Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. The ionic radius, r ion is a measure of the size of an Ion in a Crystal lattice. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly A physical Quantity is a physical property that can be quantified [1] The value assigned to the radius of a particular atom will always depend on the definition chosen for "atomic radius", and different definitions are more appropriate for different situations. Remote Authentication Dial In User Service ( RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized access authorization and accounting management for people or computers History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny
The term "atomic radius" itself is problematic: it may be restricted to the size of free atoms, or it may be used as a general term for the different measures of the size of atoms, both bound in molecules and free. In the latter case, which is the approach adopted here, it should also include ionic radius, as the distinction between covalent and ionic bonding is itself somewhat arbitrary. An ionic bond (or electrovalent bond) is a type of Chemical bond that can often form between Metal and Non-metal Ions (or [2]
The atomic radius is determined entirely by the electrons: The size of the atomic nucleus is measured in femtometres, 100,000 times smaller than the cloud of electrons. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J The nucleus of an Atom is the very dense region consisting of Nucleons ( Protons and Neutrons, at the center of an atom The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Electron cloud is a term used if not originally coined by the Nobel Prize laureate and acclaimed educator Richard Feynman in The Feynman Lectures on Physics However the electrons do not have definite positions—although they are more likely to be in certain regions than others—and the electron cloud does not have a sharp edge.
Despite (or maybe because of) these difficulties, many different attempts have been made to quantify the size of atoms (and ions), based both on experimental measurements and calculation methods. It is undeniable that atoms do behave as if they were spheres with a radius of 30–300 pm, that atomic size varies in a predictable and explicable manner across the periodic table and that this variation has important consequences for the chemistry of the elements. A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus.
Contents |
Periodic trends in atomic radius
Atomic radius tends to increase as one proceeds down any group of the periodic table. This satisfies simple intuition: atoms with more electrons have larger radii. However as one proceeds across any row of the periodic table, a deeper intuition is required: atoms with more numerous electrons exhibit decreasing radius. This contraction results from the increasing number of protons in the nucleus. Protons make little contribution to the size of the atom, but they increase the positive charge of the nucleus, which draws the electrons into tighter orbitals.
| factor | principle | increase with. . . | tend to | effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| electron shells | quantum mechanics | Principal Quantum Number, Azimuthal Quantum Number | atomic radius↑ | increase on descending a group |
| nuclear charge | attractive force acting on electrons by protons in nucleus | atomic number | atomic radius↓ | decrease on passing along a period |
| shielding | repulsive force acting on outermost shell electrons by inner electrons | number of electron shells | atomic radius↑ | reduce the effect of the 2nd factor |
The increasing nuclear charge is partly counterbalanced by the increasing number of electrons in a phenomenon that is known as shielding, which is why the size of atoms usually increases as a group is descended. The shielding effect describes the decrease in attraction between an Electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than one electron shell However, there are two occasions where shielding is less effective: in these cases, the atoms are smaller than would otherwise be expected.
Lanthanide contraction
The electrons in the 4f-subshell, which is progressively filled from cerium (Z = 58) to lutetium (Z = 71), are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub-shells further out. Lanthanide contraction is a term used in Chemistry to describe different but closely related concepts associated with smaller than expected ionic radii of the Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii which are smaller than would be expected and which are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium [3] Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius (and chemistry) as zirconium, and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium, and so forth. Hafnium (ˈhæfniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Hf and Atomic number 72 Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Tantalum (ˈtæntələm (formerly tantalium /tænˈtæliəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Ta and Atomic number 73 Niobium (naɪˈoʊbiəm or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Nb and Atomic number 41 The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum (Z = 78), after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 The term inert pair effect is often used in relation to the increasing stability of oxidation states that are 2 less than the group valency for the heavier elements of groups 13
d-Block contraction
The d-block contraction is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause. d-block contraction (sometimes called scandide contraction) is a term used in chemistry to describe the effect of having full d orbitals on the period 4 elements In this case, it is the poor shielding capacity of the 3d-electrons which affects the atomic radii and chemistries of the elements immediately following the first row of the transition metals, from gallium (Z = 31) to bromine (Z = 35). In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 [3]
Empirically measured atomic radius
Empirically measured atomic radius in picometres (pm) to an accuracy of about 5 pm
| Group (vertical) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
| Period (horizontal) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | H 25 |
He |
|||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Li 145 |
Be 105 |
B 85 |
C 70 |
N 65 |
O 60 |
F 50 |
Ne |
|||||||||||
| 3 | Na 180 |
Mg 150 |
Al 125 |
Si 110 |
P 100 |
S 100 |
Cl 100 |
Ar 71 |
|||||||||||
| 4 | K 220 |
Ca 180 |
Sc 160 |
Ti 140 |
V 135 |
Cr 140 |
Mn 140 |
Fe 140 |
Co 135 |
Ni 135 |
Cu 135 |
Zn 135 |
Ga 130 |
Ge 125 |
As 115 |
Se 115 |
Br 115 |
Kr |
|
| 5 | Rb 235 |
Sr 200 |
Y 180 |
Zr 155 |
Nb 145 |
Mo 145 |
Tc 135 |
Ru 130 |
Rh 135 |
Pd 140 |
Ag 160 |
Cd 155 |
In 155 |
Sn 145 |
Sb 145 |
Te 140 |
I 140 |
Xe |
|
| 6 | Cs 260 |
Ba 215 |
* |
Hf 155 |
Ta 145 |
W 135 |
Re 135 |
Os 130 |
Ir 135 |
Pt 135 |
Au 135 |
Hg 150 |
Tl 190 |
Pb 180 |
Bi 160 |
Po 190 |
At |
Rn |
|
| 7 | Fr |
Ra 215 |
** |
Rf |
Db |
Sg |
Bh |
Hs |
Mt |
Ds |
Rg |
Uub |
Uut |
Uuq |
Uup |
Uuh |
Uus |
Uuo |
|
| Lanthanides | * |
La 195 |
Ce 185 |
Pr 185 |
Nd 185 |
Pm 185 |
Sm 185 |
Eu 185 |
Gd 180 |
Tb 175 |
Dy 175 |
Ho 175 |
Er 175 |
Tm 175 |
Yb 175 |
Lu 175 |
|||
| Actinides | ** |
Ac 195 |
Th 180 |
Pa 180 |
U 175 |
Np 175 |
Pu 175 |
Am 175 |
Cm |
Bk |
Cf |
Es |
Fm |
Md |
No |
Lr |
|||
Reference: Bob Jones, J. Chemical elements data references Atomic radii Note All measurements given are in Picometres (pm A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling Biological occurrences Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems it has no known role in living organisms and when encountered Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block Biological occurances The group 4 elements are not known to be involved in the biological chemistry of any living systems Biological occurrences Of the group 5 elements only vanadium has been identified as playing a role in the biological chemistry of living systems it is involved in some of the Biological occurrences Group 6 is notable in that it contains some of the only elements in periods 5 and 6 with a known role in the biological chemistry of living organisms molybdenum See also "Group 8" redirects here For the Swedish organization see Group 8 (Sweden. Applications Alloys with other metals primarially to add corrosion and wear resistance Industrial Catalysts Superalloys Electrical Properties Group ten metals are white to light grey in color and possess a high Luster, a resistance to tarnish( Oxidation) at STP, are highly See also See also History Carbon, Tin, and Lead, are a few of the elements well known in the ancient world - together with Sulfur, Iron, See also Gold chalcogenides Periodic table Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions History Noble gas is translated from the German noun de ''Edelgas'' first used in 1898 by Hugo Erdmann to indicate their extremely low level of reactivity In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A period 1 element is one of the Chemical elements in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical A period 2 element is one of the Chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Boron (ˈbɔərɒn is a Chemical element with Atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 A period 3 element is one of the Chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 WikipediaNaming Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Scandium (ˈskændiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Sc and Atomic number 21 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Selenium (səˈliniəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic number 34 represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78 Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Rubidium (ruːˈbɪdiəm /rəˈbɪdiəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Rb and Atomic number 37 Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Niobium (naɪˈoʊbiəm or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Nb and Atomic number 41 Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo Technetium (tɛkˈniːʃɪəm is the lightest Chemical element with no Stable isotope. Ruthenium (ruːˈθiːniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ru and Atomic number 44 Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Indium (ˈɪndiəm is a Chemical element with chemical symbol In and Atomic number 49 Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Tellurium (tɪˈlʊəriəm/ /tɛl- is a Chemical element that has the symbol Te and Atomic number 52 Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56 Hafnium (ˈhæfniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Hf and Atomic number 72 Tantalum (ˈtæntələm (formerly tantalium /tænˈtæliəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Ta and Atomic number 73 Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Rhenium (ˈriːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Re and Atomic number 75 Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Bismuth (ˈbɪzməθ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Bi and Atomic number 83 Polonium (pəˈloʊniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Po and Atomic number 84 discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie Astatine (ˈæstətiːn is a Radioactive Chemical element with the symbol At and Atomic number 85 Radon (ˈreɪdɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Rn and Atomic number 86 A period 7 element is one of the Chemical elements in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Francium (ˈfrænsiəm formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K, is a Chemical element that has the symbol Fr and Radium (ˈreɪdiəm is a radioactive Chemical element which has the symbol Ra and Atomic number 88 Rutherfordium (ˌrʌðɚˈfɔrdiəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Rf and Atomic number 104 Dubnium (ˈduːbniəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Db and Atomic number 105 Seaborgium (siːˈbɔrgiəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Sg and Atomic number 106 Image of Seaborgium Bohrium (ˈbɔəriəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Bh and Atomic number 107 Hassium (ˈhæsiəm or /ˈhɑːsiəm/ is a Synthetic element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Hs and Atomic number 108 Meitnerium (maɪtˈnɜriəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Mt and Atomic number 109 Darmstadtium (dɑrmˈʃtætiəm formerly known as Ununnilium is a Chemical element with the symbol Ds and Atomic number 110 Roentgenium (rɛntˈgɛniəm /rʌntˈdʒɛniəm/ is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Rg and Atomic number Ununtrium (juːˈnʌntriəm or /əˈnʌntriəm/ is the temporary name of a Synthetic element in the Periodic table that has the temporary symbol Uut and Ununquadium (ˌjuːnənˈkwɒdiəm or /ˌʌnənˈkwɒdiəm/ is the temporary name of a radioactive Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the Ununpentium (ˌjuːnənˈpɛntiəm or /ˌʌnənˈpɛntiəm/ is the temporary name of a synthetic Superheavy element in the Periodic table that has the Ununhexium (ˌjuːnənˈhɛksiəm or /ˌʌnənˈhɛksiəm/ is the temporary name of a synthetic Superheavy element in the Periodic table that has the temporary Ununseptium (ˌjuːnənˈsɛptiəm or /ˌʌnənˈsɛptiəm/ is the temporary name of an undiscovered Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the temporary Ununoctium (ˌjuːnəˈnɒktiəm or /ˌʌnəˈnɒktiəm/ also known as eka-radon or element 118, is the temporary IUPAC name for Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium Lanthanum (ˈlænθənəm is a Chemical element with the symbol La and Atomic number 57 Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Praseodymium (ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Pr and Atomic number 59 Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 Promethium (prəˈmiːθiəm/ /proʊˈmiːθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pm and Atomic number 61 Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67 Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Thulium (ˈθjuːliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Tm and Atomic number 69 Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally Actinium (ækˈtɪniəm is a radioactive Chemical element with the symbol Ac and Atomic number 89 which was discovered in 1899, the earliest Thorium (ˈθɔːriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Th and Atomic number 90 Protactinium (ˌproʊtækˈtɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pa and Atomic number 91 Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Neptunium (nɛpˈtjuːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Np and Atomic number 93 Americium (ˌæməˈrɪsiəm is a Synthetic element that has the symbol Am and Atomic number 95 This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm Bk redirects here For other uses of the abbreviation see BK (disambiguation. Californium (ˌkælɪˈforniəm is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Cf and Atomic number 98 Einsteinium (aɪnˈstaɪniəm is a Metallic Synthetic element. Fermium (ˈfɝmiəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Fm and Atomic number 100 Mendelevium (ˌmɛndəˈlɛviəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and the Atomic number 101 Nobelium (noʊˈbɛliəm or /noʊˈbiːliəm/ is a Synthetic element with the symbol No and Atomic number 102 Lawrencium (ləˈrɛnsiəm is a Radioactive Synthetic element with the symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and Atomic number 103 The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Chemical elements data references Atomic radii Note All measurements given are in Picometres (pm A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Chem. Phys. 1964, 41, 3199.
Calculated atomic radius
Calculated atomic radius in picometres (pm)
| Group (vertical) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
| Period (horizontal) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | H 53 |
He 31 |
|||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Li 167 |
Be 112 |
B 87 |
C 67 |
N 56 |
O 48 |
F 42 |
Ne 38 |
|||||||||||
| 3 | Na 190 |
Mg 145 |
Al 118 |
Si 111 |
P 98 |
S 88 |
Cl 79 |
Ar 71 |
|||||||||||
| 4 | K 243 |
Ca 194 |
Sc 184 |
Ti 176 |
V 171 |
Cr 166 |
Mn 161 |
Fe 156 |
Co 152 |
Ni 149 |
Cu 145 |
Zn 142 |
Ga 136 |
Ge 125 |
As 114 |
Se 103 |
Br 94 |
Kr 88 |
|
| 5 | Rb 265 |
Sr 219 |
Y 212 |
Zr 206 |
Nb 198 |
Mo 190 |
Tc 183 |
Ru 178 |
Rh 173 |
Pd 169 |
Ag 165 |
Cd 161 |
In 156 |
Sn 145 |
Sb 133 |
Te 123 |
I 115 |
Xe 108 |
|
| 6 | Cs 298 |
Ba 253 |
* |
Hf 208 |
Ta 200 |
W 193 |
Re 188 |
Os 185 |
Ir 180 |
Pt 177 |
Au 174 |
Hg 171 |
Tl 156 |
Pb 154 |
Bi 143 |
Po 135 |
At |
Rn 120 |
|
| 7 | Fr |
Ra |
** |
Rf |
Db |
Sg |
Bh |
Hs |
Mt |
Ds |
Rg |
Uub |
Uut |
Uuq |
Uup |
Uuh |
Uus |
Uuo |
|
| Lanthanides | * |
La |
Ce |
Pr 247 |
Nd 206 |
Pm 205 |
Sm 238 |
Eu 231 |
Gd 233 |
Tb 225 |
Dy 228 |
Ho |
Er 226 |
Tm 222 |
Yb 222 |
Lu 217 |
|||
| Actinides | ** |
Ac |
Th |
Pa |
U |
Np |
Pu |
Am |
Cm |
Bk |
Cf |
Es |
Fm |
Md |
No |
Lr |
|||
Reference: E. Chemical elements data references Atomic radii Note All measurements given are in Picometres (pm A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling Biological occurrences Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems it has no known role in living organisms and when encountered Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block Biological occurances The group 4 elements are not known to be involved in the biological chemistry of any living systems Biological occurrences Of the group 5 elements only vanadium has been identified as playing a role in the biological chemistry of living systems it is involved in some of the Biological occurrences Group 6 is notable in that it contains some of the only elements in periods 5 and 6 with a known role in the biological chemistry of living organisms molybdenum See also "Group 8" redirects here For the Swedish organization see Group 8 (Sweden. Applications Alloys with other metals primarially to add corrosion and wear resistance Industrial Catalysts Superalloys Electrical Properties Group ten metals are white to light grey in color and possess a high Luster, a resistance to tarnish( Oxidation) at STP, are highly See also See also History Carbon, Tin, and Lead, are a few of the elements well known in the ancient world - together with Sulfur, Iron, See also Gold chalcogenides Periodic table Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions History Noble gas is translated from the German noun de ''Edelgas'' first used in 1898 by Hugo Erdmann to indicate their extremely low level of reactivity In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A period 1 element is one of the Chemical elements in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical A period 2 element is one of the Chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Boron (ˈbɔərɒn is a Chemical element with Atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 A period 3 element is one of the Chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 WikipediaNaming Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Scandium (ˈskændiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Sc and Atomic number 21 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Selenium (səˈliniəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic number 34 represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78 Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Rubidium (ruːˈbɪdiəm /rəˈbɪdiəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Rb and Atomic number 37 Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Niobium (naɪˈoʊbiəm or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Nb and Atomic number 41 Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo Technetium (tɛkˈniːʃɪəm is the lightest Chemical element with no Stable isotope. Ruthenium (ruːˈθiːniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ru and Atomic number 44 Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Indium (ˈɪndiəm is a Chemical element with chemical symbol In and Atomic number 49 Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Tellurium (tɪˈlʊəriəm/ /tɛl- is a Chemical element that has the symbol Te and Atomic number 52 Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56 Hafnium (ˈhæfniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Hf and Atomic number 72 Tantalum (ˈtæntələm (formerly tantalium /tænˈtæliəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Ta and Atomic number 73 Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Rhenium (ˈriːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Re and Atomic number 75 Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Thallium (ˈθæliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tl and Atomic number 81 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Bismuth (ˈbɪzməθ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Bi and Atomic number 83 Polonium (pəˈloʊniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Po and Atomic number 84 discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie Astatine (ˈæstətiːn is a Radioactive Chemical element with the symbol At and Atomic number 85 Radon (ˈreɪdɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Rn and Atomic number 86 A period 7 element is one of the Chemical elements in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Francium (ˈfrænsiəm formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K, is a Chemical element that has the symbol Fr and Radium (ˈreɪdiəm is a radioactive Chemical element which has the symbol Ra and Atomic number 88 Rutherfordium (ˌrʌðɚˈfɔrdiəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Rf and Atomic number 104 Dubnium (ˈduːbniəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Db and Atomic number 105 Seaborgium (siːˈbɔrgiəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Sg and Atomic number 106 Image of Seaborgium Bohrium (ˈbɔəriəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Bh and Atomic number 107 Hassium (ˈhæsiəm or /ˈhɑːsiəm/ is a Synthetic element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Hs and Atomic number 108 Meitnerium (maɪtˈnɜriəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Mt and Atomic number 109 Darmstadtium (dɑrmˈʃtætiəm formerly known as Ununnilium is a Chemical element with the symbol Ds and Atomic number 110 Roentgenium (rɛntˈgɛniəm /rʌntˈdʒɛniəm/ is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Rg and Atomic number Ununtrium (juːˈnʌntriəm or /əˈnʌntriəm/ is the temporary name of a Synthetic element in the Periodic table that has the temporary symbol Uut and Ununquadium (ˌjuːnənˈkwɒdiəm or /ˌʌnənˈkwɒdiəm/ is the temporary name of a radioactive Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the Ununpentium (ˌjuːnənˈpɛntiəm or /ˌʌnənˈpɛntiəm/ is the temporary name of a synthetic Superheavy element in the Periodic table that has the Ununhexium (ˌjuːnənˈhɛksiəm or /ˌʌnənˈhɛksiəm/ is the temporary name of a synthetic Superheavy element in the Periodic table that has the temporary Ununseptium (ˌjuːnənˈsɛptiəm or /ˌʌnənˈsɛptiəm/ is the temporary name of an undiscovered Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the temporary Ununoctium (ˌjuːnəˈnɒktiəm or /ˌʌnəˈnɒktiəm/ also known as eka-radon or element 118, is the temporary IUPAC name for Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium Lanthanum (ˈlænθənəm is a Chemical element with the symbol La and Atomic number 57 Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Praseodymium (ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Pr and Atomic number 59 Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 Promethium (prəˈmiːθiəm/ /proʊˈmiːθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pm and Atomic number 61 Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67 Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Thulium (ˈθjuːliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Tm and Atomic number 69 Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally Actinium (ækˈtɪniəm is a radioactive Chemical element with the symbol Ac and Atomic number 89 which was discovered in 1899, the earliest Thorium (ˈθɔːriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Th and Atomic number 90 Protactinium (ˌproʊtækˈtɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pa and Atomic number 91 Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Neptunium (nɛpˈtjuːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Np and Atomic number 93 Americium (ˌæməˈrɪsiəm is a Synthetic element that has the symbol Am and Atomic number 95 This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm Bk redirects here For other uses of the abbreviation see BK (disambiguation. Californium (ˌkælɪˈforniəm is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Cf and Atomic number 98 Einsteinium (aɪnˈstaɪniəm is a Metallic Synthetic element. Fermium (ˈfɝmiəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Fm and Atomic number 100 Mendelevium (ˌmɛndəˈlɛviəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and the Atomic number 101 Nobelium (noʊˈbɛliəm or /noʊˈbiːliəm/ is a Synthetic element with the symbol No and Atomic number 102 Lawrencium (ləˈrɛnsiəm is a Radioactive Synthetic element with the symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and Atomic number 103 The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Chemical elements data references Atomic radii Note All measurements given are in Picometres (pm A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Clementi, D. L. Raimondi, and W. P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.
See also
References
Periodicity
- ^ Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. (1988). Chemical elements data references Atomic radii Note All measurements given are in Picometres (pm A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic In Molecular geometry, bond length or bond distance is the average distance between nuclei of two bonded Atoms in a Molecule. See also Intramolecular forces ' Steric effects arise from the fact that each Atom within a Molecule occupies a certain Frank Albert Cotton ( April 9 1930 – February 20 2007) was the W Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson ( 14 July 1921 &ndash 26 September, 1996) was an English Chemist. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th Edn). New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-84997-9. p. 1385.
- ^ See also the definition of an atom as "the smallest unit quantity of an element that is capable of existence whether alone or in chemical combination with other atoms of the same or other elements. " IUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (1990). The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. ISBN 0-632-02494-1. p. 35.
- ^ a b Jolly, William L. (1991). Modern Inorganic Chemistry (2nd Edn. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-112651-1. p. 22.
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