An attack helicopter is a military helicopter armed for attacking targets on the ground such as enemy infantry, armored vehicles and structures, using autocannon and machine-gun fire, rockets, and precision guided missiles such as the Hellfire. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The German Army (Deutsches Heer heɐ) is the land component of the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a self-propelled explosive Projectile used as a weapon towards a target The AGM-114 Hellfire is a multi-platform multi-target United States modular Missile system Many attack helicopters are also capable of carrying air to air missiles, though mostly for purposes of self-defense. An air-to-air missile ( AAM) is a guided Missile fired from an Aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft Today's attack helicopter has two main roles: first, to provide direct and accurate close air support for ground troops, and the second, in the anti tank role to destroy enemy armor concentrations. In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to Anti-tank refers to any method of combating military Armored fighting vehicles notably Tanks The most common anti-tank systems Attack helicopters are also used to supplement lighter helicopters in the armed scout role.

Contents 1 History 2 Modern attack helicopter 2.1 Lessons learned about limitations of independent attack helicopters 2.2 Special operations variants 3 Models 4 See also 5 References

History

Weapons fire delivered by helicopter began informally in the Korean War, and evolved through the Algerian and early Vietnam Wars, in the form of armed helicopters: general-purpose military helicopters that were modified to carry various weapons. In the Vietnam War, the first purpose-built attack helicopter, in the form of the AH-1 Cobra appeared, intended for close air support. For an overview of the whole Huey family of aircraft see Bell Huey WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to After Vietnam, and especially into the 1990s, US Army, and some Soviet, attack helicopters became more and more optimized for the antitank mission^[1]. The US Marine Corps continued to see the helicopter, as well as its fixed-wing aviation assets, in the close support role, although the Marines did dedicate a close-support helicopter in the form of the AH-1 Cobra and AH-1 Super Cobra. For an overview of the whole Huey family of aircraft see Bell Huey WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. For an overview of the whole Huey family of aircraft see Bell Huey WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Soviet helicopters, however, retained troop transport capability than being attack-only.

While helicopters were effective tank-killers in the Middle East, attack helicopters are being seen more in a multipurpose role. Tactics, such as tank plinking, showed that fixed-wing aircraft could be effective against tanks, but helicopters retained a unique low-altitude, low-speed capability for close air support. Tank Plinking is a term that was given by pilots during the Gulf War to the practice of using guided munitions to destroy Artillery, Armored personnel Other purpose-built helicopters were developed for special operations missions, including the MH-6 for extremely close support. In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance The MH-6 Little Bird, and its attack variant the AH-6, is a single-engine light helicopter used for Special operations aviation

The "deep attack" role of independently operating attack helicopters came into question after a failed mission, during the 2003 Gulf War attack on the Karbala Gap ^[2]. This is the timeline of the 2003 Iraq war, principally the military actions and consequences of the US-led invasion. A second mission in the same area, four days later, but coordinated with artillery and fixed-wing aircraft, ^[3] was far more successful with minimal losses.

Modern attack helicopter

During the late 1970s the U.S. Army saw the need of more sophistication within the attack helicopter corps, allowing them to operate in all weather conditions. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. With that the Advanced Attack Helicopter program was started. From this program the Hughes YAH-64 came out as the winner. The Russians, watching US aircraft development, saw the need of a more advanced helicopter also. Military officials asked Kamov and Mil to submit designs. Nikolai Il'yich Kamov started building his first rotor-winged aircraft in 1929 together with N Mil Helicopters (Миль is the short name of the Soviet Russian Helicopter producer Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant (Московский вертолетный завод The Ka-50 officially won the competition, but Mil decided to continue development of the Mi-28 that they had originally submitted. "Black Shark" redirects here For the species of fish see Kitefin shark. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

The 1990's could be seen as the coming-of-age for the U. S. attack helicopter. The AH-64 Apache was used extensively during Operation Desert Storm with great success. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Apaches fired the first shots of the war, destroying enemy early warning radar and SAM sites with their Hellfire missiles. An early warning radar is any Radar system used primarily for the long-range detection of its targets A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft The AGM-114 Hellfire is a multi-platform multi-target United States modular Missile system They were later used successfully in both of their operational roles, to direct attack against enemy armor and as aerial artillery in support of ground troops. Hellfire missile and cannon attacks by Apache helicopters destroyed many enemy tanks and armored cars.

Today, the attack helicopter has been further refined, and the AH-64D Apache Longbow demonstrates many of the advanced technologies being considered for deployment on future gunships. The Russians are currently deploying the Ka-50, and Mi-28, who are roughly equivalent though these attack aircraft are not linked into a command and control system at a level which is quite comparable to current U. S. equipment. The Russian helicopters, however, are faster and more agile, in aerodynamic performance. Many students of ground attack helicopter warfare feel that linking into a network is a requirement of today's modern armies, since attack helicopters are being increasingly incorporated as part of a linked support element system by most of the armies of the world.

Lessons learned about limitations of independent attack helicopters

Perhaps one of the best things learned about the abortive raid on Iraqi tanks in Karbala, Iraq, was that the AH-64 is, indeed, highly survivable even when damaged. Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at One of the worst things learned is that attack helicopters, without coordinated SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defense), cannot penetrate an alerted defense. SEAD (pronounced see-add or seed or Suppression of Enemy Air Defences, also known as " Wild Weasels quot and "Iron Hand" operations in the USA are

On March 24, 2003, US V Corps launched a raid, by 32 Apache helicopters, against Medina Division armor in Karbala, with an attack plan that would fly through the Karbala area. V Corps may refer to V Corps (United Kingdom V Corps (Bosnia and Herzegovina V Corps (ACW, an American Civil Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at "Army officials now believe that the aviation assembly areas the Army established in the Iraqi desert had been under surveillance by enemy observers, who noticed battle preparations on the night of the 24th. " The corps commander told reporters that post-strike analysis revealed that the Iraqi observers had alerted the defense using cellular telephones. ^[4][2]

As they approached, the power grid in Karbala was shut off, and the night went dark. The Apaches were taken under heavy antiaircraft fire. One was shot down (with the crew recovered), and enough of the others were damaged such that the raid was aborted.

Two days later, the Army again used Apaches to carry out another nighttime deep attack. Tactics used, however, were quite different than those on March 24. ^[3] The damage done, "The results of the attack were respectable, if not spectacular: seven Iraqi air defense guns destroyed, along with three artillery systems, five radars, and 25 vehicles or other weapons systems. Not one Apache was shot down. Shortly afterward, the 3rd Infantry Division slashed through the Medina on its way toward Baghdad. "^[4]

On March 26, other systems supported the attack, beginning with a four-minute artillery bombardment to distract the gunners. As the helicopters moved through the Najaf area, the lights again went off, and the intensity of antiaircraft fire increased as they approached the target.

Two different things were done. "The Apaches fired back on the move—rather than using the Army’s typical tactic of hovering over the battlefield. That made them harder to hit from the ground but reduced their accuracy. " Also, fixed-wing fighters protected the Apaches' flanks and suppressed more air defense. As the helicopters moved in, they radioed the locations of air defense targets to the fighters. ^[4]

The March 24 raid is still being analyzed, with Air Force officers suggesting that the AH-64 alone is simply not effective for deep attack without support from conventional aircraft. Other analysts think this mission was poorly planned and the Iraqis had good intelligence on their route of attack. Nevertheless, the Apache mission generally changed from deep attack to direct support of troops.

Special operations variants

In the last 20 years USSOCOM has been developing the armed special forces gunship, using the MH-60. The United States Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM or SOCOM) is the Unified Combatant Command charged with overseeing the various Special Operations WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout These helicopters are to be used as an attack element with Special Operators to do the clean up, or to deliver the operators and support them on the ground. They were used successfully (to the chagrin of CINC CENTCOM) during the Scud Hunt.

Other Army Special Operations include the MH-6 and AH-6 "Little Birds". The MH-6 Little Bird, and its attack variant the AH-6, is a single-engine light helicopter used for Special operations aviation The MH-6 Little Bird, and its attack variant the AH-6, is a single-engine light helicopter used for Special operations aviation The MH-6 carries special operators on benches outside the helicopters, from which they can move quickly. The AH-6 is for close-in fire support. The MH-47 medium helicopter has been used to carry special operators using long-wheelbase Land Rovers and other vehicles in and out of an area of operations. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

For longer-range special operations, the Air Force operates the MH-53 Pave Low helicopter, which has extensive avionics for navigation, flying at very low altitude, and electronic warfare. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Avionics means "aviation electronics" It comprises electronic systems for use on aircraft artificial satellites and spacecraft comprising Communications It can also be refueled in midair.

Models

Modern examples include:

• AH-1 Cobra
  • AH-1 SuperCobra
  • AH-1Z Viper
• Mil Mi-24
• AH-64 Apache
  • Westland WAH-64 Apache
• Agusta A129 Mangusta
• Eurocopter Tiger
• Mil Mi-28 Havoc
• Kamov Ka-50
  • Kamov Ka-52 Alligator
• Denel AH-2 Rooivalk
• HAL Light Combat Helicopter
• CAIC WZ-10
• Kawasaki OH-1
• AH-6 Little Bird

See also

• Armed helicopter
• Army aviation

References

Further readingUncited References===

• Duke, R. A. , Helicopter Operations in Algeria [Trans. French], Dept. of the Army (1959)
• France, Operations Research Group, Report of the Operations Research Mission on H-21 Helicopter (1957)
• Leuliette, Pierre, St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper, New York:Houghton Mifflin (1964)
• Riley, David, French Helicopter Operations in Algeria Marine Corps Gazette, February 1958, pp. 21-26.
• Shrader, Charles R. The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962 Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers (1999)
• Spenser, Jay P. , Whirlybirds: A History of the U. S. Helicopter Pioneers, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press (1998)

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