Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. Atrophy was a Thrash metal band formed in Tucson Arizona, USA by Chris Lykins James Gulotta and Brian Zimmerman Wasting could also mean unefficient and/or uneffective consumption. With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual Causes of atrophy include poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument Hormonal and nerve inputs that maintain an organ or body part are referred to as trophic.
Atrophy is a general physiological process of reabsorption and breakdown of tissues, involving apoptosis on a cellular level. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called When it occurs as a result of disease or loss of trophic support due to other disease, it is termed pathological atrophy, although it can be a part of normal body development and homeostasis as well. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit
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Atrophy examples
In normal development
Examples of atrophy as part of normal development include shrinkage and involution of the thymus in early childhood and the tonsils in adolescence. In Human anatomy, the thymus is an organ located in the upper Anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the Sternum. For the structure in the Cerebellum, see Cerebellar tonsil. The tonsils are areas
Breast atrophies
Atrophy of the breasts can occur with prolonged estrogen reduction, as with anorexia nervosa or menopause. The breast is the upper Ventral region of an animal’s Torso, particularly that of Mammals including Human beings. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric Diagnosis that describes an Eating disorder characterized by low Body weight and Body image distortion Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan Atrophy of the testes occurs with prolonged use of enough exogenous sex steroid (either androgen or estrogen) to reduce gonadotropin secretion. Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are Steroid hormones that interact with Vertebrate Androgen or Estrogen receptors Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Gonadotropins are Protein Hormones secreted by Gonadotrope cells of the Pituitary gland of Vertebrates Gonadotropin is sometimes The adrenal glands atrophy during prolonged use of exogenous glucocorticoids like prednisone. In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their Glucocorticoids (GC are a class of Steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR) and trigger similar effects Prednisone is a synthetic Corticosteroid drug that is usually taken orally but can be delivered by Intramuscular injection and can be used for a great number
Muscle atrophies
Disuse atrophy of muscles (muscle atrophy) and bones, with loss of mass and strength, can occur after prolonged immobility, such as extended bedrest, or having a body part in a cast (living in darkness for the eye, bedridden for the legs etc. Muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in the mass of the muscle it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in the mass of the muscle it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce Bedrest as a medical treatment refers to staying in bed day and night as a treatment for an Illness or medical condition especially when prescribed or chosen rather ). This type of atrophy can usually be reversed with exercise unless severe. Astronauts must exercise regularly to minimize atrophy of their limb muscles while they are in microgravity.
There are many diseases and conditions which cause atrophy of muscle mass. For example diseases such as cancer and AIDS induce a body wasting syndrome called "cachexia", which is notable for the severe muscle atrophy seen. Cachexia (kəˈkɛksiə is loss of weight, Muscle atrophy, fatigue weakness and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to Muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in the mass of the muscle it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle Other syndromes or conditions which can induce skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart failure and liver disease. Muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in the mass of the muscle it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply
During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass. This condition is called "sarcopenia", and may be distinct from atrophy in its pathophysiology. Sarcopenia (from the Greek meaning "poverty of flesh" is the degenerative loss of Skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with Senescence. While the exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, it may be induced by a combination of a gradual failure in the "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival. Satellite cells are small mononuclear Progenitor cells with virtually no Cytoplasm found in mature Muscle. [1]
Dystrophies, myosities, and motor neuron conditions
Pathologic atrophy of muscles can occur due to diseases of the motor nerves, or due to diseases of the muscle tissue itself. Examples of atrophying nerve diseases include CMT (Charcot Marie Tooth syndrome) poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease), and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS, sometimes called Maladie de Charcot, or in the United States Lou Gehrig's Disease) is a progressive Guillain-Barré syndrome ( GBS) (in French ɡilɛ̃ baˈʁe in English ˈɡiːlæn ˈbɑreɪ /ɡiːˈæn bəˈreɪ/ etc Examples of atrophying muscle diseases include muscular dystrophy, myotonia congenita, and myotonic dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy (MD refers to a group of genetic, Hereditary Muscle diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness Myotonia congenita is a genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles Myotonic dystrophy (DM is a chronic, slowly progressing highly variable inherited multisystemic Disease that can manifest at any age from birth to old age
Vaginal atrophies
In post-menopausal women, the walls of the vagina atrophy and become thinner. The mechanism for the age-related condition is not yet clear, though there are theories that the effect is caused by decreases in estrogen levels. [2]
Research
It has been reported that Astemizole might prevent 97% of the muscle wasting that occurs in immobile, bedridden patients. Astemizole (marketed under the brand name Hismanal) is a second generation Antihistamine drug which has a long duration of action [3] Testing upon mice showed that it blocked the activity of a protein present in the muscle that is involved in muscle atrophy. [4] However the concerns for the drug's longterm effects on the heart preclude its routine use in humans for this indication and further alternative drugs are being sought. [3]
See also
References
- ^ Campellone, Joseph V. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy ( OPCA) is a term used to define neuronal degeneration in the Cerebellum, Pontine nuclei, and Inferior olivary nucleus Optic atrophy is the loss of some or most of the fibers of the Optic nerve. Spinal Muscular Atrophy ( SMA) is a term applied to a number of different disorders all having in common a genetic cause and the manifestation of weakness due to loss Testicular atrophy is a medical condition in which the Male Reproductive organs (the Testes, which in humans are located in the Scrotum (2007-05-22). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Muscle atrophy (html) (english). MedlinePlus. MedlinePlus, with the MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, is a website network containing Health information from the world's largest medical Library Retrieved on 2007-10-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule
- ^ Types of Atrophy (html) (english). Retrieved on 2007-10-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule
- ^ a b "Drug could stop muscle wasting'", NetDoctor. co. uk, 25 May,2006. Retrieved on 2006-05-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
- ^ Wang X, Hockerman GH, Green Iii HW, Babbs CF, Mohammad SI, Gerrard D, Latour MA, London B, Hannon KM, Pond AL (May24 2006). "Merg1a K+ channel induces skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the ubiquitin proteasome pathway". FASEB J 20: 1531. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16723379.
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