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Martin Luther · Johann Sebastian Bach |
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Augsburg Confession |
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The Augsburg Confession, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Luther seal or Luther rose is a widely-recognized symbol for Lutheranism. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Lutheran Orthodoxy was an era in the history of Lutheranism, which began in 1580 from the writing of the Book of Concord and ended at the Age of Enlightenment Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later Neo-Lutheranism was a 19th century revival movement within Lutheranism which began as a reaction against theological rationalism and Pietism. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Dietrich Bonhoeffer ˈdiːtrɪç ˈboːnhøfɐ ( February 4, 1906 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Lutheran Albert Schweitzer, MD, OM, (January 14 1875 &ndash September 4 1965 was an Alsatian theologian, Musician, Philosopher Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (an anglicanization of Heinrich Melchior Mühlenberg ( September 6, 1711 &ndash October 7, 1787) was a German Paul Gerhardt ( March 12, 1607 – May 27, 1676) was a German Hymn writer Trygve Halvdan Lie ( ( July 16, 1896 &ndash December 30, 1968) was a Norwegian politician Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld ( (29 July 1905 &ndash 18 September 1961 was a Swedish Diplomat, Christian mystic, and the second Secretary-General Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm Walther ( October 25 1811 – May 7 1887) was the first President of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod Martin Chemnitz ( November 9 1522 &ndash April 8 1586) was an eminent second-generation Lutheran theologian, reformer The Book of Concord or Concordia (1580 is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal The Smalcald Articles or Schmalkald Articles (Schmalkaldische Artikel are a summary of Lutheran doctrine written by Martin Luther in 1537 for a meeting The Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope ( 1537) ( Latin, Tractatus de Potestate et Primatu Papae The Tractate Luther's Large Catechism consisted of works written by Martin Luther and compiled Christian canonical texts, published in April of 1529. Luther's Small Catechism was written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children Formula of Concord ( 1577) ( Latin: Formula concordiae, " Harmony Concord " also the " Bergic Book " is an authoritative The term Evangelical Catholic is used by Christian believers who consider themselves both " Catholic " and " evangelical. The relationship between God's Law and the Gospel is a major topic in Lutheran and Reformed theology Sola scriptura ( Latin ablative, "by scripture alone" is the assertion that the Bible as God's written word is self-authenticating Sola gratia is one of the Five solas propounded to summarise the Reformers' basic beliefs during the Protestant Reformation; it is a Latin term Sola fide ( Latin: by Faith alone also historically known as the doctrine of justification by faith is a doctrine that distinguishes most In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Sacramental union ( Latin, unio sacramentalis; German, sakramentliche Einigkeit) is the Lutheran theological Doctrine The name Agenda (“Things to be Done” Germ. Agende or Kirchenagende) is given particularly in the Lutheran Church, to the official books Divine Service is the term used in the Eastern Orthodox Church to describe the daily cycle of public services celebrated in the Temple (church building The Lutheran liturgical calendar is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by various Lutheran churches The International Lutheran Council is a worldwide association of confessional Lutheran denominations The Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference (CELC is the successor to the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America except that it is international Laestadianism is a conservative Lutheran revival movement started in the middle of the 19th century This is a list of Lutheran denominations grouped by affiliation with international Lutheran bodies Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Augsburg Confession is, by its catholic nature (meaning "universal" in its application to Lutheran churches), normative to all Lutheran Churches everywhere and in all times. It is also one of the most important documents of the Lutheran reformation. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Augsburg Confession was written in both German and Latin, and was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Diet of Augsburg were the meetings of the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire in the German city of Augsburg. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had called on the Princes and Free Territories in Germany to explain their religious convictions in an attempt to restore religious and political unity in the Holy Roman Empire, and rally support against the Turkish invasion. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish It is the fourth document contained in the Lutheran Book of Concord. The Book of Concord or Concordia (1580 is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal
Felix Mendelssohn's 5th Symphony (actually his 2nd Symphony in order of composition) was composed to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Augsburg Confession and thus bears the title The Reformation Symphony. Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer The Symphony No 5 in D Major, op 107 called the "Reformation" Symphony was composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1832 in honor of the 300th anniversary The Symphony, however, was not commissioned for the celebrations, because of either the composer's Jewish origins, or because of the inappropriateness of a symphony for the celebrations. Instead, Eduard Grell's work for four men's voices a capella was commissioned.
Contents |
Origin of the Confession
On January 21, 1530, the Emperor Charles V issued letters from Bologna, inviting the German diet to meet in Augsburg April 8, for the purpose of discussing and deciding various important questions. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy In Politics, a diet is a formal Deliberative assembly. The term is derived from Medieval Latin dietas, and ultimately comes from Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Although the writ of invitation was couched in very peaceful language, it was received with suspicion by some of the Evangelicals. The far-seeing Landgrave of Hesse hesitated to attend the diet, but the Elector John of Saxony, who received the writ March 11, on March 14 directed Luther, Jonas, Bugenhagen, and Melanchthon to meet in Torgau, where he was, and present a summary of the Lutheran faith, to be laid before the emperor at the diet. Hesse (Hessen in German is a region of west-central Germany. Originally the western part of the Landgraviate of Thuringia, in the mid 13th century it was John Elector of Saxony, known as John the Steadfast or John the Constant ( 30 June 1468 – 16 August 1532) was Elector Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Justus Jonas ( 5 June 1493 - 9 October 1555) was a German Protestant reformer This article is about the German religious leader For the video game character see List of Final Fantasy VII characters. Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian Torgau is a Town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany.
This summary has received the name of the "Torgau Articles". On April 3 the elector and reformers started from Torgau and reached Coburg on April 23. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Torgau is a Town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. Coburg is a town located on the Itz River in Bavaria, Germany Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at There Luther was left behind. The rest reached Augsburg May 2. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. On the journey Melanchthon worked on an "apology", using the Torgau articles, and sent his draft to Luther at Coburg on May 11, who approved it. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Several alterations were suggested to Melanchthon in his conferences with Jonas, the Saxon chancellor Bruck, the conciliatory bishop Stadion of Augsburg, and the imperial secretary Alfonso Valdez.
On June 23 the final form of the text was adopted in the presence of the Elector John of Saxony, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the Margrave George of Brandenburg, the Dukes Ernest and Francis of Luneburg, the representatives of Nuremberg and Reutlingen, and other counselors, besides twelve theologians. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Philip I of Hesse, ( 13 November 1504 - 31 March 1567) nicknamed der Großmütige (the " Magnanimous " was a leading George the Pious (Georg der Fromme 4 March 1484 &ndash 27 December 1543) was a Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from the Reutlingen is a city in southern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. After the reading the confession was signed by the Elector John of Saxony, Margrave George of Brandenburg, Duke Ernest of Luneburg, the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, the Prince Wolfgang of Anhalt, the representatives of Nuremberg and Reutlingen, and probably also by the electoral prince John Frederick and Duke Francis of Luneburg.
During the diet the cities of Weißenburg in Bayern, Heilbronn, Kempten, and Windesheim also expressed their concurrence with the confession. Weißenburg in Bayern (formerly also Weißenburg im Nordgau) is a town in Bavaria, Germany. Heilbronn (haɪlˈbʁɔn is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany The emperor had ordered the confession to be presented to him at the next session, June 24; but when the evangelical princes asked that it be read in public, their petition was refused, and efforts were made to prevent the public reading of the document altogether. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place The evangelical princes, however, declared that they would not part with the confession until its reading should be allowed. The 25th was then fixed for the day of its presentation. In order to exclude the people, the little chapel of the episcopal palace was appointed in place of the spacious city hall, where the meetings of the diet were held. The two Saxon chancellors Bruck and Beyer, the one with the Latin copy, the other with the German, stepped into the middle of the assembly, and against the wish of the emperor the German text was read. The reading lasted two hours and was so distinct that every word could be heard outside. The reading being over, the copies were handed to the emperor. The German he gave to the imperial chancellor, the Elector of Mainz, the Latin he took away. Neither of the copies is now extant.
The first official publication (Editio princeps) was edited by Philipp Melanchthon, a professor at the University of Wittenberg and close friend of Martin Luther. In Classical scholarship, editio princeps is a Term of art. It means roughly the first printed edition of a work that previously had existed only in Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg also referred to as MLU, is a public University in the cities of Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer
In 1540, Melanchthon produced a revised edition, the Variata, which was signed by John Calvin. Philipp Melanchthon made a several changes during the years to the original Augsburg Confession of 1530 John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Many Lutheran churches specify in their official documents that they subscribe to the "Unaltered Augsburg Confession", as opposed to the Variata.
The Unaltered Augsburg Confession is the primary confessional document of the Lutheran faith and is part of The Book of Concord. The Book of Concord or Concordia (1580 is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal
Contents
Preface
A plea for Christian unity, and a promise that the Lutherans "are neglecting nothing that may serve the cause of Christian unity. "
Articles of Faith
I. Concerning God — a brief explanation of the Trinity, which was not a point of controversy. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных However, various opponents claimed that Luther did not accept such a doctrine, so its inclusion is understandable.
II. Concerning Original Sin — a brief explanation of Original Sin, which was not a point of controversy either. Original sin is according to a doctrine in Catholic theology, humanity's state of Sin resulting from the Fall of Man.
III. Concerning the Son of God — a standard, short explanation of the dual nature of Jesus. SON DNA binding protein, also known as SON, is a human Gene. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Not a point of controversy.
IV. Concerning Justification — the doctrine of Justification by Faith. In Christian theology, justification is God 's act of declaring or making a sinner righteous before God This was the primary difference between Lutherans and Roman Catholics at the time. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther This article appeals to Paul's epistle to the Romans. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and The Epistle of St Paul the Apostle to the Romans is one of the letters of the New Testament canon of the Christian Bible.
V. Concerning the Office of Preaching — a brief statement on the preaching. Not a point of controversy, though the Anabaptists are condemned for teaching that the Holy Spirit does not come to humans without their "preparations and works. Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance "
VI. Concerning New Obedience — a statement saying that works are good, but have no merit before God. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. This is opposed to the Roman Catholic doctrine of justification. In Christian theology, justification is God 's act of declaring or making a sinner righteous before God
VII. Concerning the Church — a statement on the belief in one Christian Church. Not a point of controversy.
VIII. What is the Church? — a statement on the acceptance of all believers into the aforementioned church. The Donatists are condemned for obvious reasons. The Donatists (named for the Berber Christian Donatus Magnus) were followers of a belief considered a Schism by the broader churches of the
IX. Concerning Baptism — a statement on the belief in infant baptism and a condemnation of the Anabaptists for preaching otherwise. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Infant baptism is the Christian religious practice of baptizing infants or young children Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation Not a point of controversy for the Diet.
X. Concerning the Lord's Supper — a statement on the Lutheran view of the Real Presence in the Eucharist. The Real Presence is the term various Christian traditions use to express their belief that in the Eucharist, Jesus Christ is really present in what was The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those All other views are condemned.
XI. Concerning Confession — a statement supporting the practice of confession, although it is stated that no one was able to confess all their sins. The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e
XII. Concerning Repentance — a statement on the belief that repentance is to feel sorrow for one's sins; it includes both contrition and faith and that the Church ought to impart absolution to those thus returning to repentance. Penance is repentance of Sins as well as the proper name of the Catholic and Orthodox Christian Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession Absolution is a traditional theological term for the forgiveness experienced in the traditional Churches in the Sacrament of Reconciliation. Anabaptists who teach that to be baptized is to be free of sin are condemned, as well as Novatians. Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation The Novatianists following Novatius or Novatian, held a strict view that refused readmission to communion of lapsi, those baptized Christians who had denied their
XIII. Concerning the Use of Sacraments — a standard statement on the use of sacraments, which was not a point of controversy. A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active Those who say that one is justified by use of sacraments without faith are condemned.
XIV. Concerning Church Government — a standard statement on the belief that one must be called to be a minister. Not a point of controversy.
XV. Concerning Church Regulations — a statement about how festivals not commanded in the Bible will have no bearing on justification and are contrary to the gospel. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin
XVI. Concerning Public Order and Secular Government — a statement in support of secular government. Anabaptists are condemned for teaching otherwise, along with a condemnation of those who do good for fear of the government and not God. Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Not a point of controversy.
XVII. Concerning the Return of Christ to Judgment — a standard statement about the End Times, which states that Jesus will judge the living and the dead, the elect will go to heaven and the "ungodly" will go to Hell. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " End time, End times, or End of days are the eschatological writings in the three Abrahamic religions and in doomsday scenarios in various other Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering Condemned are Universalism and the belief that the elect will have a secular government. Universalism can be classified as a Religion, Theology and Philosophy that generally holds all persons and creatures are related to God or the Divine and Not a point of controversy.
XVIII. Concerning Free Will — a statement about the belief in man's inclination to sin, and the need for external help from the Holy Spirit to please God. The question of free will In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance Those who teach that man can keep the commandments without the Holy Spirit are condemned. This is only a controversy insofar as the scholastics who taught that man does have some say in whether or not he/she may please God.
XIX. Concerning the Cause of Sin — a statement on the inclination of evil and "ungodly" people to sin. This was not a point of controversy.
XX. Concerning Faith and Good Works — a statement about good works being good, but not assisting in salvation and standing before God. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. This is followed by an explanation and defense of the doctrine of Justification by Faith. In Christian theology, justification is God 's act of declaring or making a sinner righteous before God
XXI. Concerning the Cult of the Saints — a statement about the nature of saints: helpful to assisting in one's personal faith, but of no post-mortem metaphysical use.
Disputed Articles, Listing Abuses That Have Been Corrected
This deals with some of the wrongs that had been "righted" by the Evangelicals and explains their reasons for such changes. At other points, arguments are made about necessary changes.
XXII. Concerning Both Kinds of the Sacrament — a statement explaining scriptural and historical grounds for distributing both elements of the Eucharist to laity, who had been permitted to receive the bread only. A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those
XXIII. Concerning the Marriage of Priests — a lengthy argument that there is Scriptural basis for allowing priests to marry. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS **************
XXIV. Concerning the Mass — another lengthy argument, this time as to the nature of mass. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. It is argued that all sins were forgiven by the "satisfaction" (from the Latin satis facere, 'make complete') of Jesus' death. Roman Catholics hold that the death of Jesus forgives all sins, but distinguish between forgiving the guilt of sin, and the 'satisfaction' (making complete) required for the 'pain' of sin, i. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) e. , penance.
XXV. Concerning Confession — reiteration of the view that private absolution is no better than general absolution. The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e Absolution is a traditional theological term for the forgiveness experienced in the traditional Churches in the Sacrament of Reconciliation. While the Evangelical Church still practiced private absolution, it was maintained that it was Christ, not the pastor, who forgave the sins. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox view is the same concerning who forgives sin, however both Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox view general absolution as a rite to be used only when private absolution is impractical.
XXVI. Concerning the Distinction among Foods — a statement that scheduled fasting, ceremonies, etc. , were not necessary under Justification by Faith. In Christian theology, justification is God 's act of declaring or making a sinner righteous before God
XXVII. Concerning Monastic Vows — a statement is made that monasticism was once a desirable (i. e. , voluntary) lifestyle, but had since been corrupted. The vows of monks are also rejected.
XXVIII. Concerning the Power of Bishops — a lengthy statement calling for the separation of political and theological power.
Conclusion
"That in doctrine and ceremonies nothing has been received on our part against Scripture or the Church Catholic. " Signatures of several secular leaders in Saxony.
See also
References
- This article includes content derived from the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1914, which is in the public domain. Confessio catholica is one of the main works of German Orthodox Lutheran theologian Johann Gerhard (1582 – 1637 The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge is a religious Encyclopedia (1st edition 1882-84 3rd edition 1891 new edition published in thirteen volumes The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
External links
- The Augsburg Confession (1530) in Latin with a parallel English translation and with notes on the differences in the 1540 edition; from Philip Schaff's Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
- The Roman Confutation (1530), in an English translation, compares each articles of the confession to Catholic beliefs. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Philip Schaff ( January 1, 1819 – October 20, 1893) was a Swiss -born German -educated Protestant The Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL is a Digital library that provides free electronic copies of Christian Scripture and Literature
- An Orthodox Response - Summary of Orthodox Patriarch Jeremias II's letter of 15 May 1576, in which he compares each article of the confession to Orthodox Christian beliefs.
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