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Australian English (AuE, AusE, en-AU[1]) is the form of the English language used in Australia. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Contents

History

Australian English began diverging from British English shortly after the foundation of the Australian penal colony of New South Wales (NSW) in 1788. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the A penal colony is a Settlement used to detain Prisoners and generally use them for Penal labour in an economically underdeveloped part of the state's Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap British convicts sent there, including the Cockneys of London, came mostly from large English cities; and they were joined by free settlers, military personnel, and administrators, who often brought their families. A convict is "a person found guilty of a Crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison" sometimes referred to in Slang The term Cockney has both geographical and linguistic associations England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

In 1827, Peter Cunningham, in his book Two Years in New South Wales, reported that native-born white Australians of the time — known as "currency lads and lasses"[2]—spoke with a distinctive accent and vocabulary, with a strong Cockney influence. Peter Cunningham may refer to W Pete Cunningham, American politician from North Carolina Peter Cunningham (writer (1816-1869 Scottish Holey dollar is the name given to Coins used in the early history of two British settlements Prince Edward Island and New South Wales. The transportation of convicts to Australia ended in 1868, but immigration of free settlers from Britain, Ireland and elsewhere continued. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap

The first of the Australian goldrushes, in the 1850s, began a much larger wave of immigration, which would significantly influence the language. The Australian gold rushes started in 1851 when prospector Edward Hammond Hargraves claimed the discovery of payable Gold near Bathurst, New South Events and Trends Industry Production of Steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman During the 1850s, when Great Britain and Ireland were under economic hardship, about two per cent of their combined population emigrated to the Colony of NSW and the Colony of Victoria . See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world [3]

Among the changes wrought by the gold rushes was "Americanisation" of the language — the introduction of words, spellings, terms, and usages from North American English. Americanization (verb form Americanize,) is the term used for the influence the United States of America has on the Culture of other countries resulting North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in North America, namely in the United States The words imported included some later considered to be typically Australian, such as dirt and digger. [4] Bonzer, which was once a common Australian slang word meaning "great", "superb" or "beautiful", is thought to have been a corruption of the American mining term bonanza,[5] which means a rich vein of gold or silver and is itself a loanword from Spanish. Corruption or bastardisation is a way of referring to certain changes in a Language. The influx of American military personnel in World War II brought further American influence; though most words were short-lived;[6] and only okay, you guys, and gee have persisted. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [7]

Since the 1950s, American influence has mostly arrived via pop culture, the mass media — books, magazines, television programs, and computer software — and the world wide web. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Some words, such as freeway and truck, have even naturalised so completely that few Australians recognise their origin. [8]

Some American and British English variants exist side-by-side, as TV and telly (an abbreviation of television). British words predominate, however: as mobile or mobile phone instead of cell phone, and lift instead of elevator. In many cases— telly versus TV and SMS versus text, freeway and motorway, for instance — regional, social and ethnic variation within Australia typically defines word usage. Short Message Service ( SMS) is a Communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. [9]

Australian English is most similar to New Zealand English, each having a shared history and geographical proximity. New Zealand English ( NZE, en-NZ) is the form of the English language used in New Zealand. Both use the expression different to (also encountered in British English, but not American) as well as different from.

There is also some influence from Irish English, but perhaps not as much as might be expected given that many Australians are of Irish descent. Hiberno-English also known as Anglo-Irish and Irish English is English as spoken in Ireland, partly the result of the interaction of the English Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Influences include the Irish word 'Ta' for thankyou and also the pronunciation of the name of the letter "H" as "haitch" /hæɪtʃ/, which can sometimes be heard amongst speakers of "Broad Australian English", rather than the unaspirated "aitch" /æɪtʃ/ more common among English speakers worldwide. This is also true of the Scouse accent in Liverpool where many Irish people settled at the same time as emigrating to Australia, and the United States. Scouse (ˈskaʊs is the accent and Dialect of English found in the city of Liverpool, and in some adjoining urban areas of Merseyside Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary

Other Irish influences include the non-standard plural of "you" as "youse" /jʉːz/, sometimes used informally in Australia, and the expression "good on you" or "good onya". Of these, the former is common in parts of North America and in working class South African English, while the latter is encountered in New Zealand English and British English. Another Irish influence is use of the word me replacing my, such as in the phrase Where's me hat? This usage is generally restricted to informal situations.


Phonology

Main article: Australian English phonology
Australian vowels
Australian vowels
Australian diphthongs
Australian diphthongs

Australian English is a non-rhotic dialect. Australian English is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians English pronunciation is divided into two main accent groups the rhotic (ˈroʊtɪk and non-rhotic, depending on when the sound typically represented It is most similar to New Zealand English and bears some resemblance to dialects from the Southeast of England, particularly those of Cockney and Received Pronunciation. New Zealand English ( NZE, en-NZ) is the form of the English language used in New Zealand. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The term Cockney has both geographical and linguistic associations Received Pronunciation ( RP) is a form of Pronunciation of the English language (specifically British English) which has long been perceived as Like most dialects of English it is distinguished primarily by its vowel phonology. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning [10]

The vowels of Australian English can be divided into two categories: long and short vowels. The short vowels, consisting only of monophthongs, mostly correspond to the lax vowels used in analyses of Received Pronunciation. A monophthong ( Greek μονόφθογγος "monophthongos" = single note) is a "pure" Vowel sound one whose articulation at Received Pronunciation ( RP) is a form of Pronunciation of the English language (specifically British English) which has long been perceived as The long vowels, consisting of both monophthongs and diphthongs, mostly correspond to its tense vowels and centring diphthongs. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with Unlike most varieties of English, it has a phonemic length distinction: that is, certain vowels differ only by length. In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound

Australian English consonants are similar to those of other non-rhotic varieties of English. In comparison to other varieties, it has a flapped variant of /t/ and /d/ in similar environments, as in American English. "Flapping" redirects here For other uses of the term see Flap. Many speakers have also coalesced /dj/, /sj/ and /tj/ into /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /tʃ/, producing standard pronunciations such as /tʃʉːn/ for tune. The phonological history of English consonant clusters is part of the Phonological history of the English language in terms of changes in the Phonology of Consonant

Vocabulary

Main article: Australian English vocabulary

Australian English has many words that some consider unique to the language. Spoken Australian English is thought to be highly colloquial, possibly more so than other spoken variants One of the best known is outback, meaning a remote, sparsely populated area. Another is bush, meaning either a native forest or a country area in general. However, both terms have been widely used in many English-speaking countries. The following is a list of Sovereign states and territories where English is an Official language, in order of Population. The convicts brought other similar words, phrases and usages to Australia. Many words used frequently by country Australians are, or were, also used in all or part of England, with variations in meaning. For example, creek in Australia, as in North America, means a stream or small river, whereas in the UK it means a small watercourse flowing into the sea; paddock in Australia means field, whereas in the UK it means a small enclosure for livestock; bush or scrub in Australia, as in North America, means a wooded area, whereas in England they are commonly used only in proper names (such as Shepherd's Bush and Wormwood Scrubs). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Shepherd's Bush (also Shepherds Bush) is a district of West London in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, situated 4 Wormwood Scrubs is also the name of the Wormwood Scrubs prison. Australian English and several British English dialects (for example, Cockney, Scouse, Glaswegian and Geordie) both use the word mate for a close friend of the same sex and increasingly for a platonic friend of the opposite sex (rather than the conventional meaning of "a spouse"), but this usage has also become common in some other varieties of English. The term Cockney has both geographical and linguistic associations Scouse (ˈskaʊs is the accent and Dialect of English found in the city of Liverpool, and in some adjoining urban areas of Merseyside Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Geordie (ˈdʒɔrdi is a regional nickname for a person from the Tyneside region of England, or the name of the Dialect of English

The origins of other words are not as clear or are disputed. Dinkum (or "fair dinkum") can mean "true", "is that true?" or "this is the truth!” among other things, depending on context and inflection. It is often claimed that dinkum dates back to the Australian goldrushes of the 1850s, and that it is derived from the Cantonese (or Hokkien) ding kam, meaning, "top gold". The Australian gold rushes started in 1851 when prospector Edward Hammond Hargraves claimed the discovery of payable Gold near Bathurst, New South But scholars give greater credence to the conjecture that it originated from the extinct East Midlands dialect in England, where dinkum (or dincum) meant "hard work" or "fair work", which was also the original meaning in Australian English. The East Midlands is one of the Regions of England and consists of most of the eastern half of the traditional region of the Midlands. [11] The derivative dinky-di means 'true' or devoted: a 'dinky-di Aussie' is a 'true Australian'. However, this expression is limited to describing objects or actions that are characteristically Australian. The words dinkum or dinky-di and phrases like true blue are widely purported to be typical Australian sayings, even though they are more commonly used in jest or parody than as authentic slang.

Similarly, g'day, a stereotypical Australian greeting, is no longer synonymous with "good day" in other varieties of English (it can be used at night time) and is never used as an expression for "farewell", as "good day" is in other countries.

Some elements of Aboriginal languages have been adopted by Australian English—mainly as names for places, flora and fauna (for example dingo). These words of Australian Aboriginal origin include some which are almost universal in the English-speaking world such as kangaroo and boomerang. Description Appearance Adult dingoes are typically 48–58 cm (19–23 inches tall at the shoulders and weigh on average 23–32 kgs (50–70 pounds though specimens Beyond that, little has been adopted into the wider language, except for some localised terms and slang. Some examples are cooee and Hard yakka. Cooee! (IPA /ku'i/ is a shout used in the Australian Outback mainly to attract attention find missing people or indicate one's own location The former is used as a high-pitched call, for attracting attention, (pronounced /kʉː. iː/) which travels long distances. Cooee is also a notional distance: if he's within cooee, we'll spot him. Hard yakka means hard work and is derived from yakka, from the Yagara/Jagara language once spoken in the Brisbane region. Brisbane ( is the state capital of Queensland. Brisbane is the third most populous city in Australia and the most populous city of Queensland Also from there is the word bung, meaning broken or pretending to be hurt. A failed piece of equipment may be described as having bunged up or as "on the bung" or "gone bung". A person pretending to be hurt is said to be "bunging it on". A hurt person could say, "I've got a bung knee".

Although didgeridoo, meaning a well-known wooden musical instrument is often thought of as an Aboriginal word, it is now believed to be an onomatopoeic word invented by English speakers. The didgeridoo (also known as a didjeridu or didge) is a wind instrument of the Indigenous Australians of northern Australia. Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing It has also been suggested that it may have an Irish derivation because the word dúdaire means "pipe" in Irish Gaelic. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. [12]

A few words of Australian origin are now used in other parts of the Anglosphere as well; among these are first past the post, to finalise, brownout, and the colloquialisms uni "university" and <part> short of a <whole> meaning stupid or crazy, (e. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member A power outage (also known as power cut, power failure, power loss, or blackout) is the loss of the Electricity supply to an g. "A few beers short of a six pack"). [13]

Spelling

Australian spelling is usually the same as British spelling, with only a few exceptions. The Macquarie Dictionary is generally used by publishers, schools, universities and governments as the standard spelling reference. The Macquarie Dictionary is a Dictionary of Australian English. Well-known differences to British spelling include:

There is a widely-held belief in Australia that controversies over spelling result from the "Americanisation" of Australian English; the influence of American English in the late 20th century, but the debate over spelling is much older. Americanization (verb form Americanize,) is the term used for the influence the United States of America has on the Culture of other countries resulting For example, a pamphlet entitled The So-Called "American Spelling", published in Sydney some time before 1901, argued that "there is no valid etymological reason for the preservation of the u in such words as honor, labor, etc. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ",[15] alluding to older British spellings which also used the -or ending. The pamphlet also claimed that "the tendency of people in Australasia is to excise the u, and one of the Sydney morning papers habitually does this, while the other generally follows the older form". The Australian Labor Party retains the -or ending it officially adopted in 1912. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting However, while many Australian newspapers did formerly "excise the u", in words like colour, this is no longer the case. The town of Victor Harbor has the Victor Harbour Railway Station and the municipality's official website speculates that excising the u from the town's name was originally a "spelling error". Victor Harbor is a city located on the coast of the Fleurieu Peninsula, located 80km south of Adelaide, South Australia. [17] This continues to cause confusion in how the town is named in official and unofficial documents. [18]

Varieties of Australian English

Main article: Regional variation in Australian English

Most linguists consider there to be three main varieties of Australian English: Broad, General and Cultivated Australian English. It is sometimes claimed that regional variations in pronunciation and accent of Australian English exist but if present at all they are very small compared to those of British Irish and [19] They are part of a continuum, reflecting variations in accent. They often, but not always, reflect the social class or educational background of the speaker. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency

Broad Australian English is the most recognisable variety. It is familiar to English speakers around the world because it is used to identify Australian characters in non-Australian films and television programs. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Examples are television/film personalities Steve Irwin and Paul Hogan. Stephen Robert Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006 known simply as Steve Irwin and Nicknamed " The Crocodile Hunter " was an iconic Paul Hogan AM (born October 8, 1939) is an Australian Golden Globe -winning actor and comedian most famous for his role as Slang terms Ocker, for a speaker, and Strine, for the dialect, are used in Australia. The term Ocker is used both as a noun and adjective for an Australian who talks and acts in an uncultured manner Strine was a term coined in 1964 and subsequently used to describe a joke or made-up "language" purportedly spoken by Australians.

General Australian English is the stereotypical variety of Australian English. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group It is the variety that the majority of Australians use and predominates among modern Australian films and television programs. Examples are actors Nicole Kidman, Cate Blanchett and Russell Crowe (who, although born and partly-raised in New Zealand, does not speak New Zealand English). Catherine Élise "Cate" Blanchett (born 14 May 1969 is an Academy Award -winning Australian Actress and Stage director. Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964 is an Academy Award - BAFTA - Golden Globe - and Screen Actors Guild Award -winning New Zealand and New Zealand English ( NZE, en-NZ) is the form of the English language used in New Zealand.

Cultivated Australian English has many similarities to British Received Pronunciation, and is often mistaken for it. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Received Pronunciation ( RP) is a form of Pronunciation of the English language (specifically British English) which has long been perceived as Cultivated Australian English is now spoken by less than 10% of the population. Examples are actors Judy Davis and Geoffrey Rush. Judy Davis (born 23 April 1955 is an Academy Award -nominated Screen Actors Guild Award, three-time Emmy Award, two-time BAFTA Award Geoffrey Roy Rush (born 6 July 1951 is a Golden Globe - BAFTA - Emmy - AFI - and Academy Award -winning Australian actor

There is significant variation in Australian English vocabulary between different regions; perhaps the most prominent example being the many names for processed pork products, generally known in other countries as "bologna sausage" or "luncheon meat". Spoken Australian English is thought to be highly colloquial, possibly more so than other spoken variants Spoken Australian English is thought to be highly colloquial, possibly more so than other spoken variants Bologna sausage ( is an American sausage somewhat similar to the Italian Mortadella, (a finely hashed/ground Pork Sausage containing Cold cuts is a US term that refers to cheeses or precooked or cured meat often Sausages or meat loaves, that are sliced and usually served cold on Sandwiches It is known as strassberg - or alternatively Strasbourg - (or strass in its shortened form) in Melbourne and parts of rural Victoria, pork German in other parts of that state, Devon or Spam in New South Wales, German veal in Queensland, Fritz in South Australia and Polony in Western Australia.

It is sometimes claimed that there are variations in accent and pronunciation among people of different states and territories. However, these are small in comparison to those of the British and American English, and Australian pronunciation is determined less by region than by social, cultural and educational influences. Nevertheless, there are some well-documented regional preferences. For example, in Tasmania, words such as "dance", "grant" and "branch" are usually heard with the older pronunciation of these words, using /æ/, whereas in South Australia, /aː/ is preferred. Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass Trap-bath split The trap-bath split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in southern varieties of English English (including Received Pronunciation Australian English is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country Australian English is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians [20] Both pronunciations are common in other parts of Australia, although when people sing the national anthem, "Advance Australia Fair", they often use [əd'vaːns] where they might otherwise use [əd'væːns]. " Advance Australia Fair " is the official National anthem of Australia.

Use of words by Australians

Australian English makes frequent use of diminutives. A diminutive is a formation of a Word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning smallness of the object or quality named encapsulation intimacy or endearment They are formed in various ways and are often used to indicate familiarity. Some examples are arvo (afternoon), barbie (barbecue), footy (Australian rules football or rugby league football). Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games They also use litotes such as "you're not wrong" (= you're right). In Rhetoric, litotes is a Figure of speech in which rather than making a certain statement directly a speaker expresses it even more effectively or achieves emphasis

Many phrases once common to Australian English have become stereotypes and caricaturised exaggerations, and have largely disappeared from everyday use. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group Among the words less used are cobber, strewth, you beaut and crikey; and stereotypical phrases like flat out like a lizard drinking are rarely used without being jocular.

The phrase put a shrimp on the barbie is a misquotation from a phrase made famous by Paul Hogan in tourism advertisements that aired in America. "Shrimp on the barbie" is an often-quoted phrase that originated in a series of Television advertisements by the Australian Tourism Commission starring Paul Hogan AM (born October 8, 1939) is an Australian Golden Globe -winning actor and comedian most famous for his role as Australians use the word prawn rather than shrimp. Many Australians actually dislike the phrase for this reason, thus choose to ignore the person who says it, or point it out bluntly.

Australian patriotic song Waltzing Matilda, written by bush poet Banjo Paterson, contains many obsolete Australian words and phrases that appeal to a rural ideal and are understood by Australians even though they are not in common usage outside the song. "Waltzing Matilda" is Australia 's most widely known country Folk song, and has been referred to as 'the unofficial national anthem of Australia' Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson (17 February 1864 – 5 February 1941 was a famous Australian Bush poet, journalist and author One example is the title, which means travelling (particularly with a type of bed roll called a swag).

Samples of Australian English

One of the first writers to attempt renditions of Australian accents and vernacular was the novelist Joseph Furphy (a. Joseph Furphy ( 26 September 1843 – 13 September 1912) is widely regarded as the "Father of the Australian Novel k. a. Tom Collins), who wrote a popular account of rural New South Wales and Victoria during the 1880s, Such is Life (1903). C. J. Dennis wrote poems about working class life in Melbourne, such as The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke (1915), which was extremely popular and was made into a popular silent film (The Sentimental Bloke; 1919). Clarence Michael James Stanislaus Dennis, better known as C J The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke is a Verse novel by Australian Novelist and Poet C The Sentimental Bloke ( 1919) is an Australian Silent film based on the 1915 Australian poem The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke John O'Grady's novel They're a Weird Mob has many examples of pseudo-phonetically written Australian speech in Sydney during the 1950s, such as "owyergoinmateorright?" ("How are you going, mate? All right?") Thomas Keneally's novels set in Australia, particularly The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, frequently use vernacular such as "yair" for "yes" and "noth-think" for "nothing". John Patrick O'Grady ( 9 October 1907 - 14 January 1981) was an Australian Writer. They're a Weird Mob is a popular 1957 Australian comic Novel written by John O'Grady under the pen name "Nino Culotta" the Thomas Michael Keneally AO (born 7 October 1935 is an Australian novelist playwright and author of Non-fiction. The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith is a 1978 Australian film directed by Fred Schepisi and based on the Booker Prize -nominated novel of the same name Other books of note are "Let Stalk Strine" by Afferbeck Lauder — where "Strine" is "Australian" and "Afferbeck Lauder" is "alphabetical order" (the book is in alphabetical order) — and "How to be Normal in Australia". Afferbeck Lauder was the Pseudonym used by Alastair Ardoch Morrison (born Melbourne 21 September Strine was a term coined in 1964 and subsequently used to describe a joke or made-up "language" purportedly spoken by Australians.

Some Australian actors use their natural accents in international films and television programs. An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Australian actors in non-Australian productions sometimes use exaggerated Broad Australian accents. For example in Finding Nemo, the characters of Nigel the Pelican (voiced by Geoffrey Rush), the three sharks, the sewage-eating crab (voiced by Rove McManus), the dentist and his niece. Finding Nemo is a 2003 computer-animated American Family film. Rove McManus (born John McManus II

See also

References

  1. ^ en-AU is the language code for Australian English , as defined by ISO standards (see ISO 639-1 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) and Internet standards (see IETF language tag). A language code is a Code that assigns letters or numbers as identifiers for Languages These codes are often used to organize library collections to choose the correct ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter Country codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard to represent countries and dependent territories. In Computer network Engineering, an Internet Standard (STD is a Specification, put forward by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF for IETF language tags are defined by BCP 47, which is currently RFC 4646 and RFC 4647
  2. ^ Hughes, Robert. The Fatal Shore. London: Harvill (1986).
  3. ^ Geoffrey Blainey, 1993, The Rush That Never Ended (4th ed. ) Melbourne University Press.
  4. ^ Bell, R. Americanization and Australia. UNSW Press (1998).
  5. ^ Robert J. Menner, "The Australian Language" American Speech, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Apr. , 1946), pp. 120
  6. ^ Ibid.
  7. ^ Ibid.
  8. ^ Ibid.
  9. ^ Oliver, Mackay and Rochecouste. 'The Acquisition of Colloquial Terms by Western Australian Primary School Children from Non-English Speaking Backgrounds' in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24:5 (2003), 413-430.
  10. ^ Harrington, J. , F. Cox, and Z. Evans (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics 17: 155–84.  
  11. ^ Frederick Ludowyk, 1998, "Aussie Words: The Dinkum Oil On Dinkum; Where Does It Come From?" (0zWords, Australian National Dictionary Centre). Access date: November 5, 2007.
  12. ^ Dymphna Lonergan, 2002, "Aussie Words: Didgeridoo; An Irish Sound In Australia" (0zWords, Australian National Dictionary Centre). Access date: November 5, 2007.
  13. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary. [ http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50184803/50184803se21?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=first+past+the+post&first=1&max_to_show=10&hilite=50184803se21], [1], [2], [3], [4]
  14. ^ Peters, Pam. (1986) "Spelling principles", In: Peters, Pam, ed. , Style in Australia: Current Practices in Spelling, Punctuation, Hyphenation, Capitalisation, etc. ,
  15. ^ a b The So Called "American Spelling. " Its Consistency Examined. pre-1901 pamphlet, Sydney, E. J. Forbes. Quoted by Annie Potts in this article
  16. ^ Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers of Australian Government Publications, Third Edition, Revised by John Pitson, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1978, page 10, "In general, follow the spellings given in the latest edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary.
  17. ^ http://www.victor.sa.gov.au

    It appears that the spelling of Victor Harbor without the 'u' started in the early days of the Colony. It was around the turn of the century that the u crept into the spelling of Harbor with new businesses spelling it including the u (which is the way most people would have been taught to spell harbour. The Victor Harbour Railway Station is still signposted today with the spelling including the u. Victor Harbor was declared a legal Port on the 28th June 1838 and was officially known to the Harbour's Board as Port Victor until 1921. In 1921 due to the similarity of the name to Port Victoria on the Yorke Peninsula and the confusion it caused, it was decided by the Harbour's Board to change the name back by proclamation to its original name of Victor Harbor. The local newspaper the 'Victor Harbor Times' has always been published without the u since it started in 1912. It was gazetted in 1914 that the township was named as the 'Municipal Town of Victor Harbor'. It can be surmised from the above spelling of all South Australian Harbour's without the u that it originated probably from a spelling error made by an early Surveyor General of South Australia.

  18. ^ http://www.smh.com.au/news/south-australia/victor-harbor/2005/02/17/1108500204729.html

    There were suggestions at the time that Victor Harbor would make an ideal harbour for the whole South Australian colony. Colonel Light was so convinced that Adelaide was the ideal spot that he looked at Victor Harbor and dismissed it.

  19. ^ Robert Mannell, "Impressionistic Studies of Australian English Phonetics" at http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/ausenglish/impressionistic.html.
  20. ^ Crystal, D. (1995). Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press.

External links

Dictionary

Australian English

-proper noun

  1. The form of the English language used in Australia
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