| Augusto Pinochet | |
 | |
30th President of Chile | |
|---|---|
| In office December 17, 1974 – March 11, 1990 | |
| Preceded by | Salvador Allende |
| Succeeded by | Patricio Aylwin |
| In office September 11, 1973 – December 17, 1974 | |
| Succeeded by | José Toribio Merino |
| Born | November 25, 1915 Valparaíso |
| Died | December 10, 2006 (aged 91) Santiago, Chile in the Military Hospital |
| Nationality | Chilean |
| Political party | None |
| Spouse | Lucía Hiriart |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet[1] Ugarte (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was a Chilean military officer and dictator. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of Patricio Aylwin Azócar (born November 26, 1918) was the first President of Chile after its return to democratic rule in 1990 following Government Junta of Chile ( September 11, 1973 - March 11, 1990) (Junta Militar de Gobierno was the political Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Admiral Santiago José Toribio Merino Castro ( December 14, 1915 - August 30, 1996) was a Chilean Admiral, President of the Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago María Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez (born December 10 1922) also known as Lucía Hiriart de Pinochet, is the widow (married in January 1943 of former Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the He was President of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1974 and, by decree of the Junta, President of Chile from 1974 until the return of civilian rule in 1990. Government Junta of Chile ( September 11, 1973 - March 11, 1990) (Junta Militar de Gobierno was the political Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar)
From the beginning of the military regime he implemented harsh measures against his political opponents which included systematic violations of civil liberties and human rights and for which he faced several criminal processes until his death in 2006. His regime is also remembered for its implementation of classically liberal and neo-liberal economic reforms, including the privatization of several state controlled industries and the rollback of many state welfare institutions. These policies were initially very successful in recovering economic growth, and are often called el milagro económico ("the economic miracle") of the military regime in Chile, but they dramatically increased inequality and some attribute the devastating effect of the 1982 monetary crisis in the Chilean economy to these policies. The early 1980s recession was a severe Recession in the United States which began in July 1981 and ended in November 1982 [2].
Contents |
Abstract
On September 11, 1973, Pinochet, who had recently been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army, led a coup d'état against Socialist President Salvador Allende and, along with the Navy, Air Force and Carabineros, established a military government. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces By right or might The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish Partido Socialista de Chile or PS is part of the ruling Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of Government Junta of Chile ( September 11, 1973 - March 11, 1990) (Junta Militar de Gobierno was the political With active support form the CIA ([1][2]) Pinochet implemented a series of military operations in which (according to the 1993 Rettig Report) approximately 3,000 people were killed [3], while (according to the 2004 Valech Report) 27,000 were incarcerated without trials and subjected to torture [4]. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The Rettig Report, officially The National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation Report, is a report by a commission designated by then President Patricio Aylwin The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Thousands more fled in exile, in particular to Argentina, as well as Peru and applied as political refugees; however, they were followed in their exile by the DINA secret police, in the frame of Operation Condor which linked South American dictatorships together against political opponents. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign
In 1974, the junta appointed Pinochet president by a joint decree, later confirmed by a highly controversial plebiscite in 1980. A military junta is a government ruled by a committee of military leaders The National Plebiscite of 1980 in Chile was a referendum held on September 11, 1980 in order to approve the 1980 Political Constitution of the Republic He remained in power until 1990, after his attempt to continue to rule was defeated in the 1988 plebiscite. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita After stepping down, he continued to serve as Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army until March 10, 1998, when he retired and became a senator-for-life in accordance to the 1980 Constitution. The Chilean transition to democracy (colloquially known in Chile as the Transición) began on September 11, 1980, when a Constitution establishing By right or might Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a tightly controlled Plebiscite on September 11 1980
At the time of his death in December 2006, around 300 criminal charges were still pending against him in Chile for human rights abuses (torture, forced disappearance, assassination, etc. General Augusto Pinochet was indicted in 1998 by the Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón, arrested in London and finally released by the UK government Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from Public view either by Murder or by simple Sequestration. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. ), tax evasion and embezzlement under his rule and afterwards [5] — in 2006, Pinochet's total wealth was estimated at $28 million or more. Tax avoidance is the legal utilization of the Tax regime to one's own advantage in order to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law Embezzlement is the act of dishonestly appropriating or secreting assets usually financial in nature by one or more individuals to whom such assets have been entrusted [6]
Pinochet remains a controversial figure in many parts of the world, dividing people's opinions between those who condemn him for his human rights abuses, and those who claim that he saved the country from communism, and brought order and unprecedented economic stability to Chile. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based
Pinochet was born on November 25, 1915 in the Pacific costal port of Valparaiso, Chile. His father was a middle-class customs official whose family immigrated from Brittany in northwest France in the early 18th Century. His mother is descended from immigrants from the Basque region of northern Spain. Pinochet was the oldest of six children.
Early career
Augusto Pinochet was born in Valparaíso on November 25, 1915, the son of Augusto Pinochet Vera (descendant of Breton immigrants who arrived in Chile during the 18th century) and Avelina Ugarte Martínez. Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into He went to primary and secondary school at the San Rafael Seminary of Valparaíso, the Rafael Ariztía Institute (Marist Brothers) in Quillota, the French Fathers' School of Valparaíso, and to the Military School, which he entered in 1933. The Marist Brothers, or Little Brothers of Mary a Roman Catholic Marian Society, are a Catholic Religious order of brothers and affiliated lay people The city of Quillota is located in the Aconcagua River valley in the Valparaíso Region of Chile. After four years of study, in 1937 he graduated with the rank of alférez (Second Lieutenant) in the infantry. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists
In September 1937, he was assigned to the "Chacabuco" Regiment, in Concepción. History Concepción was founded by Pedro de Valdivia in 1550 north of the Bío-Bío River, at the site which is today known as Penco. Two years later, in 1939, then with the rank of sub-lieutenant, he moved to the "Maipo" Regiment, garrisoned in Valparaíso. He returned to Infantry School in 1940. On January 30, 1943 , he married Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez, with whom he had five children: three daughters (Inés Lucía, María Verónica, Jacqueline Marie) and two sons (Augusto Osvaldo and Marco Antonio). Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. María Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez (born December 10 1922) also known as Lucía Hiriart de Pinochet, is the widow (married in January 1943 of former Inés Lucía Pinochet Hiriart (born December 14 1943) is the eldest daughter of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and Lucía Hiriart de Pinochet
At the end of 1945, he was assigned to the "Carampangue" Regiment in the northern city of Iquique. Iquique (iˈkike is a city in northern Chile, capital of Tarapacá Region, on the Pacific coast, west of the Atacama Desert and the In 1948, he entered the War Academy, but he had to postpone his studies, because, being the youngest officer, he had to carry out a service mission in the coal zone of Lota. Lota is a city located in the center of the Republic of Chile on the Gulf of Arauco. The following year, he returned to his studies in the Academy. After obtaining the title of Officer Chief of Staff, in 1951, he returned to teach at the Military School. At the same time, he worked as a teachers' aide at the War Academy, giving military geography and geopolitics classes. In addition to this, he was active as editor of the institutional magazine Cien Águilas ("One Hundred Eagles"). At the beginning of 1953, with the rank of major, he was sent for two years to the "Rancagua" Regiment in Arica. Arica is a port city in northern Chile, located only 18 km (11 miles south of the border with Peru. While there, he was appointed professor of the War Academy, and he returned to Santiago to take up his new position. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago
In 1956, Pinochet was chosen, together with a group of other young officers, to form a military mission that would collaborate in the organization of the War Academy of Ecuador in Quito, which forced him to suspend his law studies. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Quito, officially San Francisco de Quito, is the Capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America. He remained with the Quito mission for three-and-a-half years, during which time he dedicated himself to the study of geopolitics, military geography and intelligence. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales Military geography is a sub-field of geography that is used by not only the military but also academics and politicians to understand the geopolitical sphere through the militaristic During his time there, he was known in diplomatic circles as an exceptional poker player.
At the end of 1959, he returned to Chile and was sent to General Headquarters of the I Army Division, based in Antofagasta. For the copper-mining company named after the region see Antofagasta plc. The following year, he was appointed Commander of the "Esmeralda" Regiment. Due to his success in this position, he was appointed Sub-director of the War Academy in 1963. In 1968, he was named Chief of Staff of the II Army Division, based in Santiago, and at the end of that year, he was promoted to Brigadier General and Commander in Chief of the VI Division, garrisoned in Iquique. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago In his new function, he was also appointed Intendant of the Tarapacá Province.
In January 1971, Pinochet rose to Division General, and was named General Commander of the Santiago Army Garrison. At the beginning of 1972, he was appointed General Chief of Staff of the Army. With rising domestic strife in Chile, Pinochet was appointed Army Commander in Chief on August 23, 1973 by President Salvador Allende just the day after the Chamber of Deputies of Chile approved the August 22, 1973 Resolution asserting that Allende was not respecting the Constitution. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of The Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Chile (Cámara de Diputados is the lower house of Chile 's bicameral Congress. Less than a month later, the Chilean military deposed Allende.
Military coup of 1973
On September 11, 1973; the Armed Forces overthrew Allende's government in a coup, during which the presidential palace, La Moneda, was shelled and inside Allende was killed. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. The Coin House ( Spanish for "Mint Palace" or simply La Moneda, is the seat of the President of the Republic of Chile. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The Coin House ( Spanish for "Mint Palace" or simply La Moneda, is the seat of the President of the Republic of Chile. The coup put an end to the Presidential Republic period of Chile (1924-1973).
In his memoirs, Pinochet affirmed that he was the leading plotter of the coup, and used his position as Commander-in-chief of the Army to coordinate a far-reaching scheme with the other two branches of the military and the national police. for other uses see Memoir (disambiguation As a literary Genre, a memoir (from the French: mémoire In recent years, however, high military officials from the time have said that Pinochet reluctantly got involved only a few days before it was scheduled to occur and followed the lead of other branches (especially the Navy, under Merino) as they triggered the coup. There is some doubt as to whether Pinochet's declarations are true, because they give rise to the question as to why Pinochet was at first reluctant to become supreme head of the junta if, as he claimed, he was one of the main characters who planned it.
In the months that followed the coup, the junta published a book titled El Libro Blanco del cambio de gobierno en Chile (commonly known as El Libro Blanco, "The White Book of the Change of Government in Chile"), where they attempted to justify the coup by claiming that they were in fact anticipating a self-coup (the alleged Plan Zeta, or Plan Z) that Allende's government and/or its associates were purportedly preparing. United States intelligence agencies believed the plan to be simple propaganda[7]. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people Althought later discredited and officially recognized as the product of political propaganda[8], some Chilean historians, still point to the similarities between the alleged Plan Z and other existing paramilitary plans of the Popular Unity parties in support of its legitimacy. [9]
Military junta
A military junta was established immediately following the coup, made up of General Pinochet representing the Army, Admiral José Toribio Merino representing the Navy, General Gustavo Leigh representing the Air Force, and General César Mendoza representing the Carabineros (national police). Government Junta of Chile ( September 11, 1973 - March 11, 1990) (Junta Militar de Gobierno was the political Government Junta of Chile ( September 11, 1973 - March 11, 1990) (Junta Militar de Gobierno was the political By right or might Admiral Santiago José Toribio Merino Castro ( December 14, 1915 - August 30, 1996) was a Chilean Admiral, President of the The Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile is the naval force of Chile. Air General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán ( September 19, 1920 - September 29, 1999) was a Chilean general who represented the Air Force in the The Chilean Air Force ( Spanish: Fuerza Aérea de Chile, FACH) is the Air force of Chile, a branch of the Chilean military General César Leonidas Mendoza Durán ( September 11, 1918 &ndash September 13, 1996) was a member of the Government Junta Carabineros de Chile are the uniformed Chilean national Police force and Gendarmery, created on April 27, 1927. As established the junta as executive and legislative branch of the government, suspended the Constitution and the Congress, imposed strict censorship and curfew, proscribed the left-wing parties and halted all political activities. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies The National Congress (Congreso Nacional is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Chile. A curfew can be one of the following An order by a Government for certain persons to return home daily before a certain time This military junta governed until December 17, 1974, after which it functioned strictly as a legislative body. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.
Regime
The junta members originally planned for the presidency to rotate among the commanders-in-chief of the four military branches. General Augusto Pinochet, one of the most controversial figures in recent Chilean history was head of the military junta that ruled Chile from However, Pinochet soon consolidated his control, first retaining sole chairmanship of the military junta, and then proclaiming himself "Supreme Chief of the Nation" (de facto provisional president) on June 27, 1974. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. He officially changed his title to "President" on December 17, 1974. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. General Leigh, head of the Air Force, became increasingly opposed to Pinochet's policies and was forced into retirement on July 24, 1978. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) He was replaced by General Fernando Matthei. Fernando Matthei Aubel (b July 11 1925) is a retired Chilean Air Force General that was part of the military junta that ruled Chile
Pinochet organized a plebiscite on September 11, 1980. The National Plebiscite of 1980 in Chile was a referendum held on September 11, 1980 in order to approve the 1980 Political Constitution of the Republic The Chilean people was asked to ratify a new Constitution, replacing the 1925 Constitution drafted by President Arturo Alessandri. The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a tightly controlled Plebiscite on September 11 1980 Arturo Fortunato Alessandri Palma ( December 20 1868 &ndash August 24 1950) was a Chilean Political figure and reformer who The new Constitution, partly drafted by Jaime Guzmán, a close adviser to Pinochet and future founder of the right-wing Independent Democrat Union (UDI), gave the position of President of the Republic, held by Pinochet, a large amount of power. Jaime Jorge Guzmán Errázuriz ( June 28, 1946 - April 1, 1991) was a Chilean lawyer and senator member and ideological founder of The Independent Democrat Union ( Unión Demócrata Independiente, UDI is a Chilean conservative Political party. It created some new institutions, such as the Constitutional Tribunal and the controversial National Security Council (COSENA). It also prescribed a single-candidate presidential referendum in 1988, and a return to civilian rule in 1990. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita The referendum was approved by 67. 04% against 30. 19% [10], although the Opposition denounced various irregularities. Headed by the ex-senator Patricio Aylwin and more than 46 others, they argued that this result did not tally with electoral records. Patricio Aylwin Azócar (born November 26, 1918) was the first President of Chile after its return to democratic rule in 1990 following One objection was that voters were only marked by ink on the thumb, which came off rapidly, making electoral fraud easy. Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an Election. These criticisms were rejected by the Scrutiny Association, and the Constitution was promulgated on October 21, 1980, taking effect on March 11, 1981. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Pinochet was replaced as President of the Junta that day by Adm. Merino.
This same year, Pinochet was promoted to the rank of Captain General previously borne by colonial governors and by Bernardo O'Higgins, a hero of Chile's war of independence. Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme ( August 20, 1778 &ndash October 24, 1842) South American independence leader was one of the commanders Chilean War of Independence, was an armed conflict between the people of Chile and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 10, 1810 The rank has been subsequently reserved only for those who were simultaneously heads of Government and of the Army.
In May 1983, the opposition and labor movements began to organize demonstrations and strikes against the regime, provoking violent responses from government officials. The beheading of professor José Manuel Parada, journalist Manuel Guerrero, and Santiago Nattino by the uniformed police (carabineros) led to the resignation of junta member General César Mendoza in 1985 (Caso Degollados, or Slit Throat Case). General César Leonidas Mendoza Durán ( September 11, 1918 &ndash September 13, 1996) was a member of the Government Junta The Caso Degollados ( Spanish: "Case of the Slit Throats" was a politically motivated crime and political scandal that took place in Chile In a 1985 report, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights stated that it hoped that “the case now under way will lead to the identification and punishment of the persons responsible for the execution of so culpable an act. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR or in the three other official languages Spanish, French, and Portuguese CIDH ”[11] Eventually, six members of the police secret service were given life sentences. Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most
In 1986, security forces discovered 80 tons of weapons at the tiny fishing harbor of Carrizal Bajo, smuggled into the country by the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (FPMR), the armed branch of the outlawed Communist Party, created in 1983. The Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR is a communist organization in Chile, named for a figure in Chile's independence The Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile is a Chilean political party that advocates Communism. The shipment of Carrizal Bajo included C-4 plastic explosives, RPG-7 and M72 LAW rocket launchers as well as more than three thousand M-16 rifles. Plastic explosive (or the obsolete term plastique) is a specialised form of Explosive material. The RPG-7 (РПГ-7 is a widely-produced portable shoulder-launched, Anti-tank Rocket propelled grenade weapon The M72 LAW ( Light Anti-Tank Weapon, also referred to as the Light Anti-Armor Weapon or LAW) is a portable one-shot 66 mm unguided Anti-tank M16 (more formally United States Rifle II Caliber 556 mm M16) is the U The operation was overseen by Cuban intelligence, and also involved East Germany and the Soviet Union. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
In September, weapons from the same source were used in an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Pinochet by the FPMR. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Taken by surprise, five of his military bodyguards were killed. Although Pinochet's armored car was struck by a rocket, it did not explode, and Pinochet suffered only minor injuries, managing to escape [12]
Suppression of opposition
- Further information: Operation Condor and Augusto Pinochet's arrest and trial
Almost immediately after the military's seizure of power, the junta banned all the leftist parties that had constituted Allende's UP coalition. Civilian armored cars are either (in only a few cases factory produced such as the Audi A6 and A8, Lincoln Town Car BPS the Mercedes-Benz S-Class For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign General Augusto Pinochet was indicted in 1998 by the Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón, arrested in London and finally released by the UK government All other parties were placed in "indefinite recess," and were later banned outright. The dictatorship's violence was directed not only against dissidents, but also against their families and other civilians.
The Rettig Report concluded that 2,279 persons who disappeared during the military government were killed for political reasons, and approximately 30,000 tortured according to the later Valech Report, while several thousand were exiled. The Rettig Report, officially The National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation Report, is a report by a commission designated by then President Patricio Aylwin The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 The latter were chased all over the world in the frame of Operation Condor, a cooperation plan between the various intelligence agencies of South American countries, assisted by a US communication base in Panama. For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign Pinochet believed these operations were necessary in order to "save the country from communism"[13].
Some political scientists have ascribed the relative bloodiness of the coup to the stability of the existing democratic system, which required extreme action to overturn. Some of the most famous cases of human rights violation occurred during the early period: in October 1973, at least 70 people were killed by the Caravan of Death, to which Manuel Contreras, later head of the DINA intelligence service, participated. The Caravan of Death was a Chilean Army Death squad that following the Chilean coup of 1973, flew by helicopter from south to north of Chile between Juan Manuel Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda (born May 4, 1929) is a Chilean military and the former head of DINA, Chile's Secret police Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government Charles Horman, a US journalist, "disappeared", as did Víctor Olea Alegría, a member of the Socialist Party, and many others, in 1973. Charles Horman ( May 15, 1942 &ndash September 20, 1973) an American journalist was one of the victims of the Chilean coup A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from Public view either by Murder or by simple Sequestration. Víctor Olea Alegría (born 17 June 1950) was a member ( militante) of Chile’s Partido Socialista. The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish Partido Socialista de Chile or PS is part of the ruling Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition
Furthermore, many other important officials of Allende's government were tracked down by the DINA in the frame of Operation Condor. Thus, General Carlos Prats, Pinochet's predecessor and army commander under Allende, who had resigned rather than support the moves against Allende's government, was assassinated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1974. General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. A year later, the murder of 119 opponents abroad was disguised as an internal conflict, the DINA setting up a propaganda campaign to accredit this thesis (Operation Colombo). Operation Colombo was an operation undertaken by the DINA (the Chilean Secret police) in 1975
Other victims of Condor included, among hundreds of less famous persons, Juan José Torres, the former President of Bolivia, assassinated in Buenos Aires on 2 June, 1976; Carmelo Soria, a UN diplomat working for the CEPAL, assassinated in July 1976; Orlando Letelier, a former Chilean ambassador to the United States and minister in Allende's cabinet, assassinated after his release from internment and exile in Washington, D.C. by a car bomb on September 21, 1976. Juan José Torres González (1920— 2 June, 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader Carmelo Soria ( Madrid, 5 November 1921 – Santiago de Chile, 16 July 1976) was a Spanish Diplomat The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC or ECLAC was established in 1948 (then as the UN Economic Commission for Latin The Letelier case ( September 21, 1976) refers to the murder of Orlando Letelier, a Chilean Political figure and later United An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This led to strained relations with the US and to the extradition of Michael Townley, a US citizen who worked for the DINA and had organized Letelier's assassination. For the Australian politician see Michael Townley (Australian politician. Other targeted victims, who escaped assassination, included Christian-Democrat Bernardo Leighton, who escaped an assassination attempt in Rome in 1975 by the Italian terrorist Stefano delle Chiaie; Carlos Altamirano, the leader of the Chilean Socialist Party, targeted for murder in 1975 by Pinochet, along with Volodia Teitelboim, member of the Communist Party; Pascal Allende, the nephew of Salvador Allende and president of the MIR, who escaped an assassination attempt in Costa Rica in March 1976; US Congressman Edward Koch, who became aware in 2001 of relations between death threats and his denunciation of Operation Condor, etc. Bernardo Leighton Guzmán (born on August 16 1909 - died on January 26 1995) was a Chilean Christian Democrat who was targeted Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and Carlos Altamirano Orrego ( December 18, 1922, Santiago de Chile) is a lawyer and one of the most influential politicians of Chilean Socialism Volodia Valentín Teitelboim Volosky ( March 17, 1916 - January 31, 2008) was a Chilean lawyer politician and author Andrés Pascal Allende is a Chilean Marxist revolutionary and nephew of former President Salvador Allende. Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and Edward Irving Koch (born December 12, 1924;) was a United States Congressman from 1969 to 1977 and the Mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989 Furthermore, according to current investigations, Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Christian Democrat President of Chile from 1964 to 1970, may have been poisoned in 1982 by toxin produced by DINA biochemist Eugenio Berrios [14]. Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911&ndash1982 was a Chilean political figure and President of Chile from 1964 to 1970 Eugenio Berríos Sagredo (died in April 1995 was a Chilean Biochemist who worked for the DINA intelligence agency
Protests continued, however, during the 1980s, leading to several scandals. In March 1985, the savage murder of three Communist Party members led to the resignation of César Mendoza, head of the Carabineros and member of the junta since its formation. The Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile is a Chilean political party that advocates Communism. General César Leonidas Mendoza Durán ( September 11, 1918 &ndash September 13, 1996) was a member of the Government Junta Carabineros de Chile are the uniformed Chilean national Police force and Gendarmery, created on April 27, 1927. During a 1986 protest against Pinochet, 18 years-old student Carmen Gloria Quintana was burnt alive. Carmen Gloria Quintana Arancibia (born c 1968) is a Chilean woman who suffered severe almost fatal burns in an incident where she and other youngsters were detained Rodrigo Andrés Rojas De Negri ( March 7, 1967 - July 6, 1986) was a young Photographer who was burned alive during a street demonstration
In August 1989, Marcelo Barrios Andres, a 21 years-old member of the FPMR (the armed wing of the PCC, created in 1983, which had attempted to assassinate Pinochet on September 7, 1986), was assassinated by a group of militaries who were supposed to arrest him on orders of Valparaíso's public prosecutor. The Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR is a communist organization in Chile, named for a figure in Chile's independence Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) However, they simply executed him; this case was included in the Rettig Report [15].
Further scandals emerged after the return to democracy, such as the allegations that an ex-Nazi, Paul Schäfer, who had set up in Pinochet's Chile an enclave, Colonia Dignidad, had worked with the DINA. The Chilean transition to democracy (colloquially known in Chile as the Transición) began on September 11, 1980, when a Constitution establishing In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the Paul Schäfer Schneider (born December 4, 1921) is the founder and former leader of a sect and agricultural commune of German immigrants called Colonia Villa Baviera (Bavaria Village formerly known as Colonia Dignidad (Dignidad Colony is a Chilean hamlet in Parral Commune Linares Province
Economic policy
By mid 1975, Pinochet set forth an economic policy of free-market reform. General Augusto Pinochet, one of the most controversial figures in recent Chilean history was head of the military junta that ruled Chile from A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers He declared that he wanted "to make Chile not a nation of proletarians, but a nation of proprietors. The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian The word proprietary indicates that a party or proprietor exercises private Ownership, control or use over an item of Property. "[16] To formulate his economic policy, Pinochet relied on the so-called Chicago Boys, who were economists trained at the University of Chicago and heavily influenced by the monetarist ideas of Milton Friedman, Arnold Harberger, and Friedrich Hayek. The Chicago Boys (c 1970s were a group of about 25 young Chilean economists who trained at the University of Chicago under Milton Friedman The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Monetarism is a school of economic thought concerning the determination of national income and monetary Economics. Milton Friedman (July 31 1912 November 16 2006 was an American Nobel Laureate Economist and Public intellectual. Arnold C Harberger (b July 27, 1924 in Newark New Jersey) is an American economist Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist
Pinochet launched an era of deregulation of business and privatization. Deregulation, a term which gained widespread currency in the period 1970-2000 can be seen as a process by which governments remove reduce or simplify Restrictions on Business Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business To accomplish these objectives, his government abolished the minimum wage, removed artificially lowered food prices, rescinded trade union rights, privatized the pension system, and reprivatized state-owned industries, and banks, and lowered taxes on income and profits. A minimum wage is the lowest hourly daily or monthly Wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Income, refers to consumption opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame which is generally expressed in monetary terms However, the large copper industry, nationalized by Allende, remained under control of the government owned Codelco. The nationalization of the Chilean copper industry commonly described as the ''Chilenización del cobre'' or Chileanisation of copper was the progressive process by which the CODELCO ( Co rporación Nacional del Co bre de Chile or in English the National Copper Corporation of Chile is the Chilean State owned copper mining Parts of its benefits were attributed to the Chilean Armed Forces' budget. Chile 's Armed forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the president through the Minister of Defense
Supporters of these policies (most notably the late nobel laureate from the University of Chicago School of Economics, Milton Friedman himself), have dubbed them "The Miracle of Chile," due to the country's sustained economic growth since the late 1980s. Milton Friedman (July 31 1912 November 16 2006 was an American Nobel Laureate Economist and Public intellectual. The " Miracle of Chile " is a term coined by Milton Friedman to describe the Augusto Pinochet 's support for liberal economic reforms in Chile
Pinochet's neoliberal economic policies' benefits have been sharply contested. In 1973, unemployment was only 4. 3%. Following ten years of junta rule in 1983, unemployment skyrocketed to 22%. Real wages declined by more than 40%. In 1970, 20% of Chile's population lived in poverty, but by 1990, the last year of Pinochet's dictatorship, poverty had doubled to 40%. [17] Between 1982 and 1983, the GDP dropped 19%. In 1970, the daily diet of the poorest 40 percent of the population contained 2,019 calories. By 1980 this had fallen to 1,751, and by 1990 it was down to 1,629. Furthermore, the percentage of Chileans without adequate housing increased from 27 to 40 percent between 1972 and 1988, despite the government's boast that the new economy would solve homelessness. [17] Meanwhile, inequality of wealth increased. In 1970, the richest one-fifth of the population controlled 45% of the wealth compared to 7. 6% for the poorest one-fifth. In 1989, the richest one-fifth controlled 55% of the wealth while the poorest one-fifth controlled only 4. 4%. [18]
1988 referendum and transition to democracy
- Further information: Chilean transition to democracy
According to the transitional provisions of the 1980 Constitution, a referendum was scheduled for October 5, 1988, to vote on a new eight-year presidential term for Pinochet. The Chilean transition to democracy (colloquially known in Chile as the Transición) began on September 11, 1980, when a Constitution establishing The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a tightly controlled Plebiscite on September 11 1980 Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Confronted with increasing opposition, notably at the international level, Pinochet legalized political parties in 1987 and called for a plebiscite to determine whether or not he would remain in power until 1997. If the "YES" won, Pinochet would have to implement the dispositions of the 1980 Constitution, mainly the call for general elections, while he would himself remain in power as President. If the "NO" won, Pinochet would remain President for another year, and a joint Presidential and Parliamentary election would be scheduled.
Another reason of Pinochet's decision to call for elections was the April 1987 visit of Pope John Paul II to Chile. Pope According to the US Catholic author George Weigel, he held a meeting with Pinochet during which they discussed a return to democracy. George Weigel ( Baltimore, 1951 -) is an American Catholic author and political and social activist John Paul II allegedly pushed Pinochet to accept a democratic opening of the regime, and even called for his resignation. [19]
Political advertising was legalized on September 5, 1987, as a necessary element for the campaign for the "NO" to the referendum, which countered the official campaign which presaged a return to a Popular Unity government in case of a defeat of Pinochet. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) The Opposition, gathered into the Concertación de Partidos por el NO ("Coalition of Parties for NO"), organized a colorful and cheerful campaign under the slogan La alegría ya viene ("Joy is coming"). The Concert of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia more often known as the Concertación, is a coalition of Center-left It was formed by the Christian Democracy, the Socialist Party and the Radical Party, gathered in the Alianza Democrática (Democratic Alliance). The Christian Democratic Party of Chile ( Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile) is a Political party in Chile and governs as part of the Coalition The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish Partido Socialista de Chile or PS is part of the ruling Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition The Social Democratic Radical Party ( Partido Radical Socialdemócrata) is a Social democratic party in Chile. In 1988, several more parties, including the Humanist Party, the Ecologist Party, the Social Democrats, and several Socialist Party splinter groups added their support. The Humanist Party ( Partido Humanista) is a progressive left-wing Political party in Chile, founded in 1984 The Green Party of Chile ( Partido Ecologista) is one of South America 's few members of the global green movement
On October 5, 1988, the "NO" won with 55. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) 99% [20]of the votes, against 44. 1% of "YES" votes. Pinochet complied, so the ensuing Constitutional process led to presidential and legislative elections the following year.
The Coalition changed its name to Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia (Coalition of Parties for Democracy) and put forward Patricio Aylwin, a Christian Democrat who had opposed Allende, as presidential candidate, and also proposed a list of candidates for the parliamentary elections. Patricio Aylwin Azócar (born November 26, 1918) was the first President of Chile after its return to democratic rule in 1990 following The opposition and the Pinochet government made several negotiations to amend the Constitution and agreed to 54 modifications. The Amendments changed the way the Constitution would be modified in the future, added restriction of state of emergency dispositions, the affirmation of political pluralism, and enhanced constitutional rights as well as the democratic principle and participation to political life. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies Pluralism is in the general sense the acknowledgment of diversity Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system In July 1989, a referendum on theproposed changes took place, supported by all the parties except the right-wing Avanzada Nacional. The 1989 Chilean referendum took place on 30 July, 1989, and opened up the way for the transition to democracy. The Constitutional changes were approved by 91. 25% of the voters.
Thereafter, Aylwin won the December 1989 presidential election with 55. A presidential election was held in Chile on 14 December 1989. 17% of the votes [20], against less than 30% for the right-wing candidate, Hernan Buchi, who had been Pinochet's Minister of Finances since 1985 (there was also a third-party candidate, Francisco Javier Errázuriz, who garnered the remaining 15%[20]. Hernán Büchi Buc (born 1949 is a Chilean economist and politician Pinochet thus left the presidency on March 11, 1990 and transferred power to the new democratically elected president. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar)
The Concertación also won the majority of votes for the Parliament. However, due to the binomial system, the elected senators did not achieve a complete majority in Parliament, a situation that would last for over 15 years. This forced them to negotiate all law projects with the Alliance for Chile (originally called "Democracy and Progress" and then "Union for Chile"), a center-right coalition involving the Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI) and Renovación Nacional (RN), parties composed of many of Pinochet's supporters. The Alliance for Chile ( Spanish "Alianza por Chile" also known as La Alianza (The Alliance is a coalition of Center-right Chilean The Independent Democrat Union ( Unión Demócrata Independiente, UDI is a Chilean conservative Political party. National Renewal (RN ( Spanish: "Renovación Nacional" is a center - right liberal conservative Political party belonging
Due to the transitional provisions of the constitution, Pinochet remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army until March 1998. He was then sworn in as a senator-for-life, a privilege first granted to former presidents with at least six years in office by the constitution. A senator for life is a member of the Senate elected or appointed for lifetime His senatorship and consequent immunity from prosecution protected him from legal actions against him. Legal challenges began only after Pinochet was arrested in 1998 in the United Kingdom, on an arrest warrant issued by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón —allegations of abuses had been made numerous times before his arrest, but never acted upon [21]. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Baltasar Garzón Real (born October 26, 1955 in Torres, Jaén, Spain) is a Judge in Spain.
Arrest and trial
Pinochet's regime has been accused of systematic and widespread human rights violations both in Chile and abroad, including mass-murder, torture, kidnapping, illegal detention, and censorship of the press. General Augusto Pinochet was indicted in 1998 by the Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón, arrested in London and finally released by the UK government Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor At the end of his life, he was also accused of using his position to enrich himself and his family — a facet previously unknown to the general public, as he had always presented a rather modest lifestyle.
On October 17, 1998, while visiting the United Kingdom for medical treatment, Pinochet was arrested on a Spanish provisional warrant for the murder in Chile of Spanish citizens while he was president. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [22] Five days later, Pinochet was served with a second provisional arrest warrant from the Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, charging him with systematic torture, murder, illegal detention, and forced disappearances. Baltasar Garzón Real (born October 26, 1955 in Torres, Jaén, Spain) is a Judge in Spain. A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from Public view either by Murder or by simple Sequestration. The case was a watershed event in judicial history, as it was the first time that a dictator was arrested on the principle of universal jurisdiction (See Augusto Pinochet's arrest and trial:The principle of universal jurisdiction for further details. Universal jurisdiction or universality principle is a controversial principle in International law whereby States claim criminal Jurisdiction General Augusto Pinochet was indicted in 1998 by the Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón, arrested in London and finally released by the UK government )
After having been placed under house arrest in Britain and initiating a judicial battle, he was eventually released in March 2000 on medical grounds by the then Home Secretary Jack Straw without facing trial [23]. In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which John Whitaker Straw (born 3 August 1946 most commonly known as Jack Straw, is a senior British Labour Party Politician.
Henceforth, on 3 March 2000, Pinochet returned to Chile. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. His first act when landing in Santiago de Chile's airport was to triumphally sit up from his chair to acclaim his supporters [24][25]. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago He was first greeted by his successor as head of the Chilean armed forces, General Ricardo Izurieta [25]. President Ricardo Lagos, who had just sworn in on March 11, said the retired general's televised arrival had damaged the image of Chile, while thousands demonstrated against him. Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (born March 2, 1938) is a lawyer economist and social democrat politician who served as president of [26]
In March 2000, the Congress approved a constitutional amendment creating the status of "ex-president," which granted its owner immunity from prosecution and guaranteed him a financial allowance. The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a tightly controlled Plebiscite on September 11 1980 In exchange, it required him to resign his seat of senator-for-life. A senator for life is a member of the Senate elected or appointed for lifetime 111 legislators voted for, and 29 (mostly, if not all, from the Left) against [27].
In Chile, judge Juan Guzmán Tapia (who had been during the dictatorship a supporter of Pinochet) initiated a procedure against him, requesting three days after his return to Chile the suspension of his parliamentary immunity. Juan Salvador Guzmán Tapia (b April 22, 1939) is a retired Chilean judge who became famous internationally for being the first judge to prosecute former Parliamentary immunity, also known as legislative immunity is a system in which members of the Parliament or Legislature are granted partial immunity from Pinochet's legal team was headed by Pablo Rodríguez, the former leader of the far-right paramilitary group Fatherland and Liberty (Patria y Libertad). Pablo Rodríguez Grez ( 20 December 1937, Santiago de Chile) is a Chilean lawyer and politician. The Fatherland and Liberty Nationalist Front ( Spanish Frente Nacionalista Patria y Libertad or simply Patria y Libertad, PyL
The Supreme Court acceded to Juan Guzmán's request in August 2000, and Pinochet was indicted on December 1, 2000 for the "kidnapping" of 75 opponents in the Caravan of Death case — Guzmán advanced the charge of "kidnapping" as they were officially "disappeared:" even though they were all most likely dead, the absence of their corpses made any charge of "homicide" difficult [28]. The Supreme Court of Chile is the highest Court in Chile. It also administrates the lower courts in the nation Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Caravan of Death was a Chilean Army Death squad that following the Chilean coup of 1973, flew by helicopter from south to north of Chile between A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from Public view either by Murder or by simple Sequestration.
However, in July 2002, the Supreme Court dismissed Pinochet's indictment in the various human rights abuse cases, for medical reasons (vascular dementia). Dementia (from Latin de- "apart away" + Mens ( genitive mentis) "mind" is the progressive decline The debate concerned Pinochet's mental faculties, his legal team claiming that he was senile and could not remember, while others (including several physicians) claimed that he was only physically affected but retained all control of his faculties. The same year, the prosecuting attorney Hugo Guttierez, in charge of the Caravan of Death case, declared that "Our country has the degree of justice that the political transition permits us to have. The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the Common law Adversarial system, or the civil law The Chilean transition to democracy (colloquially known in Chile as the Transición) began on September 11, 1980, when a Constitution establishing [29]"
Pinochet resigned his senatorial seat shortly after the Supreme Court's July 2002 ruling. In May 2004, the Supreme Court overturned its precedent decision, and ruled that he was capable of standing trial. In arguing their case, the prosecution presented a recent television interview Pinochet had given for a Miami-based television network, which raised doubts about the mental incapacity of Pinochet. He was charged with several crimes in December of that year (including the 1974 assassination of General Prats, the Operation Colombo case (119 dead), etc. General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Operation Colombo was an operation undertaken by the DINA (the Chilean Secret police) in 1975 , and again placed under house arrest, on the eve of his 90th birthday. Questioned by his judges in order to know if, as President, he was the direct head of DINA, he answered: "I don't remember, but it's not true. Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government And if it were true, I don't remember. " [30]
In January 2005, the Chilean Army accepted institutional responsibility for past human rights abuses. Other institutions also accept that abuses took place, but blamed them on individuals, rather than official policy. Lucía Pinochet Hiriart, Augusto Pinochet's eldest daughter, said the use of torture during his 1973–90 regime was "barbaric and without justification", after seeing the Valech Report. The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 Most of the torture was carried out at secret prison facilities like Villa Grimaldi, Chacabuco, and Pisagua. Villa Grimaldi was a complex of buildings used for the Interrogation and Torture of Political prisoners by DINA, the Chilean Chacabuco is one of the many abandoned Nitrate or "saltpeter" towns ("oficinas salitreras" in Spanish in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile Pisagua is a Chilean port on the Pacific Ocean, located in Huara Comuna (municipality in Iquique Region, northern Chile
The same year, the US revealed that Pinochet had a large network of secret bank accounts abroad (See below). Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November On November 22, 2005, he was indicted on tax evasion charges and placed again under house arrest for an alleged $27 million hidden in secret accounts under false names. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tax avoidance is the legal utilization of the Tax regime to one's own advantage in order to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law That figure was later reduced to $11 million.
Furthermore, Pinochet was indicted in 2006 for kidnappings and tortures at Villa Grimaldi detention center by the judge Alejandro Madrid (Guzmán's successor) [31], as well as for the 1995 assassination of the DINA biochemist Eugenio Berrios (himself involved in the Letelier case) [32]. Villa Grimaldi was a complex of buildings used for the Interrogation and Torture of Political prisoners by DINA, the Chilean Eugenio Berríos Sagredo (died in April 1995 was a Chilean Biochemist who worked for the DINA intelligence agency The Letelier case ( September 21, 1976) refers to the murder of Orlando Letelier, a Chilean Political figure and later United Berrios, who had worked with Michael Townley, had produced sarin gas, anthrax and botulism in the Bacteriological War Army Laboratory for Pinochet (used against political opponents). For the Australian politician see Michael Townley (Australian politician. Sarin, also known by its NATO designation of GB, is an extremely toxic substance whose sole application is as a Nerve agent. Anthrax is an acute Disease in humans and animals caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis which is highly lethal in some forms Botulism ( Latin, botulus, "sausage" is a rare but serious Paralytic illness caused by Botulin Toxin. The DINA biochemist was also alleged of having created black cocaine, which Pinochet then sold in Europe and the United States [33]. Black cocaine, also known as Coca Negra, is a combination of regular Cocaine Hydrochloride and various chemicals such as Potassium thiocyanate The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs The money for the drug trade was allegedly put directly into Pinochet's bank accounts [34]. Pinochet's son Marco Antonio, who had been accused of participating in the drug tradem, has denied claims of drug trafficking in his father's administration and announced a lawsuit for libel against Manuel Contreras, who had also claimed Pinochet sold cocaine[35]. Juan Manuel Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda (born May 4, 1929) is a Chilean military and the former head of DINA, Chile's Secret police
On October 30, 2006, Pinochet was charged with 36 counts of kidnapping, 23 counts of torture, and one of murder for the torture and disappearance of opponents of his regime at Villa Grimaldi. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries
On November 25, 2006, Pinochet marked his 91st birthday by having his wife pronounced a statement written by him, and read to his admirers present for his birthday: "I assume the political responsibility of all what has been done. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "[36] Two days later, he was again ordered to house arrest for the kidnapping and murder of two bodyguards of Salvador Allende who were arrested the day of the 1973 coup and executed by a firing squad during the Caravan of Death episode. [37][38]
However, Pinochet died a few days later, on 10 December, 2006, without having been convicted of any crimes committed during his dictatorship.
Secret bank accounts, tax evasion and arms deal
In 2004, a United States Senate money laundering investigation led by Sen. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial Transactions in order to conceal the Identity, source and/or destination of Money, Carl Levin (D-MI) and Norm Coleman (R-MN) — ordered in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks — uncovered a network of over 125 securities and bank accounts at Riggs Bank and other U. Carl Milton Levin (born June 28, 1934) is a Democratic United States Senator from Michigan and is the Chairman of the Senate Norman Bertram "Norm" Coleman Jr (born August 17, 1949) is an American politician who has served as a U Riggs Bank was a Washington DC -based commercial bank with branches located in the surrounding metropolitan area and offices around the world S. financial institutions used by Pinochet and his associates for twenty-five years to secretly move millions of dollars. [39] Though the subcommittee was charged only with investigating compliance of financial institutions under the USA PATRIOT Act, and not the Pinochet regime, Sen. The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U Coleman noted:
| “ | This is a sad, sordid tale of money laundering involving Pinochet accounts at multiple financial institutions using alias names, offshore accounts, and close associates. As a former General and President of Chile, Pinochet was a well-known human rights violator and violent dictator. [40] | ” |
Over several months in 2005, Chilean judge Sergio Muñoz indicted Augusto Pinochet's wife, Lucia Hiriart; four of his children --Marco Antonio, Jacqueline, Veronica and Lucia Pinochet; as well as his personal secretary, Monica Ananias, and former aide Oscar Aitken on tax evasion and falsification charges stemming from the Riggs Bank investigation. In January 2006, daughter Lucia Pinochet was detained at Washington DC-Dulles airport and subsequently deported while attempting to evade the tax charges in Chile. [41] In January 2007, the Santiago Court of Appeals revoked most of the indictment from Judge Carlos Cerda against the Pinochet family [42]. Court of Appeal, Court of Appeals, and Appellate Division redirect here for a list of specific courts using those titles see Court of Appeal But Pinochet's five children, his wife Lucia Hiriart, and 17 other persons (including two generals, one of his ex-lawyer and his ex-secretary) were arrested in October 2007 on charges of embezzlement and use of false passports. María Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez (born December 10 1922) also known as Lucía Hiriart de Pinochet, is the widow (married in January 1943 of former Embezzlement is the act of dishonestly appropriating or secreting assets usually financial in nature by one or more individuals to whom such assets have been entrusted They are accused of having illegally transferred $27m (£13. 2m) to foreign bank accounts during Pinochet's rule [43][44].
In September 2005, a joint-investigation by The Guardian and La Tercera revealed that the British arms firms BAE Systems had been identified as paying more than £1m to Pinochet, through a front company in the British Virgin Islands, which BAE has used to channel commission on arms deals [45]. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. La Tercera (The Third One formerly known as La Tercera de la Hora, is a daily newspaper published in Santiago Chile and owned by Copesa BAE Systems plc (BAE is a British defence and aerospace company headquartered in Farnborough, England, that has global interests particularly The British Virgin Islands ( BVI) is a British overseas territory, located in the Caribbean to the east of Puerto Rico. The payments began in 1997 and lasted until 2004 [45][46].
Furthermore, in 2007, fifteen years of investigation led to the conclusion that the 1992 assassination of DINA Colonel Gerardo Huber was most probably related to various illegal arms traffic carried out, after Pinochet's resignation from power, by military circles very close to himself. Gerardo Huber Olivares ( disappeared 29 January, 1992) was a Chilean Army Colonel and agent of the DINA Chilean intelligence [6]. Huber had been assassinated a short time before he was due to testify in the case concerning the 1991 illegal export of weapons to Croatian paramilitaries. "Testify" redirects here For other uses see Testify (disambiguation and Testimony (disambiguation. The arms industry is a global Industry and Business which Manufactures and sells Weapons and Military technology and equipment. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The deal involved 370 tons of weapons, sold to Croatia by Chile on 7 December 1991, when the former country was under a United Nations' embargo because of the war against Serbia. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security In international Commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce The Croatian War of Independence was a War in Croatia from 1991 to 1995 [47]. In January 1992, the judge Hernán Correa de la Cerda wanted to hear Gerardo Huber in this case, but the latter may have been silenced to avoid implicating Pinochet in this new case [48][49][6] — although the latter was not anymore President, he remained at the time Commander-in-Chief of the Army. General Augusto Pinochet was indicted in 1998 by the Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón, arrested in London and finally released by the UK government Pinochet was at the center of this illegal arms trade, receiving money through various offshores and front companies, including the Banco Coutts International in Miami [50]. An offshore company is a company which does not conduct substantial business in its country of incorporation. A front organization is any entity set up by and controlled by another organization such as intelligence agencies, Organized crime groups banned organizations religious
Death and funeral
Pinochet suffered a heart attack on the morning of December 3, 2006, and subsequently the same day he was given the last rites. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Anointing of the Sick is the ritual anointing of a sick person and is a Sacrament of the Catholic Church. On December 4, 2006, the Chilean Court of Appeals ordered the release of his house arrest. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. On December 10, 2006 at 13:30 local time (16:30 UTC) he was taken to the internsive care unit. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [51] He died of congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema,[52] surrounded by family members, at the Military Hospital at 14:15 local time (17:15 UTC). Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply Pulmonary Edema (American English or oedema (British English is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the Lungs It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause [53] His last word was Lucy, the name of his wife (Lucia Hiriart). The Last Words were an early punk band from Sydney, Australia.
Massive spontaneous street demonstrations broke out throughout the country upon the learning of his death. In Santiago, opponents celebrated at the Alameda avenue, while supporters grieved outside the Military Hospital. Pinochet's remains were publicly exhibited on December 11, 2006 at the Military Academy in Las Condes, and attended by thousands of people. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Las Condes is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. During this ceremony, the grandson of Carlos Prats, a former Commander in Chief of the Army in Allende's Government, murdered by Pinochet's secret police, spat on the coffin, and was quickly surrounded by followers of the dead dictator, who kicked and insulted him. General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Pinochet's funeral took place the following day at the same venue.
In a government decision, he was not granted a state funeral, as is normally given to former presidents, but a military funeral, as former commander-in-chief of the Army. A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour Heads of state or other important people of national significance A military funeral is a funeral given by a country's Military for a Veteran, a soldier who died in battle or another prominent military figure A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces The government also refused to declare an official national day of mourning, but it did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff. A national day of mourning is a Day marked by Mourning and Memorial activities across the majority of a Country 's populace such days Half-staff or half-mast describes a Flag flying approximately halfway up a flagpole or ship's mast (though anywhere from one-third to two-thirds of the way up is acceptable Socialist President Michelle Bachelet, whose father Alberto Bachelet was temporarily imprisoned and tortured after the 1973 coup, dying shortly after from heart complications, said it would be "a violation of [her] conscience" to attend a state funeral for Pinochet. Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria beˈɾonika mɪˈʃɛl baʃˈle ˈxeɾja / --> (born September 29 1951) is a center-left politician and Alberto Arturo Miguel Bachelet Martínez (c 1922-March 12 1974 was a Brigadier General of the Chilean Air Force. [54] The only government authority present at the funeral was the Defense Minister, Vivianne Blanlot. Vivianne Blanlot Soza (born October 22, 1956 in La Serena Chile) is a Chilean economist and politician
Pinochet's body was cremated in "Parque del Mar" cemetery, Concón on December 12, 2006, on his request to "avoid vandalism of his tomb," according to his son Marco Antonio. Cremation is the act of reducing a Corpse by burning, generally in a crematorium furnace or crematory fire A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. Concón is a Chilean city and commune in Valparaíso Province, Valparaíso Region. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [55] His remains were delivered to his family later that day.
See also
- History of Chile
- 1970 Chilean presidential election
- CIA backing of Pinochet
- CIA Involvement, CNN
- Government Junta of Chile (1973)
- Chile under Pinochet
- Operation Condor
- Augusto Pinochet's arrest and trial
- U.S. intervention in Chile
- Missing, film based on the life of U. This is the history of Chile. See also the History of South America and the History of present-day nations and states. A presidential election was held in Chile on 4 September 1970. Government Junta of Chile ( September 11, 1973 - March 11, 1990) (Junta Militar de Gobierno was the political General Augusto Pinochet, one of the most controversial figures in recent Chilean history was head of the military junta that ruled Chile from For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign General Augusto Pinochet was indicted in 1998 by the Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón, arrested in London and finally released by the UK government The United States intervention in Chilean's politics started during the War of Chilean Independence. Missing is a 1982 Film directed by Costa Gavras, starring Jack Lemmon, Sissy Spacek, Melanie Mayron, John S. journalist Charles Horman, who disappeared in the aftermath of the Pinochet coup
Footnotes and references
- ^ Pinochet pronounced his name with a silent t (although it is not uncommon for the t to be pronounced by local Spanish speakers). Charles Horman ( May 15, 1942 &ndash September 20, 1973) an American journalist was one of the victims of the Chilean coup
- ^ Leight, Jessica. "Chile: No todo es como parece", COHA, January 3, 2005. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-05-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
- ^ English translation of the Rettig Report
- ^ 2004 Commission on Torture (Valech Report) (Spanish)
- ^ Chang, Jack; Yulkowski, Lisa. The Rettig Report, officially The National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation Report, is a report by a commission designated by then President Patricio Aylwin The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 "Vocal minority praises Pinochet at his funeral", Bradenton Herald, December 13, 2006. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ a b c Larry Rohter, Colonel's Death Gives Clues to Pinochet Arms Deals, The New York Times, 19 June 2006 (English)
- ^ El fin de un mito en Chile: el Plan Zeta, Clarin, 5 July 1999 (Spanish)
- ^ Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura CAPÍTULO III Contexto. William Lawrence Rohter Jr — known as Larry Rohter — (born in Oak Park Illinois) is an American journalist who was a South American bureau chief
- ^ Vial Correa, Gonzalo. "Carlos Altamirano, el Plan Z y la "Operación Blanqueo"", La Segunda, September 23, 2003.
- ^ Hudson, Rex A. , ed. "Chile: A Country Study". GPO for the Library of Congress. 1995. March 20, 2005 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html
- ^ Inter-American Commission on human rights Report 1986
- ^ Flash presentation depicting the September 1986 assassination attempt (Spanish)
- ^ Eduardo Gallardo, Pinochet Was Unrepentant to the End, ABC News (Associated Press), December 11, 2006 (English)
- ^ Ex-Chilean leader 'was murdered', BBC, 23 January 2007
- ^ Capítulos desconocidos de los mercenarios chilenos en Honduras camino de Iraq, La Nación, September 25, 2005 - URL accessed on February 14, 2007 (Spanish)
- ^ Augusto Pinochet biography data. Chilean coup d'etat. Pinochet human rights violations
- ^ a b James Petras and Fernando Ignacio Leiva, Democracy and Poverty in Chile: The Limits to Electoral Politics, Westview 1994. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio La Nación is a Chilean Newspaper created in 1917 by Eliodoro Yáñez and presided until 1927 by Carlos Dávila.
- ^ Chile: the laboratory test
- ^ George Weigel, Biografía de Juan Pablo II - Testigo de Esperanza, Editorial Plaza & Janés (2003), ISBN 8401013046
- ^ a b c Tribunal Calificador, Chilean governmental website (Spanish)
- ^ See Juan Guzmán Tapia's autobiography
- ^ Amnesty International: "Universal Jurisdiction and Absence of Immunity for Crimes Against Humanity," Report, 1 January 1999
- ^ Pinochet set free, BBC, 2 March 2000 (English)
- ^ Alex Bellos and Jonathan Franklin, Pinochet receives a hero's welcome on his return, The Guardian, 4 March, 2000 (English)
- ^ a b Pinochet arrives in Chile, BBC, 3 March 2000 (English)
- ^ Thousands march against Pinochet, BBC, March 4, 2000
- ^ Chile offers Pinochet new immunity, BBC, 25 March 2000 (English)
- ^ Pinochet charged with kidnapping, BBC, 1st December 2000 (English)
- ^ "The Appeals Court Ruling Is Negotiated Out for Pinochet", Interview with Attorney Hugo Gutierrez, by Memoria y Justicia, February 21, 2002 (English)
- ^ 16 November 2005. George Weigel ( Baltimore, 1951 -) is an American Catholic author and political and social activist Juan Salvador Guzmán Tapia (b April 22, 1939) is a retired Chilean judge who became famous internationally for being the first judge to prosecute former New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Spanish: "No me acuerdo, pero no es cierto. Y si es cierto, no me acuerdo". Quoted in Las frases para el bronce de Pinochet, La Nacion, 11 December 2006 (Spanish)
- ^ Court 'lifts Pinochet immunity', BBC, September 8, 2006. La Nación is a Chilean Newspaper created in 1917 by Eliodoro Yáñez and presided until 1927 by Carlos Dávila.
- ^ Levée de l'immunité de Pinochet pour le meurtre d'un chimiste, news agency cable, 12 October 2006 (French)
- ^ Jonathan Franklin, Pinochet 'sold cocaine to Europe and US', The Guardian, July 11, 2006 (English)
- ^ General (r) Manuel Contreras: Eugenio Berríos está vivo, Radio Cooperativa, 10 July 2006 (Spanish)
- ^ Hijo de Pinochet acusa de "mentiroso y canalla" a ex jefe DINA, Los Tiempos, 10 July 2006(Spanish)
- ^ Las frases para el bronce de Pinochet, La Nacion, 11 December 2006 (Spanish)
- ^ Eduardo Gallardo: "Pinochet indicted for 1973 executions," Associated Press, 27 November 2006. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Radio Cooperativa is a radio station in Chile. It is operated by Compañía Chilena de Comunicaciones S La Nación is a Chilean Newspaper created in 1917 by Eliodoro Yáñez and presided until 1927 by Carlos Dávila. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Procesan a Pinochet y ordenan su arresto por los secuestros y homicidios de la "Caravana de la Muerte", 20minutos, 28 November 2006. 20 minutos is a free Spanish newspaper with local editions in several Spanish cities published by "Multiprensa & Mas S
- ^ United States Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs: "Levin-Coleman Staff Report Discloses Web of Secret Accounts Used by Pinochet", Press Release. US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, http://www.senate.gov/~levin/newsroom/release.cfm?id=233631 March 16, 2005
- ^ United States Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs: "Levin-Coleman Staff Report Discloses Web of Secret Accounts Used by Pinochet", Press Release. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, http://www.senate.gov/~levin/newsroom/release.cfm?id=233631 March 16, 2005
- ^ "U. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. Sends Back Pinochet Daughter," CNN, 28 January 2006
- ^ Corte revoca mayoría de procesamientos en caso Riggs, El Mercurio, 3 January 2007 (Spanish)
- ^ Pinochet family arrested in Chile, BBC, 4 October 2007 (English)
- ^ Cobertura Especial: Detienen a familia y principales colaboradores de Pinochet, La Tercera, 4 October 2007 (Spanish)
- ^ a b David Leigh and Rob Evans, Revealed: BAE's secret £1m to Pinochet, The Guardian, 15 September 2005 (English)
- ^ David Leigh, Jonathan Franklin and Rob Evans, Detective story that linked £1m Pinochet cash to BAE, The Guardian, 15 September 2005 (English)
- ^ Biographical notice on Memoria viva NGO website (Spanish)
- ^ Jorge Molina Sanhueza, Gerardo Huber sabía demasiado, pero no alcanzó a contarlo. El coronel que le pena al ejército, La Nación, 25 September 2005 (Spanish)
- ^ Andrea Chaparro, CDE insiste en unir caso Huber con tráfico de armas a Croacia, La Nación, 15 August 2005 (Spanish)
- ^ Andrea Chaparro Solís, Generales (R) y civiles de Famae procesados en caso armas a Croacia, La Nación, 13 June 2006 (Spanish)
- ^ Muere el ex dictador Chileno Augusto Pinochet EFE
- ^ Augusto Pinochet falleció en el Hospital Militar tras sufrir recaída "; El Mercurio"
- ^ Chile's General Pinochet 'dead' BBC News
- ^ "Clashes Break out after Pinochet's death", Yahoo!News, 11 December 2006
- ^ Family Wants Pinochet Cremation
External links
- France 24 coverage – Augusto Pinochet's Necrology on France 24
- BBC coverage (special report)
- Documentary Film on Chilean Concentration Camp from Pinochet's Regime: Chacabuco
- Chile under Allende and Pinochet
- Human rights violation under Pinochet
- The Times obituary
- Analysis of economic policy under Pinochet by economist Jim Cypher in Dollars & Sense magazine
- Policzer, Pablo (January 2007). Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. El Mercurio is a conservative Chilean newspaper with editions in Valparaíso and Santiago. La Tercera (The Third One formerly known as La Tercera de la Hora, is a daily newspaper published in Santiago Chile and owned by Copesa The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. La Nación is a Chilean Newspaper created in 1917 by Eliodoro Yáñez and presided until 1927 by Carlos Dávila. La Nación is a Chilean Newspaper created in 1917 by Eliodoro Yáñez and presided until 1927 by Carlos Dávila. La Nación is a Chilean Newspaper created in 1917 by Eliodoro Yáñez and presided until 1927 by Carlos Dávila. EFE is a Spanish news agency created in 1939 by Ramón Serrano Súñer and Manuel Aznar Zubigaray while the former was Spain 's minister of the El Mercurio is a conservative Chilean newspaper with editions in Valparaíso and Santiago. Dollars & Sense is a Magazine dedicated to providing Left-wing perspectives on Economics. Chile: The Price of Democracy. New English Review. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. “. . . if Pinochet had had his way in the mid-1970s, his dictatorship would have ended only on December 10, when he died. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V ”
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by None | President of Government Junta 1973 - 1981 | Succeeded by José Toribio Merino |
| Preceded by None | Member of Government Junta 1973 - 1981 | Succeeded by César Benavides |
| Preceded by Salvador Allende | President of Chile 1974 - 1990 | Succeeded by Patricio Aylwin |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by Carlos Prats | Army Commander-in-chief 1973 - 1998 | Succeeded by Ricardo Izurieta |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Pinochet, Augusto |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto José Ramón (full name) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Chilean General and Politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 25 November 1915 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Valparaíso, Chile |
| DATE OF DEATH | 10 December 2006 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Santiago de Chile |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic