Authorized Version
The title page to the 1611 first edition of the Authorized Version Bible by Cornelius Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally at the top. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Moses and Aaron flank the central text. Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ This article is about Aaron the Levite in the Hebrew Bible, the Qu'ran, and other sources In the four corners sit Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, authors of the four gospels, with their symbolic animals. Matthew the Evangelist (מתי/מתתיהו "Gift of Yahweh " Standard Hebrew and Tiberian Hebrew: Mattay or Mattithyahu "Saint Mark" redirects here For other uses see Saint Mark (disambiguation. Luke the Evangelist ( Hebrew: לוּקָֻא Greek: Loukás) was an early Christian leader who is said by tradition to be the author of Saint John the Evangelist (d ca 110 יוחנן " The LORD is merciful" Standard Hebrew Yoḥanan, Tiberian Hebrew This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament The rest of the Apostles stand at the top. The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e
Full name:	Authorized Version King James
Abbreviation:	KJV or AV
Complete Bible published:	1611
Textual Basis:	NT: High Correspondence to the Beza 1589 edition of the Textus Receptus, similar to the Byzantine text-type; some readings derived from the Vulgate. Textus Receptus ( Latin: "received text" is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted The Byzantine text-type (also called Majority, Traditional, Ecclesiastical, Constantinopolitan, or Syrian) is one of several The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by OT: Masoretic Text with Septuagint influence. The Masoretic Text ( MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh) The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the Apocrypha: Septuagint with Vulgate influence. The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by
Reading Level:	Grade 12 [1]
Copyright status:	(See Copyright status)
Genesis 1:1-3
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Genesis 11 is the first Bible verse of the first chapter in the Book of Genesis, and contains the first words of the Bible. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
John 3:16
For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.

The Authorized King James Version is an English translation of the Christian Bible begun in 1604 and first published in 1611 by the Church of England. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Great Bible was the first "authorized version" issued by the Church of England in the reign of King Henry VIII. The Great Bible was the first authorized edition of the Bible in English authorized by King Henry VIII of England to be read aloud in the church services of the Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of ^[2] In January 1604, King James I of England convened the Hampton Court Conference where a new English version was conceived in response to the perceived problems of the earlier translations as detected by the Puritans. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James hampton court facts The Hampton Court Conference was a meeting in January 1604, convened at Hampton Court Palace between King James I of England The Puritans were a faction within the Church of England. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine,

The king gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy. The translation was by 47 scholars, all whom were members of the Church of England. In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from the Textus Receptus (Received Text) series of the Greek texts. Textus Receptus ( Latin: "received text" is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in The Old Testament was translated from the Masoretic Hebrew text, while the Apocrypha were translated from the Greek Septuagint (LXX), except for 2 Esdras, which was translated from the Latin Vulgate. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. The Masoretic Text ( MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh) The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 2 Esdras is the name of this book in many English versions of the Bible, but it is called 4 Esdras in the Vulgate and the Douay-Rheims Bible The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Thus, the Authorized Version included the Apocrypha.

While the Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England, it was apparently (unlike the Great Bible) never specifically "authorized", although it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom. The Bishops' Bible was an English translation of the Bible produced under the authority of the established Church of England in 1568 However, the King's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops' Bible; so necessarily the Authorized Version supplanted it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England. In the Book of Common Prayer (1662), the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible — the Epistle and Gospel readings — and as such was 'authorized' by Act of Parliament. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. ^[3] In the United States, the Authorized Version is known as the King James Version. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

By the first half of the 18th Century, the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches; and was dominant in the Roman Catholic Church in England. Over the course of the 18th Century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars.

In most of the world, the Authorized Version has passed out of copyright and is freely reproduced. In the United Kingdom, the British Crown holds perpetual Crown copyright to the Authorized Version. Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press and Collins have the right to produce the Authorized Version. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 HarperCollins is a Publishing company owned by News Corporation.

Not the first English Bible

See also: English translations of the Bible

Despite legal prohibitions against translating the Latin Bible into vernacular languages, the followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 15th century. The efforts of translating the Bible from its original languages into over 2000 others have spanned more than two millennia. John Wycliffe (ˈwɪklɪf also spelled Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe) (mid-1320s – 31 December These translations, usually dated to 1409, were banned due to their association with the Lollards. Lollardy was the political and religious movement of the Lollards from the mid- 14th century to the English Reformation. ^[4] The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but was circulated widely in manuscript form. Often these manuscript Bibles were imprinted with a date from before 1409 so as to avoid the legal ban.

In 1525, William Tyndale, an English contemporary of Luther, undertook a translation of the New Testament. Tyndale redirects here For the English family see Tyndall. For other uses see Tyndale (disambiguation. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer The Tyndale Bible generally refers to the body of biblical translations by William Tyndale. ^[5] Tyndale's translation was the first printed Bible in English. Over the next ten years, Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing Biblical scholarship, and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament. ^[6] Despite some controversial translation choices, the merits of Tyndale's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English. ^[7] With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale, in 1539, Tyndale's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible. Myles Coverdale (also Miles Coverdale) (c 1488 &ndash 20 January 1569) was a 16th-century Bible translator who produced the The Great Bible was the first authorized edition of the Bible in English authorized by King Henry VIII of England to be read aloud in the church services of the This was the first "authorized version" issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of ^[8] When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553, she sought to return the English Church to the Roman Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country,^[9] some establishing an English-speaking colony at Geneva. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Under the leadership of John Calvin, Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically ^[10]

William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1525.

These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible. An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. ^[11] This translation, dated to 1560, was a revision of Tyndale's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages. ^[12] Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558, the flaws of both the Great Bible and the Geneva Bible became painfully apparent. ^[13] In 1568, the Church of England responded with the Bishops' Bible - a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version. The Bishops' Bible was an English translation of the Bible produced under the authority of the established Church of England in 1568 ^[14] While officially approved, this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age - in part because the full Bible was only printed in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds. A lectern (from the Latin lectus, past participle of legere, "to read" is a reading desk with a slanted top usually placed on a stand or affixed to ^[15] Accordingly, Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version - small editions were available at a relatively low cost. At the same time, there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay-Rheims New Testament of 1582, undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics. The Douay-Rheims Bible, also known as the Rheims-Douai Bible or Douai Bible and abbreviated as D-R, is a translation of the Bible from the This translation, though still derived from Tyndale, claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate. ^[16]

In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the sovereign and highest Court of the Church of Scotland, and is thus the Church's governing body Burntisland is a town and former Royal burgh in Fife, Scotland on the Firth of Forth. Fife ( Gaelic: Fìobha) is a Council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[17] Two years later, he acceded to the throne of England as King James I of England.

New version

The newly coronated King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604. hampton court facts The Hampton Court Conference was a meeting in January 1604, convened at Hampton Court Palace between King James I of England This gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, Three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops' and Great Bibles were:

There were instructions given to the translators that were intended to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation. The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes (which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible). The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive:^[19] Exodus 1:17, where the Geneva Bible had commended the example of civil disobedience showed by the Hebrew midwives; and also II Chronicles 15:16, where the Geneva Bible had criticised King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous mother, Queen Maachah. Further, the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England. Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church. For example, old ecclesiastical words such as the word 'church' were to be retained and not to be translated as 'congregation'. The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about an ordained clergy. Episcopal polity is a form of church governance which is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a Bishop (Greek In general religious use ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as Clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies

The King's instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and reader. The Text of the Bishops' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators, and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained. The Bishops' Bible was an English translation of the Bible produced under the authority of the established Church of England in 1568 If the Bishops' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation, the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list: the Tyndale Bible, the Coverdale Bible, Matthew's Bible, the Great Bible, and the Geneva Bible. The Tyndale Bible generally refers to the body of biblical translations by William Tyndale. The Coverdale Bible, compiled by Myles Coverdale and published in 1535, was the first complete Modern English translation of the Bible (not just the Matthew's Bible, also known as the Matthew Bible, was first published in 1537 under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" The Great Bible was the first authorized edition of the Bible in English authorized by King Henry VIII of England to be read aloud in the church services of the In addition, later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner's Bible and the New Testament of the Douai-Rheims Bible. Taverner's Bible, more correctly called The Most Sacred Bible whiche is the holy scripture conteyning the old and new testament translated into English and newly recognized with The Douay-Rheims Bible, also known as the Rheims-Douai Bible or Douai Bible and abbreviated as D-R, is a translation of the Bible from the ^[20] It is for this reason that the flyleaves of most printings of the Authorized Version observe that the text had been "translated out of the original tongues, and with the former translations diligently compared and revised (by His Majesty's special command. )"

The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars, although 54 were originally approved. ^[21] All were members of the Church of England and except Sir Henry Savile were ordained priests. ^[22] The scholars worked in six committees, two based in each of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and Westminster. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies, as well as High Churchmen. " High Church " relates to Ecclesiology and Liturgy in Anglican theology and practice Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins. ^[23] The committees worked on certain parts separately, and then the drafts produced by each committee were compared and revised for harmony with each other. ^[24] The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work, instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well paid livings as these fell vacant. Originally a benefice was a gift of land ( Precaria) for life as a reward for services rendered ^[25] Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, while others were promoted to bishoprics, deaneries and prebends through royal patronage. Deanery is an ecclesiastical entity in both the Catholic Church and the Church of England. A prebendary is a post connected to an Anglican or Catholic Cathedral or Collegiate church and is a type of canon.

The committees started work towards the end of 1604. King James, on July 22, 1604 sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft that asks for him to contact all English churchmen, and he requested that they make donations to his project. Bible Authorized King James Version King James Version (disambiguation Monarchs Scottish Archbishop Richard Bancroft, DD, BD, MA, BA (1544 - November 2, 1610) Archbishop

"Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well. Whereas we have appointed certain learned men, to the number of 4 and 50, for the translating of the Bible, and in this number, divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all, or else so very small, as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time cannot well remedy it, therefor we do hereby require you, that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York, as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant. (erbury) signifying unto them, that we do well, and straitly charge everyone of them. . . that (all excuses set apart) when we prebend or parsonage. . . shall next upon any occasion happen to be void. . . we may commend for the same some such of the learned men, as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it. . . Given unto our signet at out palace of West. (minister) on the 2 and 20th of July, in the 2nd year of our reign of England, France, and of Ireland, and of Scotland xxxvii. " ^[26]

They all had completed their sections by 1608: the Apocrypha committee finishing first. ^[27] From January 1609, a General Committee of Review met at Stationers' Hall, London to review the completed marked texts from each of the six companies. The Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers (better known as the Stationers' Company) is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London The committee included John Bois, Andrew Downes, John Harmar, and others known only by their initials, including "AL" (who may be Arthur Lake) and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers' Company. John Bois (sometimes spelled Boys) ( January 3, 1560 - January 14, 1643) is remembered mainly as one of the members of the translating Andrew Downes can refer to Andrew Downes (composer (b 1950 British classical composer Andrew Downes (scholar, also known as Dounaeus John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations (in Latin) - which has partly survived in a later transcript. ^[28] Also surviving are a bound-together set of marked-up corrections to one of the forty Bishops' Bibles - covering the Old Testament and Gospels,^[29] and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles, excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops' Bible. The word " Epistle " is from the Greek word epistolos which means a written " letter " addressed to a recipient or recipients ^[30] Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say, making fourteen changes; of which one was the term "bishoprick" at Acts 1:20. Archbishop Richard Bancroft, DD, BD, MA, BA (1544 - November 2, 1610) Archbishop ^[31]

Committees

First Westminster Company, translating from Genesis to 2 Kings:

Lancelot Andrewes, John Overall, Hadrian à Saravia, Richard Clarke, John Layfield, Robert Tighe, Francis Burleigh, Geoffrey King, Richard Thomson, William Bedwell;

First Cambridge Company, translated from 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon:

Edward Lively, John Richardson, Lawrence Chaderton, Francis Dillingham, Roger Andrewes, Thomas Harrison, Robert Spaulding, Andrew Bing;

First Oxford Company, translated from Isaiah to Malachi:

John Harding, John Rainolds (or Reynolds), Thomas Holland, Richard Kilby, Miles Smith, Richard Brett, Daniel Fairclough;

Second Oxford Company, translated the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and the Book of Revelation:

Thomas Ravis, George Abbot, Richard Eedes, Giles Tomson, Sir Henry Savile, John Peryn, Ralph Ravens, John Harmar;

Second Westminster Company, translated the Epistles:

William Barlow, John Spenser, Roger Fenton, Ralph Hutchinson, William Dakins, Michael Rabbet, Thomas Sanderson;

Second Cambridge Company, translated the Apocrypha:

John Duport, William Branthwaite, Jeremiah Radcliffe, Samuel Ward, Andrew Downes, John Bois, John Ward, John Aglionby, Leonard Hutten, Thomas Bilson, Richard Bancroft. The Books of Kings ( Sefer Melachim, ספר מלכים are a part of Judaism 's Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. Lancelot Andrewes (1555 – 25 September 1626) was an English clergyman and scholar who held high positions in the Church of England during the reigns John Overall (1559—1619 the 38th bishop of the see of Norwich from 1618 until his death one year later Hadrian à Saravia, sometimes called Hadrian Saravia or Adrian Saravia, (1532— January 15, 1612) was an English prebend Doctor Richard Clarke sometimes spelled "Clerke" (died 1634 was a Fellow of Christ's College Cambridge and an eminent scholar and preacher in the Anglican Church John Layfield DD (also spelled Laifield) (died 1617 in London) was a fellow of Trinity College Cambridge, the chaplain to George Clifford Robert Tighe (or Teigh or Tjghe, sometimes misspelled Leigh) (born in Deeping, Lincolnshire, died 1620 was an English Francis Burleigh, sometimes spelled Burghley, was an English Vicar appointed in 1590 to Bishop's Stortford by Lancelot Andrewes. Geoffrey King (sometimes spelled Geoffry) was an English Protestant theologian a Fellow and Regius Professor of Hebrew at King's College Richard Thomson, sometimes spelled Thompson, was a Dutch -born English theologian and translator William Bedwell (born 1561 &ndash died May 5, 1632 near London) was an English priest and scholar specializing in Arabic and other The Books of Chronicles ( Hebrew Divrei Hayyamim, דברי הימים Greek Paraleipomêna) are part of the Hebrew Bible (Jewish Edward Lively (1545 — May 1605 was an English linguist and biblical scholar Doctor John Richardson (born Linton, Cambridgeshire — died 1625 was Master of Trinity College Cambridge from 1615 until his death Laurence Chaderton (c 1536 &ndash 13 November 1640 Puritan divine, was born in Lees, in Lancashire, England probably in September Francis Dillingham (born in Dean, Bedfordshire, died 1625 Wildon, Bedfordshire was an English Protestant scholar and cleric Dr Roger Andrewes (sometimes Andrews) was a one-time Archdeacon and Chancellor at Chichester Cathedral in the English Church. Thomas Harrison (born 1555 in London — died 1631 was an English Puritan scholar a Vice-Master of Trinity College Cambridge and one of the Robert Spaulding was an English scholar Fellow of St John's College Cambridge and one of the translators in the "First Cambridge Company" of the Doctor Andrew Bing (1574 — 1652 was an English scholar He was a fellow of Peterhouse Cambridge and succeeded Geoffrey King as Regius Professor The Book of Isaiah ( Hebrew: Sefer Y'sha'yah ספר ישעיה is a book of the Bible traditionally attributed to the Prophet Isaiah, who lived Malachi (or Malachias מַלְאָכִי Malʾaḫi Mál'akhî is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh, written by the prophet John Rainolds (or Reynolds) ( 1549 - May 21, 1607) English divine was born about Michaelmas 1549 at Pinhoe near Thomas Holland (born 1539 in Ludlow, Shropshire — died March 16, 1612) was an English Calvinist scholar and theologian Richard Kilby (born 1560 in Radcliffe, Leicestershire — died 1620 was an English scholar and priest Miles Smith (born 1554 in Hereford, England — died 1624 in Gloucester) was a scholar theologian and bibliophile Richard Brett (1567—1637 was an English scholar and minister Daniel Featley also called Fairclough and sometimes called Richard Fairclough/Featley (born 1578 in Charlton, Oxfordshire —died April 17 This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου Thomas Ravis was a Church of England clergyman and Bishop of London from 1607-1610 Sir Henry Savile ( November 30 1549 – February 19, 1622) Warden of Merton College Oxford, and Provost of Eton, was the An epistle (pronounced) ( Greek επιστολη epistolē "letter" is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of persons usually a letter William Barlow was an Anglican priest and courtier during the reign of James I of England. See also John Spencer. John Spenser (1559 - 1614 president of Corpus Christi College Oxford, was educated at Merchant Taylors' The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity John Duport (died 1617 was an English scholar and translator In 1590 he was appointed Master of Jesus College Cambridge, having earlier served as William Branthwaite, (died 1620 was an English scholar and translator Jeremiah Radcliffe (died 1612 was an English priest and scholar For others with this name see Samuel Ward (disambiguation. ---- Samuel Ward (born in Haverhill, Suffolk in 1577— died 1639 Andrew Downes, also known as Dounaeus, (c 1549 - 2 February, 1628) was an English classical scholar born in the county of Shropshire John Bois (sometimes spelled Boys) ( January 3, 1560 - January 14, 1643) is remembered mainly as one of the members of the translating John Aglionby (died c 1610 was an eminent divine of an ancient family whose name was De Aguilon, corrupted into Aglionby Archbishop Richard Bancroft, DD, BD, MA, BA (1544 - November 2, 1610) Archbishop ^[32]

Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the "chief overseer" of the production of the Authorized Version.

Apocrypha

For more details on the Apocrypha, see Biblical canon. A Biblical canon or canon of scripture is a list or Set of Biblical books considered to be authoritative as Scripture by a particular religious

English-language Protestant Bibles in the 16th Century included the books of the Apocrypha – generally in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments; and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature, especially in Puritan circles. The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, ^[33][34] By the mid—17th Century, however, Puritan theologians were increasingly uneasy at the intermingling of biblical scripture with popular culture in general, and with the Apocrypha in particular. Further, these theologians were also inclined to reject books which owed their inclusion in the biblical canon to ecclesiastical authority. A Biblical canon or canon of scripture is a list or Set of Biblical books considered to be authoritative as Scripture by a particular religious Starting in 1630, volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded. After the Restoration in 1660, Dissenters tended to discourage the reading of the Apocrypha in both public services and in private devotion. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored English Dissenters were Christians who separated from the Church of England.

The Church of England in the Thirty-Nine Articles had included the Apocrypha within the canon of holy Scripture. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity Article VI Of the Sufficiency of the holy Scriptures for salvation asserts:

The Authorized Version included the Apocrypha; all the books and sections of books present in the Latin Vulgate's Old Testament — the translation of Jerome (Hierome) — but missing in the Hebrew. The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Indeed, the Book of Common Prayer specifies lectionary readings from the Apocrypha to be read in Morning and Evening Prayer in October. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. A Lectionary is a book or listing that contains a collection of Scripture readings appointed for Christian or Judaic worship on a given day or occasion

The standardisation of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of Stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print-runs at very low unit prices. A stereotype, in printing was originally a "a solid plate or type-metal cast from a papier-mâché or plaster mould taken from the surface of a Forme of type" ( For commercial publishers, editions of the Authorized Version without the Apocrypha reduced the cost, while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers. ^[35] With the rise of the Bible societies in 1827, many editions have omitted the whole section of Apocryphal books; and the most common contemporary editions are available in versions both with and without them. A Bible society is a non-profit organization (usually Ecumenical in makeup devoted to Translating, publishing distributing the Bible at affordable costs ^[36]

Authorized Version

While the Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England, it was apparently (unlike the Great Bible) never specifically "Authorized", although it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located However, the King's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops' Bible; so necessarily the Authorized Version supplanted it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England. In the 1662 Book Of Common Prayer, the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings - though the Psalter nevertheless was provided in the 1539 version. A Psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms and which often contains other devotional material

The case was different in Scotland, where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard Church Bible. It was not till 1633 that a Scots edition of the Authorized Version was printed - in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. ^[37] The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents to the religious policies of Charles, and of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 However, official policy favoured the Authorized Version, and this favour returned during the Commonwealth - as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly of Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell – and the "New Translation" was the only edition on the market. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known ^[38] F. F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the "Old Translation" (i. e. Geneva) as being in 1674. ^[39]

The Authorized Version's acceptance by the general public took longer. The Geneva Bible continued to be popular, and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam, where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint. The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. ^[40] However, few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616, and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation. Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 In the period of the English Civil War, soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called "The Soldiers' Bible" (1643, Herbert #577). The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. In the first half of the 17th Century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as "The Bible without notes"; thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva "Bible with notes". There were several further printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam - one as late as 1715 (Herbert #936) - which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes;^[41] and one such edition was printed in London in 1649. During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes;^[42] but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would be nearly double the bulk of the bible text. The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland After the English Restoration, the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect, and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, Furthermore, as the disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th Century, so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation. The Authorized Version became the only current version circulating among English speaking people.

Slowest of all was acceptance of the text by Biblical Scholars. Hugh Broughton, who was the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time (but who had been excluded from the panel of translators, due to his utterly uncongenial temperament), issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version;^[43] criticising especially the translators' rejection of word-for-word equivalence. Hugh Broughton ( 1549 - August 4, 1612) was an English scholar and theologian ^[44] Walton's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version (and indeed the English Language) entirely. ^[45] Walton's reference text throughout is the Vulgate. The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes Leviathan of 1651,^[46] indeed Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers (i. Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation Leviathan or The Matter Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly called Leviathan, is a book written by Thomas e. Job 41:24; not Job 41:33) for his head text. In Chapter 35: 'The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God' , Hobbes discusses Exodus 19:5, first in his own translation of the 'Vulgar Latin' , and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms ". . . the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of Authorized Version" , and "The Geneva French" (i. e. Olivetan). Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred. For most of the 17th Century the assumption remained that, while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people; nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so, Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin. It is only in 1700, that modern bilingual Bibles appear in which the Authorized Version is compared to counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles. ^[47]

In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges, successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been – compositors freely varying spelling, capitalisation and punctuation;^[48] and also, over the years, introducing about 1,500 misprints (some of which, like the omission of "not" from the commandment "Thou shalt not commit adultery" in the "Wicked Bible" (1631, Herbert #444)), became notorious. Throughout history printers' errors and peculiar translations have appeared in Bibles published throughout the world The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text – while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators' work, chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note. ^[49] A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration, in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer, but Parliament then decided against it. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored

By the first half of the 18th Century, the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches;^[50] and was so dominant that the Roman Catholic church in England issued in 1752 a revision of the 1610 Douay-Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was, in actuality, very much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original. Richard Challoner (1691-1781 was an English Roman Catholic Bishop, a leading figure of English Catholicism during the greater part of the eighteenth century ^[51] However, general standards of spelling, punctuation, typesetting, capitalisation and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version was produced; and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their bible texts, to bring them into line with current practice - and with public expectations of standardised spelling and grammatical construction. ^[52]

Over the course the 18th Century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines, and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself; so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture. ^[53] A key milestone in this process was the publication in 1737 of Alexander Cruden's Complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures,^[54] in which the English words of the Authorized Version were analysed with no regard to the original tongues. Alexander Cruden ( June 8 1699 &ndash 1 November 1770) was the author of an early concordance to the Bible, and also A Complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures, generally known as Cruden's Concordance, is a concordance of the King James Bible

Copyright status

In most of the world the Authorized Version has passed out of copyright and is freely reproduced. This is not the case in the United Kingdom where the rights to the Authorized Version are held by the British Crown under perpetual Crown copyright. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy Crown copyright is a form of Copyright claim used by the governments of a number of Commonwealth realms It provides special copyright rules for The Crown Publishers are licensed to reproduce the Authorized Version under letters patent. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the letters patent are held by the Queen's Printer, and in Scotland by the Scottish Bible Board. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Queen's Printer (or King's Printer when the monarch is male is a position defined by Letters patent under the Royal prerogative in the United Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The office of Queen's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for many centuries, with the earliest known reference coming in 1577. In the 18th century all the surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett. The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the Queen's Printer is now Cambridge University Press, who inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 Eyre & Spottiswoode Ltd was the London based printing firm that was the King's Printer, and subsequently after April 1929 a publisher of the same name ^[55]

Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the Queen's Printer. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 In Scotland the Authorized Version is published by Collins under license from the Scottish Bible Board. HarperCollins is a Publishing company owned by News Corporation. The terms of the letters patent prohibit those other than the holders, or those authorized by the holders from printing, publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom. The protection that the Authorized Version, and also the Book of Common Prayer, enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. ^[56]

Printing

The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker, the King's Printer, in 1611 as a complete folio Bible. ^[57] It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings, or bound for twelve. The term loose leaf is used in the United States and some other countries to describe a piece of notebook Paper which is not actually fixed in a spiral Notebook The shilling is a unit of Currency used in current and former Commonwealth countries and was continued to be used in countries that left the commonwealth ^[58] Robert Barker's father, Christopher, had, in 1589, been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer,^[59] with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England. ^[60] Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition, and consequently ran into serious debt,^[61] such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers, Bonham Norton and John Bill. ^[62] It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a proportion of the text, share printed sheets with the others, and split the proceeds. Bitter financial disputes broke out, as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits, while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial bibles for ready money. ^[63] There followed decades of continual litigation, and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties,^[64] while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible. In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge managed successfully to assert separate and prior royal licences for bible printing, for their own university presses – and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629,^[65] and 1638. ^[66] The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from the original translators. This did not, however, impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers, especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version. ^[67]

The opening of the Epistle to the Hebrews of the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version shows the original typeface. The Epistle to the Hebrews (abbr Heb for Citations is one of the books in the New Testament. In Typography, a typeface is a set of one or more Fonts designed with stylistic unity each comprising a coordinated set of Glyphs A typeface usually comprises Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages. Each chapter is headed by a precis of contents. There are decorative initial letters for each Chapter, and a decorated headpiece to each Biblical Book; but no illustrations.

Two editions of the whole bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611, which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3:15; the first edition reading "he went into the city", where the second reads "she went into the city. "^[68] However, bibles in all the early editions were made up using sheets originating from several printers, and consequently there is very considerable variation within any one edition. It is only in 1613 that an edition is found,^[69] all of whose surviving representatives have substantially the same text. ^[70]

The original printing was made before English spelling was standardised; and when printers, as a matter of course, expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places, so as to achieve an even column of text. English orthography is the alphabetic spelling system used by the English language. ^[71] They set "v" invariably for lower-case initial "u" and "v", and "u" for "u" and "v" everywhere else. They used long "ſ" for non-final "s". The long, medial or descending s ( ſ) is a form of the minuscule letter ' S ' formerly used where 's' occurred in the middle ^[72] The letter "j" occurs only after "i" or as the final letter in a Roman numeral. Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Punctuation was relatively heavy, and differed from current practice. When space needed to be saved, the printers sometimes used ye for the, (replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y), set ã for an or am (in the style of scribe's shorthand), and set "&" for "and". Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of Thorn, or þorn (Þ þ is a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic Alphabets It was also used in Medieval Scandinavia On the contrary, on a few occasions, they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded. Current printings remove most, but not all, of the variant spellings; the punctuation has also been changed, but still varies from current usage norms.

The first printing used a black letter typeface instead of a Roman typeface, which itself made a political and a religious statement. Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 In Typography, a typeface is a set of one or more Fonts designed with stylistic unity each comprising a coordinated set of Glyphs A typeface usually comprises Like the Great Bible and the Bishops' Bible, the Authorized Version was "appointed to be read in churches". The Great Bible was the first authorized edition of the Bible in English authorized by King Henry VIII of England to be read aloud in the church services of the The Bishops' Bible was an English translation of the Bible produced under the authority of the established Church of England in 1568 It was a large folio volume meant for public use, not private devotion; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it. The size of a specific Book is measured from the head to tail of the spine and from edge to edge across the covers However, smaller editions and Roman-type editions followed rapidly; e. g. quarto Roman-type editions of the Bible in 1612 (Herbert #313/314). This contrasted with the Geneva Bible, which was the first English Bible printed in a Roman typeface (although black-letter editions, particularly in folio format, were issued later). The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English.

In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops' Bible, which had both been extensively illustrated, there were no illustrations at all in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version; the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters - together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself, and to the New Testament.

The Authorized Version also used Roman type instead of italics to indicate text that had been supplied by the translators, or thought needful for English grammar but which was not present in the Greek or Hebrew. In Typography, italic type /ɪˈtælɪk/ or /aɪˈtælɪk/ refers to cursive Typefaces based on a stylized form of calligraphic Handwriting. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. In the first printing, the device of having different type faces to show supplied words was used sparsely and inconsistently. This is perhaps the most significant difference between the original text and the current text.

The original printing contained two prefatory texts; the first was a rather fulsome Epistle Dedicatory to "the most high and mighty Prince" King James. Many British printings reproduce this, while a few cheaper or smaller American printings fail to include it.

The second, and more interesting preface was called The Translators to the Reader, a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version. It observes that their goal was not to make a bad translation good, but a good translation better, and says that "we do not deny, nay we affirm and avow, that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English, set forth by men of our profession. . . containeth the word of God, nay, is the word of God". ^[73] Few editions anywhere include this text.

The first printing contained a number of other apparatus, including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong, and a calendar, an almanac, and a table of holy days and observances. Matins (also known as Orthros or Oútrenya in Eastern Churches) is the early morning or night Prayer service in the Roman Catholic Evening Prayer is a Liturgy in use in the Anglican Communion (and other churches in the Anglican tradition such as the Continuing Anglican Movement and The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year ALMANAC is the name of a major Breast cancer trial The Acronym stands for "Axillary Lymphatic Mapping Against Nodal Axillary Clearance Much of this material has become obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by the UK and its colonies in 1752 and thus modern editions invariably omit it. The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today

So as to make it easier to locate a particular passage, each chapter was headed by a brief precis of its contents with verse numbers. Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries, or omit such material entirely.

Literary attributes

Translation

Like Tyndale's translation and the Geneva Bible, the Authorized Version was translated primarily from Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic texts, although with secondary reference both to the Latin Vulgate, and to more recent scholarly Latin versions; while two books of the Apocrypha were translated from a Latin source. The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Following the example of the Geneva Bible, words implied but not actually in the original source were distinguished by being printed in distinct type (albeit inconsistently); but otherwise the translators explicitly rejected word-for-word equivalence. Dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence are two approaches to Translation. ^[74] F. F Bruce gives an example from Romans Chapter 5:^[75]

2 By whom also wee haue accesse by faith, into this grace wherein wee stand, and reioyce in hope of the glory of God. 3 And not onely so, but we glory in tribulations also, knowing that tribulation worketh patience:

The English terms "rejoice" and "glory" stand for the same word in the Greek original. In Tyndale, Geneva and the Bishops' Bibles, both instances are translated "rejoice". In the Douay-Rheims New Testament, both are translated "glory". Only in the Authorized Version does the translation vary between the two verses.

In obedience to their instructions, the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text; but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording. ^[76] The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original (introduced as "Heb", "Chal", "Gr" or "Lat"), but others indicate a variant reading of the source text (introduced by "or"). Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages, or from variant forms quoted in the fathers; but more commonly they indicate a difference between the original language reading, and that in the translators' preferred recent Latin versions; Tremellius for the Old Testament, Junius for the Apocrypha, and Beza for the New Testament. Patristics or Patrology is the study of early Christian writers known as the Church Fathers. Immanuel Tremellius (1510 &ndash 9 October 1580) was an Italian Jewish convert to Christianity Franciscus Junius ( May 1, 1545 &ndash October 13, 1602) also known as Francis Junius, Franz Junius, and François Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French ^[77] A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names, units of measurement or currency; and in a very few places (e. g. Luke 17:36) record that a verse is absent from most Greek manuscripts. Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants - although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible. The New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with the Apocrypha is a newly-edited edition of the King James Version of the Bible published by Cambridge University Press In addition, there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references, in which one text was related to another. Such cross-references had long been common in Latin bibles, and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied across from this Latin tradition, hence preserving their distinct Vulgate references - e. g. in the numbering of the Psalms. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included ^[78] At the head of each chapter, the translators provided a short précis of its contents, with verse numbers.

The translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH or the name Yahweh by the use of small capitals as LORD, or Lord GOD (for Adonai YHWH, "Lord YHWH"), denoting the divine name, Jesus is referred to as Lord with a capital "L" and lower case "ord" as the example of the scripture in Psalm 110:1 "The LORD said unto my Lord, sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool". See also Yahweh Tetragrammaton (from the Greek, meaning ' of four letters' (tetra "four" + gramma (gen For information about Yahweh see God in Abrahamic religions, which provides useful links In Typography, small capitals (usually abbreviated small caps) are Uppercase ( capital) characters set at the same height as surrounding

For their Old Testament, the translators worked from editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg (1524/5);^[79] but adjusted the text in a few places to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had tended to attach a Christological interpretation ^[80]; as, for example, the reading "they pierced my hands and my feet" in Psalm 22:16. Daniel Bomberg (died 1549 was an early printer of Hebrew language Books Christian born in Antwerp, he was primarily active in Venice The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Otherwise, however, the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation – especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries, such as Kimhi, in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text;^[81] by contrast with earlier versions, which had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places. David Kimhi (דוד קמחי also Kimchi or Qimchi) (1160 &ndash 1235 also known by the Hebrew Acronym as the RaDaK (he רד"ק The Masoretic Text ( MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh)

For their New Testament, the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588/89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza;^[82] which also present Beza's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus's edition of the Latin Vulgate; both of which versions were extensively referred to - as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin. Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French Robert I Estienne ( Paris 1503 &ndash Geneva, 7 September 1559) also known as Robert Stephens ( Latin: Stephanus F. H. A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza's Greek text, generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishop's Bible and other earlier English translations. ^[83] In about half of these instances, the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus. Textus Receptus ( Latin: "received text" is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted Robert I Estienne ( Paris 1503 &ndash Geneva, 7 September 1559) also known as Robert Stephens ( Latin: Stephanus For the other half, Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus, or in the Complutensian Polyglot; but in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version – which in these readings derives directly from the Vulgate. The Complutensian Polyglot Bible is the name given to the first printed polyglot of the entire Bible, initiated and financed by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de ^[84] For example, at John 20:17, the risen Jesus tells Mary Magdalene "touch me not" (as, indeed, he had done in all previous English versions), following the Latin Vulgate "noli me tangere"; where an accurate rendering of the original Greek would have been, "do not cling to me". Noli me tangere, meaning "don't touch me" is the Latin version of words spoken according to, by Jesus to Mary Magdalene The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament; but still, at least 80% of the text is unaltered from Tyndale's translation. ^[85]

Unlike the rest of the Bible, the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes. ^[86] From these it can determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint – primarily, from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot – but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text, and to Junius's Latin translation. A polyglot (also spelled polyglott) is a book that contains side-by-side versions of the same text in several different languages The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587, which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus; and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius. The Codex Vaticanus ( The Vatican, Bibl Vat, Vat gr 1209 Gregory-Aland no Aldus Manutius (1449/1450 – February 6, 1515) the Latinized name of Teobaldo Mannucci, sometimes called Aldus Manutius the Elder to distinguish They had, however, no Greek texts for 2 Esdras, or for the Prayer of Manasses, and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript. 2 Esdras is the name of this book in many English versions of the Bible, but it is called 4 Esdras in the Vulgate and the Douay-Rheims Bible The Prayer of Manasseh is a short work of 15 verses of the penitential prayer of the Judean king Manasseh.

The translators appear to have otherwise made no first-hand study of ancient manuscript sources, even those which – like the Codex Bezae – would have been readily available to them. The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis (Gregory-Aland no Dea or 05, Soden δ 5 is an important Codex of the New Testament dating from the fifth-century ^[87] In addition to all previous English versions - including the Douay-Rheims Bible, they also consulted contemporary vernacular translations in Spanish, French, Italian and German. They also made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available, including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573. The name 'Peshitta' The name 'Peshitta' is derived from the Syriac mappaqtâ pšîṭtâ (ܡܦܩܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ literally meaning 'simple version' ^[88]

Style and criticism

A primary concern of the translators was to produce a Bible that would be appropriate, dignified and resonant in public reading. Hence, in a period of rapid linguistic change, they avoided contemporary idioms; tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic, like verily and it came to pass. ^[89] They also tended to enliven their text with stylistic variation, finding multiple English words or verbal forms, in places where the original language employed repetition.

The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions,^[90] especially the Geneva Bible. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators – several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English – but was also, in part, a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes. ^[91] Hence, where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word - and gloss its particular application in a marginal note; the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term, frequently in Anglicised Latin. Consequently, although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops' Bible as a base text, the New Testament in particular, stylistically owes much to the Catholic Rheims New Testament, whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology. The Douay-Rheims Bible, also known as the Rheims-Douai Bible or Douai Bible and abbreviated as D-R, is a translation of the Bible from the ^[92] In addition, the translators of the New Testament books habitually quote Old Testament names in the renderings familiar from the Vulgate Latin, rather than in their Hebrew forms (e. g. Elias, Jeremias; for Elijah, Jeremiah).

While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold, modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from the Authorized Version in a number of passages, primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to (or not then highly regarded by) early 17th Century Biblical Scholarship. ^[93] In the Old Testament, there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences, but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators. The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all Words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when constructing Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. For example, in modern translations it is clear that Job 28 1-11 is referring throughout to mining operations, which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version. ^[94] Some suggest that its value lies in its poetic language at the cost of accuracy in translation, while other scholars firmly disagree with these claims. For example, New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman has written:

Standard text of 1769

By the mid-18th Century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version, combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints, had reached the proportion of a scandal; and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1762 (Herbert #1142), edited by F. S. Parris ^[96] ; but this was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition, edited by Benjamin Blayney (Herbert #1196), which became the Oxford standard text, and is the text which is reproduced almost unchanged in current printings ^[97] . Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and successive subsequent editions, that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers; while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638, and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own. They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original, making many thousands of minor changes to the text; although some of these updates do alter the ostensible sense - as when the original text of Genesis 2:21 "in stead" (in that place) was updated to read "instead" (as an alternative). In addition, Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of "supplied" words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts. Unfortunately, Blayney assumed that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus, rather than from the later editions of Beza; and accordingly the current standard text mistakenly "corrects" around a dozen readings where Beza and Stephanus differ ^[98] . Textus Receptus ( Latin: "received text" is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted Like the 1611 edition, the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha; although Blayney consistently removed marginal cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha, wherever these had been provided by the original translators. Altogether, Blayney's 1769 text differed from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places ^[99] ; but since that date, only six further changes have been introduced to the standard text - although 30 of Blayney's proposed changes have subsequently been reverted ^[100] . The Oxford University Press paperback edition of the "Authorized King James Version" provides the current standard text; and also includes the prefatory section "The Translators to the Reader". ^[101]

The 1769 text of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 is given below.

1. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.

In these three verses, there are eleven changes of spelling, nine changes of typesetting, three changes of punctuation, and one variant text - where "not charity" is substituted for "no charity" in verse two, in the erroneous belief that the original reading was a misprint.

For a period, Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text, but the market demand for absolute standardisation was now such that they eventually fell into line. Since the beginning of the 19th Century, almost all printings of the Authorized Version have derived from the 1769 Oxford text - generally without Blayney's variant notes and cross references, and commonly excluding the Apocrypha ^[102]. The single exception to this was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible, thoroughly revised, modernised and re-edited by F. H. Scrivener, who for the first time, consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes ^[103]. Scrivener, however - as Blayney had done - did adopt revised readings where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty ^[104]. In 2005, Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha, edited by David Norton, which modernized Scrivener's spelling again to present-day standards, and introduced quotation marks; while restoring the 1611 text, so far as possible, to the wording intended by its translators, especially in the light of the rediscovery of some of their working documents ^[105]. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 The New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with the Apocrypha is a newly-edited edition of the King James Version of the Bible published by Cambridge University Press This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin books. Penguin Books is a British Publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. ^[106]

From 1769, the text of the Authorized Version remained unchanged - and since, due to advances in printing technology, it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale, it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English-speaking world. Academic debate over the next hundred years, however, increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars that: (a) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew bible - both in terms of specific vocabulary, and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names; (b) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English, especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels; and, (c) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries, the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text^[107]

The Authorized Version maintained its effective dominance throughout the first half of the 20th Century. The synoptic gospels are the first three Gospels of the New Testament in the Christian Bible. Textus Receptus ( Latin: "received text" is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted New translations in the second half of the 20th Century appeared, which displaced its 250 years of dominance (roughly 1700 to 1950)^[108] Some groups do exist - sometimes termed the King-James-Only Movement - that mistrust all changes to the Authorized Version. ^[109]

See also

• List of books of the Authorized King James Version
• Pocket Canons
• Bible errata
• New King James Version
• 21st Century King James Version

Modern editions of the KJV text which provide aids for modern readers to understand the text:

• The King James Study Bible
• Defined King James Bible
• The Subject Bible

• Dynamic and formal equivalence

Notes

References

• Allen, Ward (1969), Translating for King James; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James’s Bible, the Authorized Version, as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers’ Hall in London in 1610-1611. Taken by John Bois . . . these notes were for three centuries lost, and only now are come to light, through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman. Here translated and edited by Ward Allen. , Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, ISBN 0826511368 

• Anonymous (a) (2008), King James Version (Stats & History), Zondervan, <http://www.zondervan.com/Cultures/en-US/Translations/Stats/King+James+Version+%28KJV%29.htm?QueryStringSite=Zondervan>. Retrieved on 16 April 2008 

• Bobrick, Benson (2001), Wide as the waters: the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0684847477 

• Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (2002), History of the Bible in English, Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, ISBN 0718890329 

• Daiches, David (1968), The King James Version of the English Bible: An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition, Hamden, Conn: Archon Books, ISBN 0208004939 

• Daniell, David (2003), The Bible in English: its history and influence, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300099304 

• Ehrman, Bart D. (2005), Misquoting Jesus: the story behind who changed the Bible and why, San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, ISBN 0060738170 

• Hill, Christopher (1993), The English Bible and the seventeenth-century revolution, London: Allen Lane, ISBN 0713990783 

• Keay, Julia (2005), Alexander the Corrector: the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible, London: Harper Perennial, ISBN 0007131968 

• Metzeger, Bruce M. Frederick Fyvie Bruce ( 12 October 1910 – 11 September 1990) was a Bible scholar and one of the founders of the modern evangelical David Daiches ( September 2 1912 – July 15 2005) was a Scottish literary historian and Literary critic Bart D Ehrman is an American New Testament scholar and textual critic of Early Christianity. (ed) (1993), The Oxford Companion to the Bible, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-504645-5 

• Norton, David (2005), A Textual History of the King James Bible, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521771005 

• Norton, David, ed. David Lloyd Norton ( March 27, 1930 – July 24, 1995) was an American Philosopher. David Lloyd Norton ( March 27, 1930 – July 24, 1995) was an American Philosopher. (2006), The Bible (Penguin Classics), Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-144151-8 

• Prickett, Stephen & Carroll, Robert P. , eds. (2008), The Bible: Authorized King James Version (Oxford World's Classics), Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN 0-19-953594-9 

• Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1884), The Authorized Edition of the English Bible, 1611, its subsequent reprints and modern representatives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 

• Story, G. The Reverend Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener, LLD ( September 29 1813, Bermondsey, Surrey - October 30 1891 M. (1967), Lancelot Andrewes Sermons, Oxford: Oxford University Press 

Further reading

Chronological order of publication (oldest first)

• McGrath, Alister E. (2002). In the beginning: the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation, a language, and a culture. New York: Anchor Books, a Division of Random House, Inc. ISBN 0385722168.  

• US edition:Nicolson, Adam (2003). God's secretaries: the making of the King James Bible. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018516-3.  
• UK edition:Nicolson, Adam (2003). Power and Glory: Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0007108931.  

External links

• The Holy Bible, conteyning the Old Testament, and the New. Imprinted at London : By Robert Barker ..., 1611.. Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Library. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again . On-line facsimile (page images) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible.

• King James Version (1611). StudyLight. org. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again On-Line database of the 1611 text with Apocrypha. Also accesses the Geneva Bible, Bishops' Bible and other Reformation-era versions.

• Online gallery:Sacred texts:King James bible. British Library. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again On-line image of a page (beginning of St John's gospel) with a written description by the British Library.

• The King James Dictionary. Christianity. com. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Online Dictionary of Words from the King James Bible

• King James Bible Verses Online public domain version of the King James Bible for research and study.