For the term used for lepidopterists see Aurelian (entomology). A lepidopterist is a person who catches and collects studies or simply observes (see Butterfly watching) lepidopterans, members of an order encompassing Aurelian is an archaic word for Lepidopterist, one who is interested in butterflies

Aurelian
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Reign	September, 270–September or October 275
Full name	Lucius Domitius Aurelianus
Born	September 9, 214 or 215
Birthplace	Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)
Died	September or October 275
Place of death	Caenophrurium, Thrace
Predecessor	Quintillus
Successor	Marcus Claudius Tacitus
Wife	Ulpia Severina

Lucius Domitius Aurelianus^[1] (September 9, 214 or 215 –September or October 275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several highly successful "soldier-emperors" who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Events in September It is the start of the academic year in many countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Events By Place Roman Empire Quintillus briefly holds power over the Roman Empire and is succeeded by Aurelian. Events By Place Roman Empire Roman Emperor Aurelian is murdered by troops while preparing to invade Persia. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Events By Place Roman Empire The kingdom of Osroene becomes a Province of the Roman Empire. Events By Place Roman Empire Caracalla 's troops massacre the population of Alexandria Egypt. Sirmium in Pannonia should not be confused with Sirmio on Lake Garda Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) was an ancient Sremska Mitrovica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сремска Митровица is a city and municipality located Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Events By Place Roman Empire Roman Emperor Aurelian is murdered by troops while preparing to invade Persia. Çorlu (ˈtʃɔɪrlʊ is a city in Tekirdağ Province in inland Eastern Thrace, the European part of Turkey. Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus (d 270 was born in Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)in Illyricum. Marcus Claudius Tacitus (ca 200 - June 276 was a Roman Emperor from September 25, 275, to June 276 Ulpia Severina was the wife of Roman emperor Aurelian, from whom she had a daughter Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Events By Place Roman Empire The kingdom of Osroene becomes a Province of the Roman Empire. Events By Place Roman Empire Caracalla 's troops massacre the population of Alexandria Egypt. Events By Place Roman Empire Roman Emperor Aurelian is murdered by troops while preparing to invade Persia. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Events By Place Roman Empire Quintillus briefly holds power over the Roman Empire and is succeeded by Aurelian. Events By Place Roman Empire Roman Emperor Aurelian is murdered by troops while preparing to invade Persia. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

During his reign, the Empire was reunited in its entirety, following fifteen years of rebellion, the loss of two-thirds of its territory to break-away empires (the Palmyrene Empire in the east and the Gallic Empire in the west) and devastating barbarian invasions. The Palmyrene Empire ( 260 &ndash 273) was a splinter empire that broke off the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. The Gallic Empire (in Latin Imperium Galliarum) is the modern name for the independent realm that existed from 260 to 273, during the His successes started the end of the empire's Crisis of the Third Century. Crisis of the Third Century (or "Military Anarchy" or "Imperial Crisis" was the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235

Rise to power

The Roman Empire by 271 A. D before the reconquests of Palmyrene Empire and Gallic Empire by Aurelian

Aurelian was born in Dacia ripensis or Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia),^[2] to an obscure provincial family; his father was tenant to a senator named Aurelius, who gave his name to the family. The Palmyrene Empire ( 260 &ndash 273) was a splinter empire that broke off the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. The Gallic Empire (in Latin Imperium Galliarum) is the modern name for the independent realm that existed from 260 to 273, during the Dacia ripensis ( Greek: Ρειπήσιος English translation: "from the banks of the Danube" was the name of a Roman province (part of Dacia Sirmium in Pannonia should not be confused with Sirmio on Lake Garda Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) was an ancient Sremska Mitrovica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сремска Митровица is a city and municipality located Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country ^[3] Aurelian served as a general in several wars, and his success ultimately made him the right-hand man and dux equitum (cavalry commander) of the army of Emperor Gallienus. Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268 ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and then as the sole Roman Emperor In 268, his cavalry routed the powerful cavalry force of the Goths at the Battle of Naissus and broke the back of the most fearsome invasion of Roman territory since Hannibal. Events By Place Roman Empire September - Gallienus, aided by Aurelian, defeats the Goths at the Battle The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Battle of Naissus (268 or 269 AD was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Claudius II) Hannibal (Pronounced in Phoenician: Hanniba'al means " Ba'al is my grace " or " Ba'al has given me grace " 247 BC &ndash According to one source, Aurelian participated in the assassination of Gallienus (268), and supported Claudius II for the purple. ^[4]

Two years later, when Claudius died his brother Quintillus seized power with support of the Senate. Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus (d 270 was born in Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)in Illyricum. With an act typical of the Crisis of the Third Century, the army refused to recognize the new emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor in September 270 by the legions in Sirmium. Crisis of the Third Century (or "Military Anarchy" or "Imperial Crisis" was the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 Events By Place Roman Empire Quintillus briefly holds power over the Roman Empire and is succeeded by Aurelian. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," Aurelian defeated Quintillus' troops, and was recognized emperor by the Senate after Quintillus' death. The claim that Aurelian was chosen by Claudius on his death bed^[5] can be dismissed as propaganda; later, probably in 272, Aurelian put his own dies imperii the day of Claudius' death, thus implicitly considering Quintillus a usurper. Usurpers are individuals or groups of individuals who obtain and maintain the power or rights of another by force and without legal authority ^[6]

With his base of power secure, he now turned his attention to Rome's greatest problems — recovering the vast territories lost over the previous two decades, and reforming the res publica.

Conqueror and reformer

Aurelian was a military commander, and during his reign he tried to keep legions' fidelity; this coin celebrated the CONCORDIA MILITVM, "harmony between the soldiers". Ironically, he was killed by Praetorian Guards. The Praetorian Guard ( Latin: PRÆTORIANI was a special force of Guards used by Roman Emperors Before being appropriated

In 248, Emperor Philip had celebrated the millennium of the city of Rome with great and expensive ceremonies and games, and the empire had given a tremendous proof of self-confidence. Marcus Julius Philippus or Philippus I Arabs (c 204 - 249 known in English as Philip the Arab or formerly (prior to World War II in In the following years, however, the empire had to face a huge pressure from external enemies, while, at the same time, dangerous civil wars threatened the empire from within, with a large number of usurpers weakening the strength of the state. Also the economical substrate of the state, the agriculture and the commerce, suffered from the disruption caused by the instability. On top of this an epidemic swept through the Empire around 250, greatly diminishing manpower both for the army and for agriculture. The end result was that the empire could not endure the blow of the capture of Emperor Valerian in 260: the eastern provinces found their protectors in the rulers of the city of Palmyra, in Syria, whose autonomy grew until the formation of the Palmyrene Empire, a separate entity from the Roman Empire, successful against the Persian threat; the western provinces, those facing the limes of the Rhine seceded, forming a third, autonomous state within the territories of the Roman Empire, which is now known as Gallic Empire; the emperor, in Rome, was occupied with the internal menaces to his power and with the defence of Italia and the Balkans. For other uses see Valerian. Publius Licinius Valerianus (c 200 - after 260 commonly known in English as Valerian Palmyra ( Arabic: تدمر Tadmor) was in ancient times an important city of central Syria, located in an Oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic The Palmyrene Empire ( 260 &ndash 273) was a splinter empire that broke off the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. A limes (or the Limes Romanus) was a Border defense or delimiting system of Ancient Rome. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The Gallic Empire (in Latin Imperium Galliarum) is the modern name for the independent realm that existed from 260 to 273, during the Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula. This was the situation faced by Gallienus and Claudius, and the problems Aurelian had to deal with at the beginning of his rule. ^[7]

Reunification of the empire

The first actions of the new emperor were aimed at strengthening his own position in his territories. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern Italia against the Vandals, Juthungi, and Sarmatians, expelling them from Roman territory. Events By Place Roman Empire Quintillus briefly holds power over the Roman Empire and is succeeded by Aurelian. Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula. The Juthungi (German Juthungen, Greek Iouthungi, Latine Iuthungi) were an Alemannic Tribe in the region north of the rivers The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες To celebrate these victories, Aurelian was granted the title of Germanicus Maximus. ^[8] The authority of the emperor was challenged by several usurpers — Septimius, Urbanus, Domitianus, and the rebellion of Felicissimus — who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the empire and the overwhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Usurpers are individuals or groups of individuals who obtain and maintain the power or rights of another by force and without legal authority Septimius or Septiminus was a Roman usurper proclaimed emperor in 271 in Dalmatia, during Emperor Aurelian 's reign Urbanus (d 271? was a Roman usurper. Urbanus staged an uprising in the beginning of the reign of Aurelian. Domitianus (IMPERATOR CAESAR DOMITIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS "Imperator Caesar Domitianus Pious Fortunate Augustus" d Felicissimus (d 271 ? was a public officer in Ancient Rome, during the reign of Emperor Aurelian. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, shows he wanted the support of the legions. ^[6]

Defeat of the Alamanni

The burden of the northern barbarians was not yet over, however. In 271, the Alamanni moved towards Italia, entering the Po plain and sacking the villages; they passed the Po River, occupied Placentia and moved towards Fano. The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Main river ( Germany The Po ( Latin: Padus, Po Ligurian: Bo, Greek: Eridanus) is a river that flows 652 km(405 miles (682 km by considering Piacenza ( Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a This article is about the Italian town For the Danish island see Fanø. Aurelian, who was in Pannonia to control Vandals' withdrawal, quickly entered Italia, but his army was defeated in an ambush near Placentia (January 271). The Battle of Placentia was fought in January 271 between a Roman army led by Emperor Aurelian and the Alamanni (actually the Juthungi tribe Events By Place Roman Empire The Goths are forced to withdraw across the Danube. When the news of the defeat arrived in Rome, it caused great fear for the arrival of the barbarians. But Aurelian attacked the Alamanni camping near the Metaurus River, defeating them in the Battle of Fano, and forcing them to re-cross the Po river; Aurelian finally routed them at Pavia. The Metauro (in Latin Metaurus or Mataurus, in Ancient greek Mètauros, Μεταυρος) is a River of The Battle of Fano - also known as the Battle of Fanum Fortunae - was fought in January 271 between the Roman Empire and the Alamanni. The Battle of Pavia was fought in 271 near Pavia (Italy and resulted in the Roman Emperor Aurelian destroying the retreating Alamanni For this, he received the title Germanicus Maximus. However, the menace of the German people remained high as perceived by the Romans, so Aurelian resolved to build the walls that became known as the Aurelian Walls around Rome. The Aurelian Walls (Mura aureliane were City walls built between 271 and 275 in Rome during the reign of the Roman Emperors Aurelian and Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 ^[9]

The Porta Asinara, a gate in the Aurelian Walls. The Aurelian Walls (Mura aureliane were City walls built between 271 and 275 in Rome during the reign of the Roman Emperors Aurelian and

The emperor led his legions to the Balkans, where he defeated and routed the Goths beyond the Danube, killing the Gothic leader Cannabaudes, and assuming the title of Gothicus Maximus. However, he decided to abandon the province of Dacia, on the exposed north bank of the Danube, as too difficult and expensive to defend. The Roman province of Dacia on the Balkans included the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia, and temporarily He reorganised a new province of Dacia south of the Danube, inside the former Moesia, called Dacia Ripensis, with Serdica as the capital. Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the The history of Sofia, Bulgaria 's capital and largest city spans thousands of years from Antiquity to modern times in which the city has always been a ^[10]

Conquest of the Palmyrene Empire

Aurelian, personification of Sol, defeats the Palmyrene Empire, and celebrates ORIENS AVG, the Augustus Rising Sun. In Greek mythology the Sun was personified as Helios (ˈhiliˌɑs ( Ἥλιος Latinized as Helius)

In 272, Aurelian turned his attention to the lost eastern provinces of the empire, the so-called "Palmyrene Empire" ruled by Queen Zenobia from the city of Palmyra. Events By Topic Roman Empire Emperor Aurelian reconquers the kingdom of Palmyra, composed of Syria, Egypt The Palmyrene Empire ( 260 &ndash 273) was a splinter empire that broke off the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. Zenobia (زنوبيا 240-after 274 was a Syrian queen who lived in the 3rd century Palmyra ( Arabic: تدمر Tadmor) was in ancient times an important city of central Syria, located in an Oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus ^[11] Zenobia had carved out her own empire, encompassing Syria, Palestine, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black In the beginning, Aurelian had been recognized as emperor, while Vaballathus, the son of Zenobia, hold the title of rex and imperator ("king" and "supreme military commander"), but Aurelian decided to invade the eastern provinces as soon as he felt strong enough. Lucius Iulius (Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus Athenodorus ( 266 - 273) was a king of the Palmyrene Empire.

Asia Minor was recovered easily; every city but Byzantium and Tyana surrendered to him with little resistance. This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM For the Genus of nolid Moths see Tyana (moth. Tyana (or Tyanna) was an ancient city of Anatolia The fall of Tyana lent itself to a legend; Aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him, but he spared Tyana after having a vision of the great 1st century philosopher Apollonius of Tyana, whom he respected greatly, in a dream. Apollonius implored him, stating: "Aurelian, if you desire to rule, abstain from the blood of the innocent! Aurelian, if you will conquer, be merciful!" Whatever the reason, Aurelian spared Tyana. It paid off; many more cities submitted to him upon seeing that the emperor would not exact revenge upon them. Within six months, his armies stood at the gates of Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the Sassanid Empire. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The "Palmyrene Empire" was no more. Eventually Zenobia and her son were captured and forced to walk on the streets of Rome in his triumph. After a brief clash with the Persians and another in Egypt against usurper Firmus, he was forced to return to Palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more. For the 4th century Roman usurper under Valentinian I see Firmus (4th century usurper. Events By Place Roman Empire Under the command of Emperor Aurelian, the Roman Army sacks the city of Palmyra. This time, Aurelian allowed his soldiers to sack the city, and Palmyra never recovered from this. More honors came his way; he was now known as Parthicus Maximus and Restitutor Orientis ("Restorer of the East"). ^[6]

Conquest of the Gallic Empire

In 274, the victorious emperor turned his attention to the west, and the "Gallic Empire" which had already been reduced in size by Claudius II. Events By Place Roman Empire December 25 — Roman emperor Aurelian has a temple dedicated to Sol Invictus on the third The Gallic Empire (in Latin Imperium Galliarum) is the modern name for the independent realm that existed from 260 to 273, during the Aurelian won this campaign largely through diplomacy; the "Gallic Emperor" Tetricus was willing to abandon his throne and allow Gaul and Britain to return to the empire, but could not openly submit to Aurelian. Caius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was Emperor of the Gallic Empire ( Imperium Galliarum) from 270/271 to 273 following the murder of Victorinus. Instead, the two seem to have conspired so that when the armies met at Châlons-en-Champagne that fall, Tetricus simply deserted to the Roman camp and Aurelian easily defeated the Gallic army facing him. Châlons-en-Champagne is a city and commune in France. It is the administrative centre ( Préfecture) of both the département Tetricus was rewarded for his part in the conspiracy with a high-ranking position in Italy itself.

Aurelian returned to Rome and won his last honorific from the Senate — Restitutor Orbis ("Restorer of the World"). In four years, he had secured the frontiers of the empire and reunified it, effectively giving the empire a new lease on life that lasted 200 years

Reformations

Aurelian was a reformer, and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus, including the economy and the religion. He also restored many public buildings, re-organized the management of the food reserves, set fixed prices for the most important goods, and prosecuted misconduct by the public officers.

Religious reform

Aurelian strengthened the position of the Sun god, Sol or Oriens, as the main divinity of the Roman pantheon. In Greek mythology the Sun was personified as Helios (ˈhiliˌɑs ( Ἥλιος Latinized as Helius) His intention was to give to all the peoples of the Empire, civilian or soldiers, easterners or westerners, a single god they could believe in without betraying their own gods. The center of the cult was a new temple, built in 271 in Campus Agrippae in Rome, with great decorations financed by the spoils of the Palmyrene Empire. Aurelian did not persecute other religions. However, during his short rule, he seemed to follow the principle of "one god, one empire", that was later adopted to a full extent by Constantine. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine On some coins, he appears with the title deus et dominus natus ("God and born ruler"), also later adopted by Diocletian. Lactantius argued that Aurelian would have outlawed all the other gods if he had had enough time. Lucius Caelius (or Caecilius? Firmianus Lactantius was an Early Christian author (ca

Felicissimus' rebellion and coinage reform

Aurelian's reign records the only uprising of mint workers. The rationalis Felicissimus, mintmaster at Rome, revolted against Aurelian. The Rationalis was the Roman Empire 's chief financial minister prior to the reforms of Emperor Diocletian and the Late Empire Felicissimus (d 271 ? was a public officer in Ancient Rome, during the reign of Emperor Aurelian. The revolt seems to have been caused by the fact that the mint workers, and Felicissimus first, were accustomed to stealing the silver used for the coins and producing coins of inferior quality. Aurelian wanted to erase this practice, and put Felicissimus under trial. The rationalis incited the mintworkers to revolt: the rebellion spread in the streets, even if it seems that Felicissimus was killed immediately, possibly executed. The Palmirene rebellion in Egypt had probably reduced the grain supply to Rome, thus disaffecting the population with respect to the emperor. The Megalopolis of ancient Rome could never be fed entirely from its own surrounding countryside especially as this region was increasingly used to produce fruit vegetables and other This rebellion also had the support of some senators, probably those who had supported the election of Quintillus, and thus had something to fear from Aurelian. Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus (d 270 was born in Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)in Illyricum. Aurelian ordered the urban cohorts, reinforced by some regular troops of the imperial army, to attack the rebelling mob: the resulting battle, fought on the Caelian hill, marked the end of the revolt, even if at an high price (some sources give the figure, probably exaggerated, of 7,000 casualties). The Caelian Hill (Latin Mons Caelius, Italian Celio) is one of the famous Seven Hills of Rome. Many of the rebels were executed; also some of the rebelling senators were put to death. The mint of Rome was closed temporarily, and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony. ^[12]

His monetary reformation included in the introduction of antoninianii containing 5% silver. The antoninianus was a Coin used during the Roman Empire thought to have been valued at 2 denarii. They bore the mark XXI (or its Greek numerals form KA), which meant that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver denarius. The Roman Currency system included the denarius (plural denarii) after 211 BC a small Silver coin, ^[13] Considering that this was an improvement over the previous situation gives an idea of the severity of the economic situation Aurelian faced. The emperor struggled to introduce the new "good" coin by recalling all the old "bad" coins prior to their introduction. ^[6]

Death

Ulpia Severina, wife of Aurelian and Augusta since 274. Ulpia Severina was the wife of Roman emperor Aurelian, from whom she had a daughter Augusta was the feminine form of the title Augustus. It was usually given to the wives or relatives of the Roman Emperors. Holder of the title of mater castrorum et senatus et patriae, typical of the women of the Severan dynasty, Severina possibly ruled alone between Aurelian's death and Tacitus election, thus being the only Roman Empress ruling in her own power. The Severan dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235.

In 275, Aurelian marched towards Asia Minor, preparing another campaign against the Sassanids: the deaths of Kings Shapur I (272) and Hormizd I (273) in quick succession, and the rise to power of a weakened ruler (Bahram I), set the possibility to attack the Sassanid Empire. Events By Place Roman Empire Roman Emperor Aurelian is murdered by troops while preparing to invade Persia. Shapur I was the second Sassanid King of the Second Persian Empire. Hormizd I was the third Sassanid King of Persia from 272 to 273 Bahram I (also spelled Varahran or Vahram, r 273&ndash276 was the fourth Sassanid emperor of the second Persian Empire.

On his way, the emperor suppressed a revolt in Gaul — possibly against Faustinus, an officer or usurper of Tetricus — and defeated barbarian marauders at Vindelicia (Germany). In the pre-Roman Geography of Europe, Vindelicia simply identifies the country inhabited by the Vindelici, a region bounded on the north by the Danube

However, Aurelian never reached Persia, as he was murdered while waiting in Thrace to cross into Asia Minor. As an administrator, Aurelian had been very strict and handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers. A secretary of Aurelian (called Eros by Zosimus) had told a lie on a minor issue. Zosimus ( ''fl'' 490s-510s was a Byzantine historian who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius In fear of what the emperor might do, he forged a document listing the names of high officials marked by the emperor for execution, and showed it to Aurelian collaborators. The notarius Mucapor and other high-ranking officiers of the Praetorian Guard, fearing punishment from the Emperor, murdered him in September of 275, in Caenophrurium, Thrace (modern Turkey). The Praetorian Guard ( Latin: PRÆTORIANI was a special force of Guards used by Roman Emperors Before being appropriated Çorlu (ˈtʃɔɪrlʊ is a city in Tekirdağ Province in inland Eastern Thrace, the European part of Turkey.

Aurelian's enemies in the Senate briefly succeeded in passing damnatio memoriae on the emperor, but this was reversed before the end of the year and Aurelian, like his predecessor Claudius II, was deified as Divus Aurelianus. Damnatio memoriae is the Latin phrase literally meaning "damnation of memory" in the sense of removed from the remembrance.

Ulpia Severina, wife of Aurelian and Augusta since 274, is said to have held the imperial role during the short interregnum before the election of Marcus Claudius Tacitus to the purple. Augusta was the feminine form of the title Augustus. It was usually given to the wives or relatives of the Roman Emperors. Marcus Claudius Tacitus (ca 200 - June 276 was a Roman Emperor from September 25, 275, to June 276

Notes

References

Primary sources

• Aurelius Victor Epitome de Caesaribus, xxxv "Epitome de Caesaribus" (4th century)
• Eutropius, Breviarium historiae Romanae, IX. 13-15 (4th century)
• Historia Augusta Aurelianus Life of Aurelian Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
• Zosimus, Historia Nova Translation of the Historia Nova (published in 1814), book 1, (5th-6th century)
• Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History Compendium excerpt: Claudius to Diocletian 268-284(12th century)

Secondary sources

• Körner, Christian (2001-07-20). Sextus Aurelius Victor (ca 320-ca 390 was an historian and politician of the Roman Empire. For the Byzantine officer see also Eutropius (Byzantine official (396-397 The Augustan History ( Lat Historia Augusta) is a late Roman collection of biographies in Latin of the Roman Emperors their junior Zosimus ( ''fl'' 490s-510s was a Byzantine historian who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius Joannes (John Zonaras ( Greek:; ''fl'' 12th century was a Byzantine chronicler and theologian, who lived at Constantinople. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold "Aurelian". De Imperatoribus Romanis.  
• Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge, p. 125. ISBN 0-415-23944-3.  
• Watson, Alaric (1999). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07248-4.  

Further reading

• White, John F (2005). Restorer of the World: The Roman Emperor Aurelian. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 1-86227-250-6.  

External links

• Aurelian coinage, at Wildwinds. com
• On coins of Aurelian with the title dominus et deus (Section 1.9)