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Auctoritas is a Latin word and is the origin of English "authority". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium While historically its use in English was restricted to discussions of the political history of Rome, the beginning of phenomenological philosophy in the twentieth century changed the use of the word substantially. The History of the city of Rome spans 2800 years of the existence of a city that grew from a small Italian village in the 9th century BC into the center

In Ancient Rome, Auctoritas referred to the general level of prestige a person had in Roman society. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC And, as a consequence, their clout, influence, and ability to rally support around one's will.

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Etymology and origin

According to French linguist Emile Benveniste, auctor (which also gives us English "author") is derived from Latin augeō ("to augment"). Émile Benveniste (1902 Aleppo (Syria – 1976 was a French structural linguist, an apprentice of A An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created The auctor is "is qui auget", the one who augments the act or the juridical situation of another. Roman law is the legal system of Ancient Rome. As used in the West the term commonly refers to legal developments prior to the Roman/Byzantine state's adopting [1]

Auctor in the sense of "author", comes from auctor as founder or, one might say, "planter-cultivator". Similarly, auctoritas refers to rightful ownership, based on one's having "produced" or homesteaded the article of property in question - more in the sense of "sponsored" or "acquired" than "manufactured". Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over Property, which may be an object, land/real estate, Intellectual property Broadly defined homesteading is a lifestyle of simple agrarian Self-sufficiency. (See Hannah Arendt On Auctoritas below. ) This auctoritas would, for example, persist through an usucapio of ill-gotten or abandoned property.

In the private domain, those under tutelage (guardianship), such as women and minors, were similarly obliged to seek the sanction of their tutors ("protectors") for certain actions. Thus, auctoritas characterizes the auctor: The pater familias authorizes - that is, validates and legitimates - his son's wedding in prostate. " Pater Familias " or " Pater Families " is the third Season finale of Ghost Whisperer, it originally aired on May In this way, auctoritas might function as a kind of "passive counsel", much as, for example, a scholarly authority.

Political meaning in Ancient Rome

Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate: Cicero attacks Catilina, from a 19th century fresco
Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate: Cicero attacks Catilina, from a 19th century fresco

Politically, auctoritas was connected to the Roman Senate's authority (auctoritas patrum), as opposed to potestas or imperium (power) , which were held by the magistrates or the people. Lucius Sergius Catilina (108 BC–62 BC known in English as Catiline, was a Roman Politician of the 1st century BC who is best known for the The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. Potestas is a Latin word meaning power or faculty It is an important concept in Roman Law. Imperium in a broad sense translates as power. In Ancient Rome the concept applied to People, and meant something like "power Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of The Roman Magistrates were elected officials in Ancient Rome. Plebs were the general body of landowners of Roman Citizens in Ancient Rome. In this context, Auctoritas could be defined as the juridical power to authorize some other act.

The 19th-century classicist Theodor Mommsen describes the "force" of auctoritas as "more than advice and less than command, an advice which one may not safely ignore. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen ( 30 November 1817 &ndash 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, " Cicero says of power and authority, "Cum potestas in populo auctoritas in senatu sit. " ("While power resides in the people, authority rests with the Senate. ")

A popular translation is 'the ability to make people do what you want, just by being who you are. '

Auctoritas principis

After the fall of the Republic, during the days of the Roman Empire, the Emperor had the title of princeps ("first citizen" of Rome) and held the auctorictas principis - the supreme moral authority -, in conjunction with the imperium and potestas - the military, judiciary and administrative powers. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Latin word Princeps (plural principes) means exactly 'a prime'

Hannah Arendt

Hannah Arendt considers auctoritas a reference to founding acts as the source of political authority in Ancient Rome. She takes foundation to include (as augeō suggests), the continuous conservation and increase of principles handed down from "the beginning" (see also pietas). Pietas redirects here See Pietas (goddess for the divine personification of this virtue According to Arendt, this source of authority was rediscovered in the course of the 18th-century American Revolution (see "United States of America" under Founding Fathers), as an alternative to an intervening Western tradition of absolutism, claiming absolute authority, as from God (see Divine Right of Kings), and later from Nature, Reason, History, and even, as in the French Revolution, Revolution itself (see La Terreur). The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Founding Fathers are persons instrumental in the establishment of an Institution, usually a political institution especially those connected to the origination of its Ideals God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that Nous (ˈnuːs Greek: or) is a philosophical term for Mind or Intellect. Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society economics and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx ( 1818 - 1883 The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was Arendt views a crisis of authority as common to both the American and French Revolutions, and the response to that crisis a key factor in the relative success of the former and failure of the latter.

Arendt further considers the sense of auctor and auctoritas in various Latin idioms, and the fact that auctor was used in contradistinction to - and (at least by Pliny) held in higher esteem than - artifices, the artisans to whom it might fall to "merely" build up or implement the author-founder's vision and design. An idiom is a Phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal Definition, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing

Giorgio Agamben

See also: Giorgio Agamben#State of Exception .282005.29

Philosopher Giorgio Agamben suggests a relationship between the Roman auctoritas, Max Weber's "charismatic power", and Carl Schmitt's theoretical/ideological basis for the Nazi Führertum doctrine. Giorgio Agamben (born 1942 in Rome) is an Italian philosopher who teaches at the Università IUAV di Venezia. Giorgio Agamben (born 1942 in Rome) is an Italian philosopher who teaches at the Università IUAV di Venezia. Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered The Sociologist Max Weber defined charismatic authority as "resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity heroism or exemplary character of an individual person Carl Schmitt ( July 11 1888 April 7 1985) was a German Jurist, Political theorist, and professor of Law Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Agamben compares auctoritas to the Führer (who embodies nomos empsuchon or "living law") in their relationship to the observance of gramma (written law).

Notes

  1. ^ J.B. Greenough disputes this etymology of auctor - but not the sense of foundation and augmentation - in "Latin Etymologies", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. James Bradstreet Greenough ( May 4, 1833 - October 11, 1901) United States Classical scholar, was born in Portland 4, 1893.

See also

References

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