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Augmented reality - heads up display concept
Augmented reality - heads up display concept

Augmented reality (AR) is a field of computer research which deals with the combination of real-world and computer-generated data. A head-up display, or HUD, is any transparent display that presents data without requiring the user to look away from his or her usual viewpont A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. At present, most AR research is concerned with the use of live video imagery which is digitally processed and "augmented" by the addition of computer-generated graphics. Advanced research includes the use of motion-tracking data, fiducial marker recognition using machine vision, and the construction of controlled environments containing any number of sensors and actuators.

Contents

Definition

Ronald Azuma's definition of AR is one of the more focused descriptions. It covers a subset of AR's original goal, but it has come to be understood as representing the whole domain of AR: Augmented reality is an environment that includes both virtual reality and real-world elements. Virtual reality ( VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a Computer-simulated environment be it a real or imagined one For instance, an AR user might wear translucent goggles; through these, he could see the real world, as well as computer-generated images projected on top of that world. Azuma defines an augmented reality system as one that

This definition is now often used in some parts of the research literature (Azuma, 1997).

History

To describe the history of Augmented Reality is also to describe man's journey of adding to the natural world he was born in.

AR as a transformative technology

For many of those interested in AR, one of its most important characteristics is the way in which it makes possible a transformation of the focus of interaction. The interactive system is no longer a precise location, but the whole environment; interaction is no longer simply a face-to-screen exchange, but dissolves itself in the surrounding space and objects. Using an information system is no longer exclusively a conscious and intentional act.

Outdoor AR

A new and major area of current research is into the use of AR outdoors. GPS and orientation sensors enable backpack computing systems to take AR outdoors. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth

Early systems have been developed by Steven Feiner at Columbia University (MARS system) and Bruce H. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Thomas and Wayne Piekarski in the Wearable Computer Lab[1] at the University of South Australia (Tinmith[2] and ARQuake systems). The University of South Australia, or UniSA, is a Public university in the Australian state of South Australia. ARQuake is an Augmented Reality version of the popular Quake game by Id Software.

Trimble Navigation, a provider of positioning solutions, has been researching Outdoor AR in collaboration with the Human Interface Technology Laboratory at its New Zealand R&D site in Christchurch. Trimble Navigation Ltd ( based in Sunnyvale California, is a provider of advanced positioning equipment most notably GPS receivers Laser rangefinders Local network news has reviewed its progress[3][4].

Ubiquitous computing

AR has clear connections with the ubiquitous computing (abbreviated UC) and wearable computers domains. Ubiquitous computing ( ubicomp) is a post-desktop model of Human-computer interaction in which information processing has been thoroughly integrated into Wearable computers are Computers that are worn on the body They have been applied to areas such as Behavioral modeling, Health monitoring systems information Mark Weiser stated that "embodied virtuality", the original term he used before coining "ubiquitous computing", intended to express the exact opposite to the concept of virtual reality (Mark Weiser's personal communication, Boston, March 1993). The most salient distinction to be made between AR and UC is that UC does not focus on the disappearance of conscious and intentional interaction with an information system as much as AR does: UC systems such as pervasive computing devices usually maintain the notion of explicit and intentional interaction which often blurs in typical AR work such as Ronald Azuma's work. The theory of Humanistic Intelligence (HI), however, also challenges this semiotic notion of signifier and signified. Humanistic Intelligence (HI is Intelligence that arises because of the human being in the feedback loop of a computational process where the human and computer are inextricably [5] In particular, HI is intelligence that arises from the human being in the feedback loop of a computational process in which the human is inextricably intertwined, and does not typically require conscious thought or effort. In this way, HI, which arises from wearable Computer Mediated Reality, shares a lot in common with AR.

Notable researchers

Examples

Commonly known examples of AR are the yellow "first down" line seen in television broadcasts of American football games, and the colored trail showing location and direction of the puck in TV broadcasts of hockey games. First Down redirects here For the Prison Break episode see First Down (Prison Break episode. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with The real-world elements are the football field and players, and the virtual element is the yellow line, which is drawn over the image by computers in real time. Similarly, rugby fields and cricket pitches are branded by their sponsors using Augmented Reality; giant logos are inserted onto the fields when viewed on television. Note that these examples are not an augmented reality application according to the definition above, as objects are not inserted into the real environment and there is usually no interaction with these virtual objects.

Another type of AR application uses projectors and screens to insert objects into the real environment, enhancing museum exhibitions for example. The difference to a simple TV screen for example, is that these objects are related to the environment of the screen or display, and that they often are interactive as well.

Most of the possible applications of AR will, however, need personal display glasses.

In some current applications like in cars or airplanes, this is usually a head-up display integrated into the windshield. A head-up display, or HUD, is any transparent display that presents data without requiring the user to look away from his or her usual viewpont

Current applications

Future applications

Specific applications

Popular culture

Pop group Duran Duran included interactive AR projections into their stage show during their 2000 Pop Trash concert tour. Duran Duran are an English Pop rock band famous for a long series of popular singles, albums and vivid Music videos for which they've won two Pop Trash is an album released in 2000 by Duran Duran. The album marked their first release not under Capitol Records / EMI, with whom they'd been signed [6]

Anime

The television series Dennō Coil depicts a near-future where children use AR goggles to enhance their environment with games and virtual pets. Coil — A Circle of Children, is a Japanese animation Science fiction series depicting a near future where Augmented reality (AR technology Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence gives several examples of augmented reality in use, while Gundam, Gunbuster, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Voices of a Distant Star and Martian Successor Nadesico amongst several others depict 360° augmented reality cockpits that are used to display information. is the 2004 sequel to the Anime Film Ghost in the Shell. Released in Japan on March 6, 2004, with a U is a Metaseries of English Anime, featuring tiny robots or " Kounans " created by Sunrise studios Gunbuster, known in Japan as is a six episode Anime OVA series created by Gainax in 1988 The Neon Genesis Evangelion franchise is a multi-billion dollar umbrella of Japanese media properties generally owned by the anime studio Gainax. is a Japanese Anime OVA by Makoto Shinkai. It chronicles a long-distance relationship between a teenage couple who communicate by sending emails via (often shortened to Nadesico) is a Science fiction Comedy Anime TV series and a later Manga series created by Kia Asamiya In Serial Experiments Lain, The Wired is overlaid onto the real world via electromagnetic radiation relaying information directly to people's brains, causing people to experience both The Wired and the real world. Serial Experiments Lain is an Anime series directed by Ryutaro Nakamura, original character design by Yoshitoshi ABe, screenplay written The Wired is a fictional Computer network featured in the Anime series Serial Experiments Lain which is similar to the Internet. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The Wired is a fictional Computer network featured in the Anime series Serial Experiments Lain which is similar to the Internet.

Science fiction

In the Star Trek universe, the Jem'Hadar used a sort of augmented display to view the real world and what was outside the ship, integrating with the star ship's main sensors to gain an outside view of the star ship.

The television series Firefly depicts numerous AR applications, including a real-time medical scanner which allows a doctor to use his hands to manipulate a detailed and labeled projection of a patient's brain. Firefly is an American Science fiction Television series created by writer/director Joss Whedon, creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer

The table top role-playing game, Shadowrun, introduced AR into its game world. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Shadowrun is a pen-and-paper Role-playing game set in an imaginary future where huge corporations control the lives of their employees and the return of magic has Most of the characters in the game use viewing devices to interact with the AR world most of the time.

The books Halting State by Charles Stross and Rainbows End by Vernor Vinge include augmented reality primarily in the form of virtual overlays over the real world. Halting State is a Novel by Charles Stross, published in the United States on October 2, 2007 and in the UK in January Charles David George "Charlie" Stross (born Leeds, 18 October 1964 is a writer based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Rainbows End is a 2006 Science fiction novel by Vernor Vinge. Vernor Steffen Vinge (ˈvɪndʒi (born October 2, 1944 in Waukesha Wisconsin, U Halting State mentions Copspace, which is used by cops, and the use by gamers to overlay their characters onto themselves during a gaming convention. Rainbows End mentions outdoor overlays based on popular fictional universes from H. P. Lovecraft and Terry Pratchett among others. Howard Phillips Lovecraft ( August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of horror, fantasy Terence David John Pratchett, OBE (born 28 April 1948 is an English fantasy, Science fiction, and children's author.

The term "Geohacking" has been coined by William Gibson in his book Spook Country, where artists use a combination of GPS and 3D graphics technology to embed rendered meshes in real world landscapes. Spook Country is a 2007 Novel by William Gibson. Gibson announced the book on October 6, 2006 on his blog where fragments of Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth

Conferences

See also

References

  1. ^ Wearable Computer Lab, University of South Australia
  2. ^ Tinmith
  3. ^ Trimble AR demonstration on YouTube
  4. ^ Human Interface Technology Laboratory
  5. ^ Mann, Steve. An alternate reality game ( ARG) is an interactive Narrative that uses the real world as a platform often involving multiple media and game elements to tell Augmented virtuality (AV (also referred to as Mixed reality) refers to the merging of real world objects into virtual worlds Camera resectioning (often called camera calibration) is the process of finding the true parameters of the camera that produced a given photograph or video A cyborg is a Cybernetic Organism ( ie, an organism that has both artificial and natural systems Mixed reality (MR (encompassing both Augmented reality and Augmented virtuality) refers to the merging of real and Virtual worlds to produce new environments Simulated reality is the proposition that Reality could be simulated—perhaps by Computer simulation —to a degree indistinguishable from "true" Reality A virtual retinal display (VRD also known as a retinal scan display (RSD is a new display technology that draws a Raster display (like a Television The Virtuality Continuum is a phrase used to describe a concept that there is a continuous scale ranging between the completely virtual a Virtual Reality, and the completely Virtual reality ( VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a Computer-simulated environment be it a real or imagined one "Intelligence: WearComp as a new framework for Intelligent Signal Processing", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 86, No. 11, November, 1998.
  6. ^ Pair, J. , Wilson, J. , Chastine, J. , Gandy, M. "The Duran Duran Project: The Augmented Reality Toolkit in Live Performance". The First IEEE International Augmented Reality Toolkit Workshop, 2002. (photos and video)

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