Attila the Hun
(King of the Huns), as seen in Chronicon Pictum
Reign	434–453
Born	406
Died	453
Predecessor	Bleda & Rugila
Successor	Ellac
Father	Mundzuk

Attila (406 – 453), also known as Attila the Hun or the Scourge of God, was leader of the Huns from 434 until his death. See also Northern Chanyu The Illuminated Chronicle ( Vienna Illuminated Chronicle, Chronica Hungarorum, Chronicon (Hungariae Pictum, Chronica Picta or Events By Place Western Roman Empire Aëtius, a general in the service of emperor Valentinian III, holds power in Rome Events By Place Europe Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Roman legions in Britain mutiny against Honorius and select Events By Place Europe Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths. This article is about the brother of Attila the Hun. For the Bulbul Genus, see Bleda (bird. Rugila also referred to as Ruhas, Ruga and Rua ( ΄Ρούγας, ΄Ροϋνας, ΄Ρωίλας Ellac was the oldest son and successor of Atilla the Hun in the Hunnic Empire. Mundzuk ( Priscus: Μουνδίουχος) was a Hunnic prince and brother of Rugila, the Hunnic Ruler Events By Place Western Roman Empire Roman legions in Britain mutiny against Honorius and select Events By Place Europe Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Events By Place Western Roman Empire Aëtius, a general in the service of emperor Valentinian III, holds power in Rome He was leader of the Hunnic Empire which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the River Danube to the Baltic Sea (see map below). Hunnic Empire, the empire of the Huns.The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes especially Turkic ones from the Steppes of Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Ural (Урал Kazakh: Жайық, Jayıq or Zhayyq) known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. During his rule he was one of the most fearsome of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires' enemies: he invaded the Balkans twice, he marched through Gaul (modern France) as far as Orleans before being defeated at the Battle of Chalons. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the French city of Orléans for other meanings see Orleans (disambiguation. He refrained from attacking either Constantinople or Rome. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

In much of Western Europe, he is remembered as the epitome of cruelty and rapacity. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' In contrast, some histories and Chronicles lionize him as a great and noble king, and he plays major roles in three Norse sagas. Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language The sagas (from Icelandic saga, plural sögur) are stories about ancient Scandinavian and Germanic history about early Viking voyages

Background

Main article: Huns

The origin of the Huns has been the subject of debate for centuries; however it can be said with general agreement that they were a confederation of Central Asian and European tribes, many of them horse nomads. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Many experts think they were Turkic people, descended from the Xiongnu tribes that menaced China as early as the 5th century BC. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huangdi, built part of the Great Wall to keep the Xiongnu out. Qin Shi Huang ( (259 BC – September 10 210 BC personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th

Their united power appeared or began to form in Europe in the 400s. They achieved military superiority over their neighbours by their readiness for battle, unusual mobility, and weapons, including the composite bow. A composite bow is a bow made from disparate materials laminated together usually applied under tension

Shared kingship

The Hunnic Empire stretched from the steppes of Central Asia into modern Germany, and from the River Danube to the Baltic Sea - albeit not simultaneously, as the Huns first appeared in Southern Russia and later moved to Central Europe

The death of Rugila (also known as Rua or Ruga) in 434 left his nephews Attila Dragomer and Bleda (also known as Buda), the sons of his brother Mundzuk, in control over all the united Hun tribes. Hunnic Empire, the empire of the Huns.The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes especially Turkic ones from the Steppes of In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Rugila also referred to as Ruhas, Ruga and Rua ( ΄Ρούγας, ΄Ροϋνας, ΄Ρωίλας Events By Place Western Roman Empire Aëtius, a general in the service of emperor Valentinian III, holds power in Rome Mundzuk ( Priscus: Μουνδίουχος) was a Hunnic prince and brother of Rugila, the Hunnic Ruler At the time of their accession, the Huns were bargaining with Byzantine emperor Theodosius II's envoys over the return of several renegades (possibly Hunnic nobles not in agreement with the brothers' leadership) who had taken refuge within the Byzantine Empire. Bargaining or Haggling is a type of Negotiation in which the buyer and seller of a good or service dispute the price which will be paid and the exact nature Flavius Theodosius ( 10 April, 401 – July 28, 450) called the Calligrapher, known in English as Theodosius II, was The following year Attila and Bleda met with the imperial legation at Margus (present-day Požarevac) and, all seated on horseback in the Hunnic manner, negotiated a successful treaty: the Romans agreed not only to return the fugitives, but also to double their previous tribute of 350 Roman pounds (ca. Požarevac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пожаревац is a city located in Serbia at. A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. 114. 5 kg) of gold, open their markets to Hunnish traders, and pay a ransom of eight solidi for each Roman taken prisoner by the Huns. The solidus (the Latin word for solid) was originally a Gold coin issued by the Romans. The Huns, satisfied with the treaty, decamped from the empire and returned to their home in the Hungarian Great Plain, perhaps to consolidate and strengthen their empire. Theodosius used this opportunity to strengthen the walls of Constantinople, building the city's first sea wall, and to build up his border defences along the Danube. The Walls of Constantinople are a series of stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its A seawall is a form of hard and strong Coastal defence constructed on the inland part of a Coast to reduce the effects of strong Waves. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj

Huns remained out of Roman sight for the next few years as a Hunnic force invaded the Persian Empire. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia A defeat in Armenia by the Sassanid Persians caused them to abandon this attempt and return their attentions to Europe. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox In 440 they reappeared in force on the borders of the Roman Empire, attacking the merchants at the market on the north bank of the Danube that had been established by the treaty. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Geiseric, king of the Vandals, captures Sicily. Crossing the Danube they laid waste to Illyrian cities and forts on the river, among them, according to Priscus, Viminacium, which was a city of the Moesians in Illyria. Illyria ( Albanian Iliria ( Ancient Greek; Latin Illyria; see also Illyricum) was in Classical antiquity a region in the Priscus was from Panium (in Thrace) living in the Roman Empire during the 5th century. Viminacium was a major city of the Roman province of Moesia (today's Serbia) and the capital of Moesia Superior. Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the Their advance began at Margus, for when the Romans discussed handing over the offending bishop, he slipped away secretly to the Huns and betrayed the city to them.

As Theodosius had conquered the river's defences, the Vandals, under the leadership of Geiseric, captured the Western Roman province of Africa with its capital of Carthage in 440 and the Sassanid Yazdegerd II invaded Armenia in 441. Geiseric the Lame (c 389 &ndash January 25, 477) also spelled as Gaiseric or Genseric, was the King of the Vandals Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Events By Place Western Roman Empire Geiseric, king of the Vandals, captures Sicily. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Yazdegerd II, ("made by God" Izdegerdes) fifteenth Sassanid King of Persia, was the son of Bahram V (421&ndash438 and reigned Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Events 8 November — The first Council of Orange is convened under the guidance of Hilary of Arles in Orange France. Stripping the Balkan defenses of forces requested by the West Romans, in order to launch an attack on the Vandals in Africa (which was the richest province of the Western empire and a main source of the food supply of Rome, left Attila and Bleda a clear path through Illyria into the Balkans, which they invaded in 441. Events 8 November — The first Council of Orange is convened under the guidance of Hilary of Arles in Orange France. The Hunnish army, having sacked Margus and Viminacium, took Singidunum (modern Belgrade) and Sirmium before halting. Singidunum was an ancient Roman city first settled by the Celtic Scordisci tribe in the 3rd century BC and later garrisoned and fortified by the Romans Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Sirmium in Pannonia should not be confused with Sirmio on Lake Garda Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) was an ancient A lull followed in 442 and during this time Theodosius recalled his troops from Sicily and ordered a large new issue of coins to finance operations against the Huns. Events By Place Western Roman Empire The Romans conclude a treaty with Geiseric, acknowledging the conquests of the Vandal nation Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Having made these preparations, he thought it safe to refuse the Hunnish kings' demands.

Attila responded by their campaign in 443. In the Military sciences a military campaign is a term applied to large scale, long duration significant Military strategy plan incorporating Events By Place Western Roman Empire The Burgundians create a kingdom on the banks of the Rhone. Striking along the Danube, they overran the military centres of Ratiara and successfully besieged Naissus (modern Niš) with battering rams and rolling towers — military sophistication that was new to the Hun repertoire — then pushing along the Nisava they took Serdica (Sofia), Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and Arcadiopolis. A battering ram is a Siege engine originating in ancient times to break open Fortification walls or doors The Nišava or Nishava ( Bulgarian and Serbian Cyrillic: Нишава) is a river in Bulgaria and Serbia, a Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Lüleburgaz ( Thracian: Bergule, Bulgarian: Люлебургас, Greek: Αρκαδιούπολη / Arcadioupolis They encountered and destroyed the Roman army outside Constantinople and were stopped by the double walls of the Eastern capital. A second army was defeated near Callipolis (modern Gallipoli) and Theodosius, now without any armed forces to respond, admitting defeat, sent the court official Anatolius to negotiate peace terms, which were harsher than the previous treaty: the Emperor agreed to hand over 6,000 Roman pounds (ca. 1,963 kg) of gold as punishment for having disobeyed the terms of the treaty during the invasion; the yearly tribute was tripled, rising to 2,100 Roman pounds (ca. 687 kg) in gold; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner rose to 12 solidi.

Their demands met for a time, the Hun kings withdrew into the interior of their empire. According to Jordanes (following Priscus), sometime during the peace following the Huns' withdrawal from Byzantium (probably around 445), Bleda died (killed by his brother, according to the classical sources), and Attila took the throne for himself. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life Priscus was from Panium (in Thrace) living in the Roman Empire during the 5th century. Events By Place Western Roman Empire An edict of Valentinian III is issued against the Manichaeans. ^[1]

Sole ruler

Mór Than's painting The Feast of Attila, based on a fragment of Priscus (depicted at right, dressed in white and holding his history):
"When evening began to draw in, torches were lighted, and two barbarians came forward in front of Attila and sang songs which they had composed, hymning his victories and his great deeds in war. Mór Than was a Hungarian painter (1828 Óbecse/ Bečej &ndash 1899 Priscus was from Panium (in Thrace) living in the Roman Empire during the 5th century. And the banqueters gazed at them, and some were rejoiced at the songs, others became excited at heart when they remembered the wars, but others broke into tears—those whose bodies were weakened by time and whose spirit was compelled to be at rest.

In 447 Attila again rode south into the empire through Moesia. Events By Place Eastern Roman Empire Battle of the Utus: Attila the Hun meets the Romans in an indecisive battle Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the The Roman army under the Gothic magister militum Arnegisclus met him on the River Vid and was defeated, though not without inflicting heavy losses. History See Structural history of the Roman military The branches of the Roman military at the highest level were the The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Magister militum ( Latin for "Master of the Soldiers" was a top-level military command used in the later Roman Empire, dating from the reign of The Huns were left unopposed and rampaged through the Balkans as far as Thermopylae. Thermopylae (θɚˈmɒpəli (Ancient and Katharevousa Greek, Demotic Θερμοπύλες: "hot gateway" is a location in Greece Constantinople itself was saved by the intervention of the prefect Flavius Constantinus who organized the reconstruction of the walls that had been previously damaged by earthquakes, and, in some places, to construct a new line of fortification in front of the old. An account of this invasion survives:

The barbarian nation of the Huns, which was in Thrace, became so great that more than a hundred cities were captured and Constantinople almost came into danger and most men fled from it. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe … And there were so many murders and blood-lettings that the dead could not be numbered. Ay, for they took captive the churches and monasteries and slew the monks and maidens in great numbers. A church building is a Building or Structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate the meeting of a church. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism.

— Callinicus, in his Life of Saint Hypatius

Attila in the west

In 450 Attila had proclaimed his intent to attack the powerful Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, making an alliance with Emperor Valentinian III in order to do so. For the area code see Area code 450. Events By Place Eastern Roman Empire August 25 — Marcian is proclaimed The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest A military alliance is an agreement between two or more military factions related to Wartime planning commitments or contingencies such agreements can be both Flavius Placidius Valentinianus ( July 2, 419 &ndash March 16, 455) known in English as Valentinian III, was among the last He had previously been on good terms with the Western Roman Empire and its de facto ruler Flavius Aëtius. Aëtius is also the name of several other persons Flavius Aëtius or simply Aëtius, (c Aëtius had spent a brief exile among the Huns in 433, and the troops Attila provided against the Goths and Bagaudae had helped earn him the largely honorary title of magister militum in the west. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s In the time of the Roman Empire bagaudae (also spelled bacaudae) were groups of peasant insurgents who emerged during the " Crisis of the Third Century The gifts and diplomatic efforts of Geiseric, who opposed and feared the Visigoths, may also have influenced Attila's plans. Geiseric the Lame (c 389 &ndash January 25, 477) also spelled as Gaiseric or Genseric, was the King of the Vandals

However Valentinian's sister was Honoria, who, in order to escape her forced betrothal to a Roman senator, had sent the Hunnish king a plea for help — and her engagement ring — in the spring of 450. Justa Grata Honoria was the sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. In Western tradition an engagement ring is a ring worn by a woman indicating her Engagement to be married. For the area code see Area code 450. Events By Place Eastern Roman Empire August 25 — Marcian is proclaimed Though Honoria may not have intended a proposal of marriage, Attila chose to interpret her message as such. He accepted, asking for half of the western Empire as dowry. A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage When Valentinian discovered the plan, only the influence of his mother Galla Placidia convinced him to exile, rather than kill, Honoria. Aelia Galla Placidia (392 – November 27, 450) was the Empress consort of Constantius III, Western Roman Emperor. He also wrote to Attila strenuously denying the legitimacy of the supposed marriage proposal. Attila, not convinced, sent an emissary to Ravenna to proclaim that Honoria was innocent, that the proposal had been legitimate, and that he would come to claim what was rightfully his. Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.

The general path of the Hun forces in the invasion of Gaul, leading up to the Battle of Chalons.

Attila also interfered in a succession struggle after the death of a Frankish ruler. Attila supported the elder son, while Aëtius supported the younger. ^[2]

Attila gathered his vassals—Gepids, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians, Heruls, Thuringians, Alans, Burgundians, among others and began his march west. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The Rugians (Rugii were an East Germanic tribe whose ultimate origins have been traced to Rogaland in Norway, whose population probably was the The Scirii (also Skiri or Scirians) were a grouping of East Germanic peoples attested in historical works between the 2nd century BC and 5th century AD The Heruli (spelled variously in Latin and Greek) were a nomadic Germanic people, who were subjugated by the Ostrogoths Huns and The Thuringii or Toringi were a Germanic tribe which appeared late during the Völkerwanderung in the Harz Mountains of central The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The Burgundians or Burgundes were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose In 451 he arrived in Belgica with an army exaggerated by Jordanes to half a million strong. Gallia Belgica was a Roman province located in what is now the southern part of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northeastern J.B. Bury believes that Attila's intent, by the time he marched west, was to extend his kingdom — already the strongest on the continent — across Gaul to the Atlantic Ocean. John Bagnell Bury ( 16 October 1861 &ndash 1 June 1927) known as J Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western ^[3]

On April 7, he captured Metz. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Other cities attacked can be determined by the hagiographic vitae written to commemorate their bishops: Nicasius was slaughtered before the altar of his church in Rheims; Servatus is alleged to have saved Tongeren with his prayers, as Saint Genevieve is to have saved Paris. Hagiography ( is the study of Saints. A hagiography, from Greek (hağios (ἅγιος "holy" or "saint" and graphē (γραφή Saint Nicasius of Rheims (Saint-Nicaise (d 407 was a Bishop of Rheims from 400 until his death Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern Saint Servatius ( Dutch: Sint Servaas; French: Saint Servais) (traditionally died 384 was Bishop of Tongeren &mdashRoman Tongeren ( French: Tongres, German: Tongern) is a City and municipality located in the province of Limburg In Eastern Orthodoxy and Catholicism, Saint Geneviève ( Nanterre near Paris c Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city ^[4] Lupus, bishop of Troyes, is also credited with saving his city by meeting Attila in person. Saint Lupus (Loup Leu (ca 383 - ca 478 was an early Bishop of Troyes. Troyes (tʁwa is a commune, the préfecture (capital of the northeastern Aube département in France and is ^[5]

Aëtius moved to oppose Attila, gathering troops from among the Franks, the Burgundians, and the Celts. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Burgundians or Burgundes were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts A mission by Avitus, and Attila's continued westward advance, convinced the Visigoth king Theodoric I (Theodorid) to ally with the Romans. This article is about the Roman Emperor For the poet see Avitus of Vienne. Theodoric I, sometimes called Theodorid and in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian Teodorico, was the King of the Visigoths The combined armies reached Orleans ahead of Attila,^[6] thus checking and turning back the Hunnish advance. This article is about the French city of Orléans for other meanings see Orleans (disambiguation. Aëtius gave chase and caught the Huns at a place usually assumed to be near Catalaunum (modern Châlons-en-Champagne). Châlons-en-Champagne is a city and commune in France. It is the administrative centre ( Préfecture) of both the département The two armies clashed in the Battle of Chalons, whose outcome is commonly considered to be a Pyrrhic victory for the Visigothic-Roman alliance. A Pyrrhic victory (ˈpɪrɪk is a victory with devastating cost to the victor Theodoric was killed in the fighting and Aëtius failed to press his advantage, according to Edward Gibbon and Edward Creasy because he feared the consequences of an overwhelming Visogothic triumph as much as he did a defeat. From Aëtius' point of view, the best outcome was what occurred: Theodoric died, Attila was in retreat and disarray, and the Romans had the benefit of appearing victorious.

Invasion of Italy and death

Raphael's The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila shows Leo I, with Saint Peter and Saint Paul above him, going to meet Attila

Attila returned in 452 to claim his marriage to Honoria anew, invading and ravaging Italy along the way. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Attila, king of the Huns, invades Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The city of Venice was founded as a result of these attacks when the residents fled to small islands in the Venetian Lagoon. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The Venetian Lagoon is the enclosed bay of the Adriatic Sea in which the city of Venice is situated His army sacked numerous cities and razed Aquileia completely, leaving no trace of it behind. Aquileia (also called Aquilegia, Friulian Acuilee/Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman city in what is Legend has it he built a castle on top of a hill north of Aquileia to watch the city burn, thus founding the town of Udine, where the castle can still be found. Aquileia (also called Aquilegia, Friulian Acuilee/Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman city in what is Udine ( Friulian Udin, Slovene Videm, German Weiden, Latin Utinum) is a city in northeastern Aëtius, who lacked the strength to offer battle, managed to harass and slow Attila's advance with only a shadow force. Attila finally halted at the River Po. The Po ( Latin: Padus, Po Ligurian: Bo, Greek: Eridanus) is a river that flows 652 km(405 miles (682 km by considering By this point disease may have broken out in Attila's camp, thus helping to stop his invasion.

At the wish of Emperor Valentinian III, Pope Leo I, accompanied by the Consul Avienus and the Prefect Trigetius, met Attila at Mincio in the vicinity of Mantua, and obtained from him the promise that he would withdraw from Italy and negotiate peace with the emperor. Flavius Placidius Valentinianus ( July 2, 419 &ndash March 16, 455) known in English as Valentinian III, was among the last Pope Saint Leo I or Pope Saint Leo the Great was Pope from September 29, 440 to November 10, 461. Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire Avienus was a Latin writer of the 4th century His full name Postumius Rufius Festus (qui et Avien(ius is mentioned on an inscription from Bulla Regia Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Mincio (ˈmintʃo Latin: Mincius, Ancient greek: Minchios, Μιγχιος) is a river in the Lombardy region of northern Mantua (Màntova in the local dialect of Lombard language Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the ^[7] Prosper of Aquitaine gives a short, reliable description of the historic meeting. Saint Prosper of Aquitaine (c 390 – c 455 a Christian writer and disciple of Saint Augustine of Hippo, was the first continuator of Jerome 's Universal The later anonymous account,^[8] a pious "fable which has been represented by the pencil of Raphael and the chisel of Algardi" (as Gibbon called it) says that the Pope, aided by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, convinced him to turn away from the city, promising Attila that in case he leaves in peace, one of his successor will receive a Holy Crown^[9]. Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and Alessandro Algardi (July 31 1598 &ndash June 10 1654 was an Italian high- Baroque sculptor active almost exclusively in Rome, where for the latter Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and The Holy Crown of Hungary ( Hungarian: Magyar Szent Korona, German: Stephanskrone, Croatian: Kruna svetoga Stjepana, Priscus reports that superstitious fear of the fate of Alaric—who died shortly after sacking Rome in 410—gave him pause. Priscus was from Panium (in Thrace) living in the Roman Empire during the 5th century. Alaric I ( Alareiks in the original Gothic; Alarik or Alarich in modern Germanic languages Alaricus in Latin and Alarico

An illustration of the meeting from the Chronicon Pictum, c. The Illuminated Chronicle ( Vienna Illuminated Chronicle, Chronica Hungarorum, Chronicon (Hungariae Pictum, Chronica Picta or 1360.

After Attila left Italy and returned to his palace across the Danube, he planned to strike at Constantinople again and reclaim the tribute which Marcian had cut off. (Marcian was the successor of Theodosius and had ceased paying tribute in late 450 while Attila was occupied in the west; multiple invasions by the Huns and others had left the Balkans with little to plunder. For the area code see Area code 450. Events By Place Eastern Roman Empire August 25 — Marcian is proclaimed ) However Attila died in the early months of 453. Events By Place Europe Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths. The conventional account, from Priscus, says that at a feast celebrating his latest marriage to the beautiful and young Ildico (if uncorrupted, the name suggests a Gothic origin)^[10] he suffered a severe nosebleed and choked to death in a stupor. In Norse mythology, Gudrun, who is called Kriemhild in the Nibelungenlied, was the sister of Gunnar. Epistaxis (or a nosebleed in Plain English) is the relatively common occurrence of Hemorrhage from the Nose, usually noticed when the blood drains An alternative theory is that he succumbed to internal bleeding after heavy drinking or a condition called esophageal varices, where a hemorrhoid in the lower part of the esophagus ruptures leaving the person to choke on his/her own blood. Internal bleeding is Bleeding occurring inside the Body. It can be a serious Medical emergency depending on where it occurs (e In Medicine ( Gastroenterology) esophageal varices are extremely dilated sub-mucosal Veins in the Esophagus. Hemorrhoids ( AmE) haemorrhoids ( BrE) emerods, or piles are varicosities or swelling and Inflammation The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in

Another account of his death, first recorded 80 years after the events by the Roman chronicler Count Marcellinus, reports that "Attila, King of the Huns and ravager of the provinces of Europe, was pierced by the hand and blade of his wife. Marcellinus Comes (fl 6th century was a Byzantine Chronicler. "^[11] The Volsunga saga and the Poetic Edda also claim that King Atli (Attila) died at the hands of his wife, Gudrun. The Völsunga saga is a Legendary saga, a late 13th century Icelandic prose rendition of the origin and decline of the Volsung clan The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval Manuscript Codex Regius. In Norse mythology, Gudrun, who is called Kriemhild in the Nibelungenlied, was the sister of Gunnar. ^[12] Most scholars reject these accounts as no more than hear-say, preferring instead the account given by Attila's contemporary Priscus. Priscus' version, however, has recently come under renewed scrutiny by Michael A. Babcock. ^[13] Based on detailed philological analysis, Babcock concludes that the account of natural death, given by Priscus, was an ecclesiastical "cover story" and that Emperor Marcian (who ruled the Eastern Roman Empire from 450-457) was the political force behind Attila's death. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Priscus was from Panium (in Thrace) living in the Roman Empire during the 5th century. Flavius Marcianus, known in English as Marcian, (396 &ndash January 457 was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 450 until his death

Jordanes says, "the greatest of all warriors should be mourned with no feminine lamentations and with no tears, but with the blood of men. " His horsemen galloped in circles around the silken tent where Attila lay in state, singing in his dirge, according to Cassiodorus and Jordanes, "Who can rate this as death, when none believes it calls for vengeance?" then celebrated a strava (lamentation) over his burial place with great feasting. For the Transformers character see Dirge (Transformers For the Xombie character see Xombie For The American comic book writer/artist Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c 485 - c 585 commonly known as Cassiodorus, was a Roman statesman and great writer serving in the administration Legend says that he was laid to rest in a triple coffin made of gold, silver, and iron, along with some of the spoils of his conquests. His men diverted a section of the river Tisza, buried the coffin under the riverbed, and then were killed to keep the exact location a secret. "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation.

His sons Ellac (his appointed successor), Dengizich, and Ernakh fought over the division of his legacy, specifically which vassal kings would belong to which brother. Ellac was the oldest son and successor of Atilla the Hun in the Hunnic Empire. Dengizich (died 468 or 469) (spelled Δεγγιζίχ in Priscus ' account was a son of Attila the Hun. Ernakh or Ernac ( Priscus: Ήρνάχ "Hernach" was the 3rd son of Attila. As a consequence they were divided, defeated and scattered the following year in the Battle of Nedao by the Ostrogoths and the Gepids under Ardaric. The Battle of Nedao named after the Nedava, a tributary of the Sava, was a Battle fought in Pannonia in 454. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were Ardaric (died around 460 was the most renowned king of the Gepids. According to Jordanes, Ardaric, who was once Attila's most prized chieftain, turned against the feuding brothers when he felt that they were treating the nations they ruled as slaves.

Attila's many children and relatives are known by name and some even by deeds, but soon valid genealogical sources all but dry up and there seems to be no verifiable way to trace Attila's descendants. This hasn't stopped many genealogists from attempting to reconstruct a valid line of descent for various medieval rulers. Descent from antiquity (commonly abbreviated as DFA) is the project of establishing a well-researched generation-by-generation descent of living persons from people living in One of the most credible claims has been that of the tsars of Bulgaria (see Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans). The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans (Именник на българските ханове is a short Manuscript containing the names of some early Bulgarian A popular, but ultimately unconfirmed attempt tries to relate Attila to Charlemagne (see Attila the Hun to Charlemagne). Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Many genealogists attempted to reconstruct a valid line of descent from Attila the Hun to Charlemagne but no one succeeded in working out a generally accepted route

Appearance, character, and name

An artist's rendition of Attila, date unknown.

There is no surviving first-person account of Attila's appearance. There is, however, a possible second hand source, provided by Jordanes, who claimed Priscus described Attila as:

short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with grey; and he had a flat nose and tanned skin, showing evidence of his origin. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life Priscus was from Panium (in Thrace) living in the Roman Empire during the 5th century.

Attila from an illustration to the Poetic Edda. The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval Manuscript Codex Regius.

Attila is known in Western history and tradition as the grim flagellum dei (Latin: "Scourge of God"), and his name has become a byword for cruelty and barbarism. "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived Some of this may have arisen from confusion between him and later steppe warlords such as Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among All are considered to be cruel, clever, and blood-thirsty lovers of battle and pillage. The reality of his character is probably more complex. The Huns of Attila's era had been mingling with Roman civilisation for some time, largely through the Germanic foederati of the border, so that by the time of Theodosius's embassy in 448 Priscus could identify two primary languages among the Huns, Gothic and Hunnic, with some people knowing Latin and Greek. Foederatus (pl foederati) is a Latin term whose definition and usage drifted in the time between the early Roman Republic and the Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. The Hunnic language is an extinct Language of the Huns. The records for this language are sparse Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Priscus also recounts his meeting with an eastern Roman captive who had so fully assimilated into the Huns' way of life that he had no desire to return to his former country, and the Byzantine historian's description of Attila's humility and simplicity is unambiguous in its admiration. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot.

According to Jacques Le Goff, the women of Attila's time were fascinated by him and often fantasised about him, thus Attila became something of a 5th century "sex symbol. Jacques Le Goff (born January 1, 1924 in Toulon) is a prolific French Historian specializing in " ^[14]

The origin of Attila's name is not known with confidence, because very little is known about Hunnic names. In the Hunnic language Danube-Bulgarian, the etymology "oceanic (universal) [ruler]" has been proposed. ^[15] Also the word possibly originates from Turkic Atyl/Atal/Atil meaning water, river (also, ancient name of Volga river) with adjective suffix -ly. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the (Compare also Turkic medieval notable title atalyk - "senior as father"). ^[16][17][18] This is correlating to the fact that the Polish Chronicle is using Attila's name as Aquila bearing the Latin aqua inside. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Others believe that the name may have connection to Hungarian Ítélet meaning judgement or Gothic (or Gepid) atta ("father") and the diminutive suffix -ila. The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were ^[19] Attila was not a rare name in Central Europe prior to Attila making his mark on history; the historical record shows numerous persons with the name preceding him. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and 'Attila' has many variants: Atli and Atle in Norse, Ætla, Attle and Atlee in English, Attila/Atilla/Etele in Hungarian (all the three name variants are used in Hungary; Attila is the most popular variant), Etzel in modern German or Attila, Atila or Atilla in modern Turkish. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages.

Fictional representations

Attila has been portrayed in various ways, sometimes as a noble ruler, sometimes as a cruel barbarian.

• In the German epic Nibelungenlied Etzel is portrayed as a noble and generous ally, while Atli in the Volsunga Saga and the Poetic Edda (and Ætla in Widsith) is a cruel miser. The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. The Völsunga saga is a Legendary saga, a late 13th century Icelandic prose rendition of the origin and decline of the Volsung clan The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval Manuscript Codex Regius. Widsith is an Old English poem of 144 lines that appears to date from the 9th century drawing on earlier Oral traditions of Anglo-Saxon tale singing
• In The Divine Comedy, Attila appears in the seventh circle of Hell, immersed in a river of boiling blood, and is called "the scourge of Earth". The Divine Comedy Dante also charges him with the destruction of Florence, but this is a blunder by the author, who has confused him with the Ostrogothic warlord Totila. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late Totila (died Jul 1 552) was king of the Ostrogoths from 541 until his death
• Giuseppe Verdi made him the title character of an opera. Attila is an Opera by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian Libretto by Temistocle Solera, based on the play Attila König
• Hungarian Géza Gárdonyi's novel A láthatatlan ember (1901) (published in English as Slave of the Huns and largely based on Priscus) offered a sympathetic portrait of Attila as a wise and beloved leader. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Géza Gárdonyi, born Géza Ziegler (Agárdpuszta Austria-Hungary, August 3 1863 &ndash Eger, Hungary, October Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting This reflects the positive way in which Attila, his last wife Ildikó and his brother Bleda are viewed in Hungary and Turkey. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
• The novel The White Stag, the Newbery Medal winning book of 1938, is a retelling of the legend of the rise of Attila the Hun written in lyric prose. The White Stag is a book by Kate Seredy that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American Children's literature in 1938 The John Newbery Medal is a literary award given by the Association for Library Service to Children of the American Library Association (ALA to the author of the Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Thomas Costain's The Darkness and Dawn (1959) is written from the point of view of Nicolan, carried into slavery from his home on the Danube and after many adventures becoming Attila's aide - but also becoming romantically involved with the beautiful Ildico, which is quite dangerous. Thomas Bertram Costain ( May 8, 1885 - October 8, 1965) was a Canadian Journalist who became a best-selling author
• The Death of Attila by Cecelia Holland (1973) takes place in 453, with the tensions and uncertainty of Attila's last year being the background for an unlikely friendship between Tacs, a young, ne'er-do-well Hunnish warrior, and Dietric, son of a Germanic subject king. Cecelia Anastasia Holland is an American Historical novelist Biography She was born December 31, 1943 in Henderson Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events By Place Europe Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic
• The British writer Anthony Burgess wrote a biographical novella about Attila entitled Hun which was published in the story collection The Devil's Mode (1989). Anthony Burgess (February 25 1917 — November 22 1993 was an English Novelist, Critic, Composer, Librettist, Poet A novella is a written, Fictional Prose Narrative longer than a Novelette but shorter than a Novel. The Devil's Mode (1989 is the only collection of short stories by the English author Anthony Burgess. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)
• Anthony Quinn played the role of Attila in a film co-starring Sophia Loren as Honoria. For other people named Anthony Quinn see Anthony Quinn (disambiguation Anthony Quinn ( April 21, 1915 &ndash Sophia Loren (born September 20 1934 is an Academy Award winning Italian film actress born Sofia Villani Scicolone
• Attila was portrayed by Jack Palance in Douglas Sirk's Sign of the Pagan (1954). Jack Palance (born Volodymyr Palahniuk; February 18, 1919 – November 10, 2006) was an Oscar -winning American Douglas Sirk ( April 26, 1900 &ndash January 14, 1987) was a German Film director best known for his work in Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar)
• A TV miniseries, Attila, which was produced in 2000 and was broadcast in 2001 stars Gerard Butler as Attila and Powers Boothe as Flavius Aëtius. Attila (also known as Attila the Hun in the UK takes place during the waning days of Roman Empire, the barbarian Huns are making Gerard James Butler (born November 13, 1969) is a Scottish Actor perhaps best known for his portrayal of King Leonidas in Powers Allen Boothe (born June 1, 1948) is an American Television and Film Actor. Aëtius is also the name of several other persons Flavius Aëtius or simply Aëtius, (c
• He is a powerful and charismatic figure in Bill Napier's ongoing trilogy, Attila (volume one published in 2005, see [2]). Christopher Hart (born 1965 is an English Novelist. With his original name he had written two contemporary novels Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• The black metal band Dimmu Borgir made a song praising Attila called "Hunnerkongens Sorgsvarte Ferd Over Steppene", "The King of the Huns' Sorrowful Black Journey over the Steppes". Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal. It often employs fast tempos shrieked vocals highly distorted guitars played with Tremolo picking, Dimmu Borgir (ˌdɪmuːˈbɔːrɡɪr is a Symphonic black metal band from Norway.
• Hungarian musician Levente Szörényi (from the band Illés), wrote a rock opera titled Attila, Isten kardja (Attila, Sword of God). Illés ( Hungarian name Illés együttes = Illés Ensemble) was a Hungarian rock / beat band ( 1960 -
• The PC game Age of Empires II: The Conquerors Expansion has a single player campaign involving Attila's conquests. Age of Empires II The Conquerors Expansion (sometimes abbreviated to AoC) is the Expansion pack to the 1999 Real-time strategy game
• Hungarian poet János Arany wrote an epic poem about Attila and his brother Bleda called Buda halála (The Death of King Buda) which is part of a larger work titled A Csaba-trilógia (The Csaba Trilogy). János Arany ( March 2, 1817 &mdash October 22, 1882) was a Hungarian journalist writer poet and translator

Comedic examples

Though not typically associated with light-heartedness, Attila (or his stereotype) has been invoked in a comedic way from time to time:

• Attila is the protagonist of the Italian comedy movie, Attila, flagello di Dio, directed by Castellano and Pipolo, and staring Diego Abatantuono. Diego Abatantuono ( Milan, 20th of May of 1955 is an Italian cinema and theatre actor and screenwriter This 1982 film has become a cult classic, and is a prime example of Italian cinema trash of the 1980s. A cult film is a Film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. It is still very well known among Italy's younger generations.
• The comic strip character Broom-Hilda is supposedly Attila's ex-wife. Broom-Hilda is an American newspaper Comic strip created by Russell Myers.
• Another comic strip, The Wizard of Id, features occasional invasions by The Huns. The Wizard of Id is a daily newspaper Comic strip created by American cartoonists Brant Parker and Johnny Hart.
• In Woody Allen's satirical film Love and Death, Diane Keaton's character justifies a plan to assassinate Napoleon based on this alleged quote by Attila: "Violence is justified in the service of mankind". Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and Love and Death is a 1975 comedy by Woody Allen. Starring Woody Allen and Diane Keaton, Love and Death is a satirical take Diane Keaton (born Diane Hall on January 5 1946 is an Oscar -winning American film Actress, director and producer Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe.
• In "Scrooged" starring Bill Murray, The Ghost of Christmas Past (David Johansen) makes reference to having visited Attila the Hun, who cried like "Niagra Falls" upon seeing his younger mother in vision.
• In Will Cuppy's satirical European history book, The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody, he makes fun of the question of how to pronounce Attila's name: "Attila does not rhyme with vanilla as it used to in my day. William Jacob "Will" Cuppy ( August 23 1884 – September 19 1949) was an American Humorist and literary critic It is believed that, if children can be taught to accent Attila on the first syllable, things may take a turn for the better. "
• Episode 20 of Monty Python's Flying Circus is titled "The Attila the Hun Show", featuring Attila and his family as sitcom characters, as well as parody characters Attila the Nun and Attila the Bun. This is a list of all 45 episodes from the television series Monty Python's Flying Circus: Series 1 (Oct Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) is the collective name of the six creators of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British Television
• In Shawn Levy's children's film Night at the Museum, a wax mannequin of Attila at the Museum of Natural History, along with everything else in the museum, is brought to life on a nightly basis via an ancient Egyptian curse and acts as an enemy though eventually a friend to the protagonist; a museum night-watchman. Shawn Adam Levy (born 1968 is a Canadian - American director and Actor. Night at the Museum is a 2006 American Adventure Comedy film. The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most He is incorrectly depicted in the film as being East Asian. His destructiveness as an adult is attributed to a heartbreaking experience he had as a child.
• In the movie The Return of the Pink Panther, the Chief Inspector Dreyfus (Herbert Lom) quotes, "Compared to [Inspector] Clouseau (Peter Sellers), Attila the Hun was a Red Cross volunteer. The Return of the Pink Panther is the fourth film in the Pink Panther series released in. Herbert Lom IPA {{IPA|ɦɛrbɛrd lom}} (b 11 September 1917) is a Czech British international Film actor Richard Henry Sellers, CBE, commonly known as Peter Sellers ( 8 September 1925 &ndash 24 July 1980) was a British The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated "
• In an episode of the early 1960s sitcom The Dick Van Dyke Show, the character Rob Petrie belts out a ditty called "I'm In Love With Attila the Hun" which he co-wrote with an old army buddy. The Dick Van Dyke Show is an American television Situation comedy which initially aired on CBS from October 3, 1961 to In a 1967 episode of That Girl titled "Author, Author", Ann's fiance, the character of Donald Hollinger, sings and claims credit to the exact same tune. That Girl is an American Television Situation comedy that ran on ABC from 1966 to 1971. The song was also used in an episode of Good Morning World. Good Morning World is a Satirical Television show posing as a fictional Morning show called "Good Morning World"
• Margaret Thatcher was widely nicknamed 'Attila the Hen' when she was British Prime Minister
• Attila shared his name in a TMNT episode Invasion Of The Punk Frogs with one of the frogs Shredder found and trained. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom He carries a flail.

Literature

• Babcock, Michael A. (2005) The Night Attila Died: Solving the Murder of Attila the Hun (Berkley Publishing Group, ISBN 0-425-20272-0)
• Blockley, R. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. C. (1983) The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire, vol. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) II (ISBN 0-905205-15-4). This is a collection of fragments from Priscus, Olympiodorus, and others, with original text and translation.
• Gordon, C. D. (1960) The Age of Attila: Fifth-century Byzantium and the Barbarians (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0472061119). Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This is a translated collection, with commentary and annotation, of ancient writings on the subject, including Priscus.
• Heather, Peter (2005) The Fall of the Roman Empire—A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195159543)
• Howarth, Patrick (1994) Attila, King of the Huns: The Man and the Myth (ISBN 0786709308). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)
• Maenchen-Helfen, J. Otto (1973) The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture (Berkeley, University of California Press, ISBN 0520015967)
• Man, John (2005) Attila: A Barbarian King and the Fall of Rome (Bantam Press, ISBN 0-593-05291-9)
• Thompson, E. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A. (1948) A History of Attila and the Huns (London, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0837176409). Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This is the authoritative English work on the subject. It was reprinted in 1999 as The Huns in the Peoples of Europe series (ISBN 0-631-21443-7). Thompson did not enter controversies over Hunnic origins and considers his victories to have been achieved only when there was no concerted opposition.

Historical Fiction based on Attila the Hun

• Napier, William, The Attila Trilogy:
  • Attila (Orion Books Ltd, 2005) ISBN 0-7528-7787-9)
  • The Gathering of the Storm (Orion Books Ltd, 2007) ISBN 978-0-75287-433-3)
  • Date of publishing of the third book in the trilogy unknown. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Musical References

• Heavy Metal band Iced Earth put a song named "Attila" on their album The Glorious Burden. Rugila also referred to as Ruhas, Ruga and Rua ( ΄Ρούγας, ΄Ροϋνας, ΄Ρωίλας See also Northern Chanyu This article is about the brother of Attila the Hun. For the Bulbul Genus, see Bleda (bird. Ellac was the oldest son and successor of Atilla the Hun in the Hunnic Empire. Iced Earth is an American heavy metal band from Tampa, Florida that combines influences from Thrash metal, Power metal, The Glorious Burden is the seventh Studio album by the American heavy metal band Iced Earth. The song tells of Attila's rein as ruler.

• The black metal band Dimmu Borgir made a song praising Attila called "Hunnerkongens Sorgsvarte Ferd Over Steppene," "The King of the Huns' Sorrowful Black Journey over the Steppes. Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal. It often employs fast tempos shrieked vocals highly distorted guitars played with Tremolo picking, Dimmu Borgir (ˌdɪmuːˈbɔːrɡɪr is a Symphonic black metal band from Norway. "

The British Heavy Metal band Saxon wrote a song called "Attila the Hun" which was included on their 2006 album, "The Inner Sanctum. "

References

Primary sources

• Priscus: Byzantine History, available in the original Greek in Ludwig Dindorf : Historici Graeci Minores (Leipzig, Teubner, 1870) and available online as a translation by J.B. Bury: Priscus at the court of Attila
• Jordanes: The Origin and Deeds of the Goths

Notes