, who had contributed to the 1969 founding of Potere Operaio Marxist group, Mario Tronti, Paolo Virno, etc. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Antonio ("Toni" Negri (born August 1, 1933) is an Italian Marxist political philosopher. Potere Operaio (Workers' Power was a radical left-wing Italian political group active between 1968 and 1973 It influenced the German and Dutch Autonomen, the worldwide Social Center movement, and today is influential in Italy, France, and to a significantly lesser extent the English-speaking countries. Social Centers are Community spaces They are buildings which are used for a range of disparate activities which can be linked only by virtue of being Not-for-profit Those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from Marxists to post-structuralists and (some) anarchists. Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century
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Etymology
The term autonomia/Autonome is derived from the Greek "αὐτό-νομος" referring to someone or something which lives by his/her own rule. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Autonomy, in this sense, is not independence. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising While independence refers to an autarcic kind of life, separated from the community, autonomy refers to life in society but by one own's rule. An autarky is an economy that is self-sufficient and does not take part in International trade, or severely limits trade with the outside world In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. Aristotle thus considered that only beasts or gods could be independent and live apart from the polis ("community"), while Kant defined the Enlightenment by autonomy of thought and the famous "Sapere aude" ("dare to know"). Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century
Autonomist theory
Unlike other forms of Marxism, autonomist Marxism emphasises the ability of the working class to force changes to the organisation of the capitalist system independent of the state, trade unions or political parties. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral Autonomists are less concerned with party political organisation than other Marxists, focusing instead on self-organised action outside of traditional organisational structures. Autonomist Marxism is thus a "bottom up" theory: it draws attention to activities that autonomists see as everyday working class resistance to capitalism, for example absenteeism, slow working, and socialisation in the workplace. Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation
Like other Marxists, autonomists see class struggle as being of central importance. Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective However, autonomists have a broader definition of the working class than other Marxists: as well as wage-earning workers (both white collar and blue collar), autonomists also include the unwaged (students, the unemployed, homemakers etc), who are traditionally deprived of any form of union representation. White-collar worker refers to a salaried professional or an educated Worker who performs semi-professional office administrative and sales coordination tasks as opposed to
Early theorists (such as Mario Tronti, Antonio Negri, Sergio Bologna and Paolo Virno) developed notions of "immaterial" and "social labour" that extended the Marxist concept of labour to all society. Antonio ("Toni" Negri (born August 1, 1933) is an Italian Marxist political philosopher. They suggested that modern society's wealth was produced by unaccountable collective work, and that only a little of this was redistributed to the workers in the form of wages. A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. They emphasised the importance of feminism and the value of unpaid female labour to capitalist society. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate
Italian autonomism
- Further information: History of the Italian Republic
Autonomist Marxism - referred to in Italy as operaismo, which translates literally as "workerism" - first appeared in Italy in the early 1960s. After World War II and the overthrow of Mussolini's fascist regime, Italy's history was dominated by the Democrazia Cristiana (DC - Christian-Democrats Workerism is a name given to different trends in Left-wing political discourse especially Anarchism and Marxism. Arguably, the emergence of early autonomism can be traced to the dissatisfaction of automotive workers in Turin with their union, which reached an agreement with FIAT. Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer The disillusionment of these workers with their organised representation, along with the resultant riots (in particular the 1962 riots by FIAT workers in Turin - "fatti di Piazza Statuto") were critical factors in the development of a theory of self-organised labour representation outside the scope of traditional representatives such as trade unions. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming
In 1969, the operaismo approach was active mainly in two different groups: Lotta Continua, led by Adriano Sofri (which had a very significant Roman Catholic cultural matrix) and Potere Operaio, led by Antonio Negri, Franco Piperno, Oreste Scalzone, and Valerio Morucci. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Workerism is a name given to different trends in Left-wing political discourse especially Anarchism and Marxism. Lotta Continua was a Far left Political party in Italy, involved in the Autonomism movement Adriano Sofri ( Trieste, August 1, 1942) is an Italian Intellectual, a Journalist and a Writer. Potere Operaio (Workers' Power was a radical left-wing Italian political group active between 1968 and 1973 Antonio ("Toni" Negri (born August 1, 1933) is an Italian Marxist political philosopher. Franco Piperno (born 1943 is an Italian former communist militant now a Physics professor at the University of Calabria. Oreste Scalzone (born January 26 1947) is an Italian militant Mario Capanna was the charismatic leader of the Milan student movement, which had a more classical Marxist-Leninist approach. Mario Capanna (born 1945 is an Italian politician and writer Biography Born in Città di Castello, he studied Philosophy at the Università Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted
Influences
Through translations made available by Danilo Montaldi and others, the Italian autonomists drew upon previous activist research in the United States by the Johnson-Forest Tendency and in France by the group Socialisme ou Barbarie (see below). The Johnson-Forest tendency, sometimes called the Johnsonites refers to an American radical left tendency associated with Marxist theorists C Socialisme ou Barbarie (Socialism or Barbarism was a French-based radical Libertarian socialist group of the post- World War II period (the name comes from The Johnson-Forest Tendency had studied working class life and struggles within the US auto industry, publishing pamphlets such as "The American Worker" (1947), "Punching Out" (1952) and "Union Committemen and Wildcat Strikes" (1955). That work was translated into French by Socialisme ou Barbarie and published, serially, in their journal. They too began investigating and writing about what was going on inside workplaces, in their case inside both auto factories and insurance offices.
The journal Quaderni Rossi ("Red Notebooks"), along with its successor Classe Operaia ("Working Class"), were also influential in the development of early autonomism. Both of these were founded by Antonio Negri and Mario Tronti - Quaderni Rossi was produced between 1961 and 1965, and Classe Operaia between 1963 and 1966. Antonio ("Toni" Negri (born August 1, 1933) is an Italian Marxist political philosopher.
Pirate radio stations also were a factor in spreading autonomist ideas and theory. The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio transmissions Bologna's Radio Alice was an example of such a station. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy For the US Radio Alice 973 see KLLC Radio Alice was an Italian free radio broadcasting from Bologna at the
Direct action
The Italian student movement, starting from 1966 (murder by neo-fascists of student Paolo Rossi in Rome University) engaged in various direct action operations, including riots and University occupations], along with more peaceful activities such as self reduction, in which individuals refused to pay for such services and goods as public transport, electricity, gas, rent, and food. Student activism is work done by students to effect political environmental economic or social change This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other Several clashes occurred between the students ("Movimento studentesco") and the police, during the occupations of Universities in the winter 1967-1968, during the Fiat occupations, in March 1968 in Rome during the "Battle of Valle Giulia". Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer The Battle of Valle Giulia is the conventional name for a clash between Italian left-wing militants and the Italian police at Valle Giulia, in Rome, on March
The Piazza Fontana bombing and its legacy
In December 1969, four bombings struck in Rome the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II (Altare della Patria), the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, and in Milan the Banca Commerciale and the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II or Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland or "Il Vittoriano" Banca Nazionale del Lavoro SpA is an Italian banking firm Founded in 1913 as Istituto di Credito per la Cooperazione, it was nationalized in 1929 Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. The latter bombing, known as the Piazza Fontana bombing of 12 December 1969, killed 16 and injured 90, conventionally marking the beginning of the "strategia della tensione" (strategy of tension) in Italy. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda After the bombing, numerous members of left-wing groups - including anarchists - were detained by the police. Giuseppe Pinelli, an anarchist, was accused at the time of having carried out the bombing. Giuseppe "Pino" Pinelli (1928-1969 was an Italian Railway worker and Anarchist activist who died in the custody of Italian police in 1969 after
Giuseppe Pinelli was held and interrogated for three days, longer than Italian law specified that people could be held without seeing a judge. On December 15, he died after falling out of a window. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Luigi Calabresi, the police officer who had directed his interrogation, as well as other officers were accused of pushing him out of the window, and put under investigation in 1971 for murder, but charges were dropped because of lack of evidence. The next year, Calabresi was murdered by two shots from a revolver outside his home.
Another anarchist, Pietro Valpreda, was arrested, sentenced for the crime, before being released and eventually cleared sixteen years later. Pietro Valpreda ( 22 June 1933 - 6 July 2002) was an Italian anarchist, dancer and novelist In the 1980s, the neo-fascist terrorist Vincenzo Vinciguerra confessed to magistrate Felice Casson that the bombing had in fact been carried out by the far-right organisation Ordine Nuovo, supported by Gladio, NATO's stay-behind anti-Communist network, in an attempt to push the state into declaring a state of emergency. This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II Vincenzo Vinciguerra is a former member of the neo-fascist ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' ("National Vanguard" and Ordine Nuovo ("New Felice Casson (born August 5, 1953, in Chioggia, Province of Venice) is an Italian Magistrate and Politician Ordine Nuovo ( Italian for "New Order" complete name Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo, "New Order Scholarship Center" was an Italian Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind The North Atlantic Treaty In a stay-behind operation a country places secret operatives or organisations in its own territory for use in the event that the territory is overrun by an enemy A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies All defendants were acquitted by the Court of Cassation on May 3, 2005, during the seventh trial for the Piazza Fontana bombing. A defendant or defender ( Δ in Legal shorthand) is any party who is required to answer the Complaint of a Plaintiff In Criminal law, an acquittal is a verdict of not guilty, or some similar end of the proceeding that terminates it with prejudice without a verdict The Supreme Court of Cassation (Corte Suprema di Cassazione is the major Court of last resort in Italy. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
This attack has been widely considered part of the strategy of tension (strategia della tensione), which allegedly aimed at destabilizing the country through a campaign of "false flags" terrorist attacks - attacks blamed on left-wing groups. A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda The strategy aimed to promote an authoritatian government and (in later years) to sabotage the possibilities for a historic compromise (compromesso storico) between the Christian Democracy (DC) and the Communist Party (PCI). The term Historic Compromise ( Italian: "compromesso storico") most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia)
In 1988, former Lotta continua member Adriano Sofri was arrested, along with Ovidio Bompressi and Giorgio Pietrostefani, for the murder of Luigi Calabresi, the police officer who was suspected of having killed Giuseppe Pinelli. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Lotta Continua was a Far left Political party in Italy, involved in the Autonomism movement Adriano Sofri ( Trieste, August 1, 1942) is an Italian Intellectual, a Journalist and a Writer. The charges against them were based on the violent press campaign conducted by Lotta Continua against Calabresi, on testimony provided, sixteen years after the facts, by a "collaboratore di giustizia"- an ex-militant who contacted police authorities and accused himself of having carried out the murder of Calabresi (under order from Sofri) and collaborated with the magistrates. Sofri claimed his innocence, but was sentenced after a long series of trials, in 2000. Historian Carlo Ginzburg wrote, on this case, a book in support of Sofri's innocence, entitled The Judge and the Historian: Marginal Notes on a Late Twentieth-Century Miscarriage of Justice. Carlo Ginzburg is a noted historian and pioneer of Microhistory.
The killing of Aldo Moro and the prosecution of the autonomists
On March 11, 1977, riots took place in Bologna following the killing of a young man by the police. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays
Starting from 1979, the state prosecuted effectively the autonomist movement, claiming it protected the Red Brigades, which had kidnapped and assassinated Aldo Moro. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) This article is about the Italian group "Red Brigade" may also refer to the Japanese Red Army/Anti-Imperialist International Brigade. Aldo Moro ( September 23, 1916 &ndash May 9, 1978) was an Italian Politician and two-time Prime Minister of Italy 12,000 far-left activists were detained; 600 fled the country, including 300 to France and 200 others to South America. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a [1].
The French autonome movement
In France, the marxist group Socialisme ou Barbarie, led by philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, could be said to be one of the first autonomist groups, as well as having importance in the council communist tradition. Socialisme ou Barbarie (Socialism or Barbarism was a French-based radical Libertarian socialist group of the post- World War II period (the name comes from Cornelius Castoriadis (Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης ( March 11 1922 - December 26 1997) was a Greek - French Council communism is a Far-left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s As mentioned above, Socialisme ou Barbarie drew upon the American Johnson-Forest Tendency's activist research inside US auto plants and carried out their own investigations into rank and file workers struggles - struggles autonomous of union or party leadership. The Johnson-Forest tendency, sometimes called the Johnsonites refers to an American radical left tendency associated with Marxist theorists C
Also parallel to the work of the Johnson-Forest Tendency, Socialisme ou Barbarie harshly criticised the Stalinist regime in the USSR, which it considered a form of 'bureaucratic capitalism' and not at all the state socialism it pretended to be. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 State Socialism is a term introduced to describe the type of government in countries ruled by communist parties such as the former USSR, which are generally known as Communist Philosopher Jean-François Lyotard, famous for his work on post-modernism, was also part of this movement. Jean-François Lyotard (ʒɑ̃ fʀɑ̃swa ljɔˈtaʀ August 10 1924 April 21 1998) was a French philosopher and literary Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism
However, the Italian influence of the operaismo movement was more directly felt in the creation of the review Matériaux pour l'intervention (1972-1973) by Yann Moulier-Boutang, a French economist close to Toni Negri. This led in turn to the creation of the Camarades group (1974-78) by Moulier-Boutang. Along with others, Moulier-Boutang joined the Centre International pour des Nouveaux Espaces de Liberté (CINEL), founded three years before by Félix Guattari, and assisted Italian activists accused of terrorism, of whom at least 300 fled to France. Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist
The French autonome mouvement organised itself in the AGPA (Assemblée Parisienne des Groupes Autonomes, "Parisian Assembly of Autonome Groups"; 1977-78). Many tendencies were present in it, including the Camarades group led by Moulier-Boutang, members of the Organisation communiste libertaire (OCL - an autonomist group), some people referring themselves to the "Desiring Autonomy" of Bob Nadoulek, but also squatters and street-wise people (including the groupe Marge). Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. French autonomes supported the Rote Armee Fraktion ("Red Army Faction" - RAF) political prisoners. The Red Army Faction or RAF ( German Rote Armee Fraktion) (in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Group ''Gang'' was one A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity Jean-Paul Sartre also intervened on the conditions for the detention of RAF detainees. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French
The militant group Action Directe appeared in 1979 and carried on several direct actions. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Action Directe claimed responsibility for the murders of Renault's CEO Georges Besse and General Audran. This is about the company for other uses see Renault (disambiguation. Georges Besse ( December 25 1927 in Clermont-Ferrand, France — November 17 1986 in Paris) was a French businessman George Besse had been CEO of nuclear company Eurodif. Eurodif, which means European Gaseous Diffusion Uranium Enrichment Consortium, is a subsidiary of the French company AREVA which operates a Action Directe was dissolved in 1987.
In the 1980s, the autonomist movement underwent a deep crisis in Italy because of effective prosecution by the State, and was stronger in Germany than in France. It remained present in Parisian squats and in some riots (for example in 1980 near the Jussieu campus in Paris, or in 1982 in the Ardennes department during anti-nuclear demonstrations). Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) The Jussieu Campus ( Campus Universitaire de Jussieu) is a higher education Campus located in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Ardennes is a department in the northeast part of France named after the Ardennes area The anti-nuclear movement is a loosely-linked international social movement opposed to the use of nuclear technologies In the 1980s, the French autonomists published the periodicals CAT Pages (1981-1982), Rebelles (1981-1993), Tout ! (1982-1985), Molotov et Confetti (1984), Les Fossoyeurs du Vieux Monde, La Chôme (1984-1985) and Contre (1987-1989).
In the 1990s, the French autonomist movement was present in struggles led by unemployed people, with Travailleurs, Chômeurs, et Précaires en colère (TCP, "Angry Workers, Unemployed, and Precarious people") and l'Assemblée générale des chômeurs de Jussieu ("General Assembly of Jussieu's unemployed people"). Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. It was also involved in the alter-globalisation movement and above all in the solidarity with illegal foreigners (Collective Des Papiers pour tous ("Permits for all", 1996) and Collectif Anti-Expulsion (1998-2005)). Alter-globalisation (or Alter-mondialization from the French altermondialisme) is the name of a Social movement whose political line is close to Anti-globalization Several autonomist journals date from this time: Quilombo (1988-1993), Apache (1990-1998), Tic-Tac (1995-1997), Karoshi (1998-1999), and Tiqqun (1999-2001). A quilombo (from the Kimbundu word kilombo) is a Brazilian Hinterland settlement founded by Quilombolas, or
From July 19 to July 28, 2002, a No Borders camp was made in Strasbourg to protest against anti-immigration policies, in particular inside the Schengen European space. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls
In 2003, autonomists came into conflict with the French Socialist Party (PS) during a demonstration that took place in the frame of the European Social Forum in Saint-Denis (Paris). The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. The European Social Forum (ESF is an annual conference held by members of the Alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement) Saint-Denis is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. At the end of December, hundreds of unemployed people helped themselves in the Bon Marché supermarket to be able to celebrate Christmas (an action called "autoréduction" (of prices) in French). For the former chain of American department stores see The Bon Marché. French riot police (CRS) physically opposed the unemployed people inside the shop. The Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS (Republican Security Companies are the riot control forces and general reserve of the French National Police. Autonomes rioted during the spring 2006 protests against the CPE, and again after the 2007 presidential election when Nicolas Sarkozy was elected. The 2006 youth protests in France occurred throughout France during February, March, and April 2006 as a result of opposition to a measure The contrat première embauche ( CPE) translated first employment contract, was a new form of employment contract pushed in spring 2006 in France The 2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced,
The German Autonome movement in the 1970-80s
In Germany, Autonome was used during the late 1970s to depict the most radical part of the political left. These individuals participated in practically all actions of the social movements at the time, especially in demonstrations against nuclear energy plants (Brokdorf 1981, Wackersdorf 1986) and in actions against the construction of airport runways (Frankfurt 1976-1986). Nuclear Energy is released by the splitting (fission or merging together (fusion of the nuclei of Atom (s The defense of squats against the police such as in Hamburg's Hafenstraße was also a major "task" for the "autonome" movement. Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany The Dutch anarchist Autonomen movement from the 1960s also concentrated on squatting.
Tactics of the "Autonome" were usually militant, including the construction of barricades or throwing stones or molotov cocktails at the police. The Molotov cocktail, also known as the booze bomb, alcohol bomb or Molotov bomb, is a generic name used for a variety of improvised incendiary During their most powerful times in the early 1980s, on at least one occasion the police had to take flight.
Because of their outfit (heavy black clothing, ski masks, helmets), the "Autonome" were dubbed der schwarze Block by the German media, and in these tactics were similar to modern black blocs. A black bloc is made up largely of anarchists or autonomists, anti-capitalist individuals or groups that gather for protests demonstrations or other event In 1989, laws regarding demonstrations in Germany were changed, prohibiting the use of so-called "passive weaponry" such as helmets or padding and covering your face.
Today, the "autonome" scene in Germany is greatly reduced and concentrates mainly on anti-fascist actions, ecology, solidarity with refugees, and feminism. Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies organizations governments and people According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate There are larger and more militant groups still in operation, such as in Switzerland or Italy. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
Influence
The Autonomist Marxist and Autonomen movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in English speaking countries, particularly among anarchists, many of whom have have adopted autonomist tactics. Some English-speaking anarchists even describe themselves as Autonomists. The Italian operaismo movement also influenced Marxist academics such as Harry Cleaver, John Holloway, Steve Wright, and Nick Dyer-Witheford. Harry Cleaver is Associate Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Texas at Austin where he teaches Marxism and Marxist economics. John Holloway (born 1947 is a lawyer Marxist -oriented Sociologist and Philosopher, whose work is closely associated with the Zapatista movement In Denmark, the word is used as a catch-all phrase for anarchists and the extraparliamentary extreme left in general, as was seen in the media coverage of the eviction of the Ungdomshuset squat in Copenhagen in March 2007. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Ungdomshuset (literally "the Youth House" was the popular name of the building formally named Folkets Hus ("House of the People" located on Jagtvej 69 in Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city
References
- ^ (French) On the Autonomist movement
Bibliography
- (French) L’Autonomie. Le mouvement autonome en France et en Italie, éditions Spartacus 1978
- (French) Autonomes, Jan Bucquoy and Jacques Santi, ANSALDI 1985
- (French) Action Directe. Action directe (AD was a French armed group which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. Du terrorisme français à l’euroterrorisme, Alain Hamon and Jean-Charles Marchand, SEUIL 1986
- (French) Paroles Directes. Légitimité, révolte et révolution : autour d’Action Directe, Loïc Debray, Jean-Pierre Duteuil, Philippe Godard, Henri Lefebvre, Catherine Régulier, Anne Sveva, Jacques Wajnsztejn, ACRATIE 1990
- (French) Un Traître chez les totos, Guy Dardel, ACTES SUD 1999 (novel)
- (French) Bac + 2 + crime : l’affaire Florence Rey, Frédéric Couderc, CASTELLS 1998
- (French) Italie 77. Henri Lefebvre ( 16 June 1901 &ndash 29 June 1991) was a French sociologist, intellectual and Philosopher Le « Mouvement », les intellectuels, Fabrizio Calvi, SEUIL 1977
- (Italian) Una sparatoria tranquilla. Per una storia orale del '77, ODRADEK 1997
- (German) Die Autonomen, Thomas Schultze et Almut Gross, KONKRET LITERATUR 1997
- (German) Autonome in Bewegung, AG Grauwacke aus den ersten 23 Jahren, ASSOCIATION A 2003
- (English) The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life Georgy Katsiaficas, AK Press 2006
- (English) * Autonomia: Post-Political Politics, ed. Sylvere Lotringer & Christian Marazzi. New York: Semiotext(e), 1980, 2007. ISBN-10: 1-58435-053-9, ISBN-13: 978-1-58435-053-8. Available online at Semiotext(e)
- (English) Storming Heaven: Class composition and struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism, Steve Wright, University of Michigan Press ISBN 0-7453-1607-9
See also
Autonomist Marxism thinkers
- Antonio Negri
- Sergio Bologna
- Mario Tronti
- Paolo Virno
- Silvia Federici
- Multitudes magazine
- Daniel Guerin
- Harry Cleaver
Other movements or organizations
- Autonomedia (US radical media collective)
- Black blocs (alter-globalization groups)
- Os Cangaceiros (a french group)
- Red & Anarchist Action Network
- Council Communist
- Disobbedienti (ex Tute Bianche)
- Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (international revolutionary union)
- Libertarian Marxism
- London Autonomists
- Luxembourgism
- Socialisme ou Barbarie, a French group led by philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis
- The Blitz (movement) (Norway)
- Ungdomshuset (Danish autonomist squatt, evacuated in March 2007)
- Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Mexican indigenous people's movement
- Landless Workers' Movement, Brazilian landless people's movement
- Abahlali baseMjondolo, African shack dwellers' movement
- Kämpa tillsammans!, Swedish theory group
Italian 1960-80 context
- History of Italy as a Republic
- strategy of tension
- Operation Gladio
- Autonomia Operaia
- Cesare Battisti, former member of the PAC
Others
External links
Archives
- Libertarian Communist Library Mario Tronti Archive
- Libertarian Communist Library Sergio Bolognia Archive
- Libertarian Communist Library Nick Dyer-Witheford Archive
- Libertarian Communist Library Antonio Negri Archive
- Libertarian Communist Library Raniero Panzieri Archive
- Libertarian Communist Library Harry Cleaver Archive
- [1]
Others
- Articles by members of the operaismo movement
- Aut-op-sy - Autonomist forum and texts
- Rekombinant - Autonomist forum and mailing list
- Texas Archives of Autonomist Marxism
- Affinty Project directory and chronology of Autonomous Marxism
- Libertarian Communist Library, texts on autonomism
- The Anomalist E-Journal
- Nadir
- Wildcat
- No Border
- www.autonome.org
- A critique of autonomism, published by a Trotskyist group
- TIQQUN “Introduction to Civil War [fragments”]
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