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In political campaigns, an attack ad is an advertisement whose message is meant as an attack against another candidate or political party. A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Campaign finance refers to the means by which money is raised for election campaigns. Grassroots fundraising is a method of Fundraising used by or for political candidates which has grown in popularity with the emergence of the Internet and its In the past Political campaigns were conducted using traditional methods of personal contact such as Television and Radio media purchasing print advertising and " Opposition Research " is episode 121 of The West Wing. Political consulting, beyond the self-evident definition of consulting in political matters refers to a specific Management consulting industry which has grown up around In Politics, campaign advertising is the use of paid media (newspapers radio television etc Canvassing is the systematic initiation of direct contact with a target group of individuals commonly used during Political campaigns A campaign team (and during Elections An election promise is a Promise made to the public by a Politician who is trying to win an Election. " Get out the vote," sometimes " GOTV," is a term used to describe two categories of political activity both aimed at increasing the number of votes cast Lawn signs (also known as yard signs) are used in Election campaigns in some countries Negative campaigning is trying to win an advantage by referring to negative aspects of an opponent or of a policy rather than emphasizing one's own positive attributes or preferred Fear mongering (or scaremongering) is the use of Fear to leverage the opinions and actions of others towards some end A push poll is a Political campaign technique in which an individual or organization attempts to influence or alter the view of respondents under the guise of conducting a A smear campaign, smear tactic or simply smear is a Metaphor for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with Voter suppression is a form of Electoral fraud and refers to the use of governmental power political campaign strategy and private resources aimed at suppressing (i A candidate is the prospective recipient of an Award or honor or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position for example to be elected In Representative democracies, Electoral campaigns larger than a few individuals generally include a campaign manager, either Paid or Volunteer The staff of Political campaigns are the people who formulate and implement the Strategy needed to win an election A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand A message in its most general meaning is an object of Communication. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral Attack ads often form part of negative campaigning or smear campaigns, and in large or well-financed campaigns, may be disseminated via mass media. Negative campaigning is trying to win an advantage by referring to negative aspects of an opponent or of a policy rather than emphasizing one's own positive attributes or preferred A smear campaign, smear tactic or simply smear is a Metaphor for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press"
An attack ad will generally criticize an opponent's political platform, usually by pointing out its faults and contrasting them against its own platform. A party platform, also known as a Manifesto, is a list of the principles which a Political party supports in order to appeal to the general public for the purpose Statements in the ad may or may not be true. The ad does not have to be false to be an attack. Often the ad will simply make use of innuendo, based on opposition research. " Opposition Research " is episode 121 of The West Wing. Televised attack ads rose to prominence in the United States in the 1960s, and their use has gradually spread to other democratic countries since then, notably in Canada (see below). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
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Examples
One of the earliest and most famous television attack ads, known as Daisy Girl, was used by Lyndon Johnson against Barry Goldwater. " Daisy," sometimes known as " Daisy Girl " or " Peace Little Girl," was a controversial campaign Television advertisement The ad opened with a young girl innocently picking petals from a daisy, while a man's voice (which may have had somewhat of a 'southwestern' accent similar to Goldwater's) performed a countdown to zero. It then zoomed in to an extreme close up to her eye, then cut to an image of a nuclear explosion. A nuclear explosion occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from an intentionally high-speed Nuclear reaction. The ad was shocking and disturbing, but also very effective. It convinced many that Goldwater's more aggressive approach to fighting the Cold War could result in a nuclear conflict. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the
Attack ads were used with great success by the campaign of George H.W. Bush against Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis in the 1988 presidential campaign. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Michael Stanley Dukakis (born November 3, 1933) is an American Democratic politician former Governor of Massachusetts, and was the Democratic Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The two most famous were the "Willie Horton" ad and an ad which ridiculed Dukakis with visuals of him looking foolish while riding in a tank. William R Horton (born August 12, 1951 in Chesterfield, South Carolina) is a convicted Felon who was the subject of a Massachusetts The Willie Horton Ad was especially notable for how controversial it was. The ad begins with a simple statement of Vice President Bush's support of the death penalty. Then it starts describing the case of Willie Horton who was a black man that was convicted of murder. The ad continues to explain that Dukakis's prison furlough program (unsupervised weekend passes from prison) released Horton 10 times and on one of those furloughs, he kidnapped a young couple, stabbed the boy and "repeatedly" raped the girl. Then the ad ends with this line "Weekend prison passes. Dukakis on crime. "
In 2007, the UK's first American-style attack adverts were launched by political TV station 18 Doughty Street. 18 Doughty Street was a British political internet-based broadcaster that hosted a Webcast as its chief product The first advert attacked the UK government on tax, the second attacked all three parties on state funding of political parties while the third ad was an attack against the Mayor of London Ken Livingstone. The Mayor of London is an elected politician who along with the London Assembly of 25 members is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London (see Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945 is a British Socialist Politician.
The 2006 Mexican elections, likewise, were plagued with attack ads. For other elections in Mexico during 2006 see 2006 Mexican elections For election disputes and controversies see Mexican general election 2006 The first of them were ads against Andrés Manuel López Obrador by the conservative PAN, claiming his "populistic" proposals would drive Mexico to bankruptcy and crisis; the effect was notorious in a country that already endured almost 15 years of continuous economical crisis. Andrés Manuel López Obrador, (born November 13, 1953) is a Mexican politician who held the position of Head of Government of the Federal District The National Action Party ( Spanish Partido Acción Nacional) known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian democratic On the other hand, the PRD answered back with a round of attack ads against the current president Felipe Calderón, claiming that he was also indirectly guilty for causing the 1995 crisis; since Calderón was promoting himself as "the president of employment", the ads closed with the tagline "dirty hands, zero employments". The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. This article is about the current president of Mexico For the Filipino politician and historical figure see Felipe Calderón y Roca. After it was revealed that Felipe Calderón was illegally patronizing his brother-in-law Hildebrando Zavala, the tagline was changed to "dirty hands, one employment for his brother-in-law". Attack ads don't have to be purely for campaign purposes: there was also an attack ad by the PAN, aired shortly before abortion was declared legal in the capital, in which a woman was sentenced to forceful abortion, in a scenario reminiscent of nowadays China. An China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
Effectiveness
Some believe that attack ads are useful in shaping public opinion. That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one I think denies This may be the result of the appeal to emotion which attack ads often represent. Appeal to emotion is a Fallacy which uses the manipulation of the recipient's emotions rather than valid logic to win an argument However, an attack ad may fail in its intended purpose and backfire against the group which used it. If an ad is seen as going too far or being too personal the voters will turn against the party that put out the ad. One example of an attack ad backfiring was during the 1993 federal election in Canada when the Progressive Conservative Party attacked Liberal Party leader Jean Chrétien by appearing to many to implicitly mock his Bell's Palsy partial facial paralysis. The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime During the 1993 Canadian federal election, the Progressive Conservative Party had an Attack ad broadcast on television against Liberal leader Outrage followed, and the PC Party was hurt badly in the polls. Similar backlash happened to the Liberal Party of Canada in the 2006 federal election for running an attack ad that suggested that Conservative leader Stephen Harper would use Canadian soldiers to brutalize Canadian citizens who resided in cities, and impose some kind of martial law. The ad was quickly pulled, but its effect was to diminish the believability of the Party's other attack ads. It offended many Canadians particularly the military, some of who were fighting in Afghanistan at the time. The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, (See also 2006 Harper attack ads. In the 2006 federal election in Canada, the Liberal Party of Canada used attack ads against Conservative Party of Canada )
Campaigns often establish or support front groups to run attack ads to deflect the criticism that comes from running them. A front organization is any entity set up by and controlled by another organization such as intelligence agencies, Organized crime groups banned organizations religious
In the United States, researchers have consistently found that negative advertising has positive effects. According to Finkel and Greer (1998), negative advertising “is likely to stimulate voters by increasing the degree to which they care about the election’s outcome or by increasing ties to their party’s nominee. ” This is an important feature of negative campaign advertising because it can solidify a candidate's support going into an election. The finding was repeated by Ken Goldstein and Paul Freedman (2002), who found that negative campaign ads raise interest in the election as well as raise the perceived importance of the election, which increases voter turnout. Negative advertising, then, can be very beneficial to a candidate during a campaign to not only win votes but also get out the vote .
Negative advertising can also be used to demobilize voters. Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar (1995) found that negative campaign advertising appeals only to partisans. They go on to say that negative advertising actually alienates independents and demobilizes them as voters, which causes elections to be fought among the partisan extremes. This makes sense since it removes the independents as a voting bloc to be concerned about and allows the candidates to stick to the party line.
See also
Sources
- Finkel, S. An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem ( Latin: "argument to the man" "argument against the man" ; Geer, J. (1998) A Spot Check: Casting Doubt on the Demobilizing Effect of Attack Advertising. American Journal of Political Science, 42(2), 573-595.
- Freedman, P. ; Goldstein, K. (2002) Campaign Advertising and Voter Turnout: New Evidence for a Stimulation Effect. The Journal of Politics, 64(3), 721-740.
- Ansolabehere, S. ; Iyengar, S. (1995) Going negative: How attack ads shrink and polarize the electorate. New York: Free Press.
Dictionary
attack ad
-noun
- (politics) In political campaigns, an advertisement whose message is meant to attack against another candidate or political party in a given election.
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