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| Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 |
Atlantic salmon, known scientifically as Salmo salar, is a species of fish in the family Salmonidae, which is found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into the Atlantic and the Pacific. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Salmonidae is a family of Ray-finned fish, the only living family of the order Salmoniformes. [1][2]
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Life stages
Most Atlantic salmon follow an anadromous fish migration pattern,[2] in that they undergo their greatest feeding and growth in salt water, but adults return to spawn in native freshwater streams where the eggs hatch and juveniles grow through several distinct stages. Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis on time scales ranging from daily to annual and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers Spawning is the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved
Atlantic salmon do not require salt water, however, and numerous examples of fully freshwater ("landlocked") populations of the species exist throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Northern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is North of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' [2] In North America, the landlocked strains are frequently known as ouananiche.
Freshwater phase
The freshwater phases of Atlantic salmon vary between 1 to 5 years, according to river location. An egg yolk is the part of an egg which serves as the Food source for the developing Embryo inside While the young in southern rivers, such as those to the English Channel, are only one year old when they leave, those further north such as in Scottish rivers can be over four years old. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The average age correlates to temperature exceeding 7°C. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. [1]
The first phase is the alevin stage. Spawning is the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water During this phase, the fish stays in the breeding ground and uses the remaining nutrients in their yolk sack. An egg yolk is the part of an egg which serves as the Food source for the developing Embryo inside During this developmental stage, the young gills and become active hunters. Once they are able to do so, they reach the fry stage. Spawning is the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water The fish grows and subsequently leaves the breeding ground in search of food. During this time, they move to areas with areas of higher prey concentration. The final freshwater stage is when they develop into parr in which they prepare for the trek to the Atlantic Ocean. Spawning is the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water
During these times, the Atlantic salmon are very susceptible to predation. Nearly 40% are eaten by trout alone. Trout is the common name given to a number of Species of Freshwater Fish belonging to the Salmonidae family Other predators include other fish and birds. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs.
Saltwater phases
When parr develop into smolt, they begin the trip to the ocean, which predominantly happens between March and June. Spawning is the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water Migration usually acclimatise to the changing salinity. Acclimatization is the process of an organism adjusting to chronic change in its environment, often involving temperature moisture food often relating to seasonal Climate Salinity is the Saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of Water. Once ready, young smolt leave, preferring an ebb tide. Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood
Having left their natal streams, they experience a period of rapid growth during the 1 to 4 years they live in the ocean. Typically, Atlantic salmon migrates from its home stream to an area on the continental plate off West Greenland. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the During this time in the salmon's life, they face predation from humans, Greenland sharks, skate, cod, and halibut. The Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus, also known as the sleeper shark, gurry shark, ground shark, grey shark, or by the Skates are cartilaginous fish belonging to the family Rajidae in the superorder Batoidea of rays Cod is the common name for the Genus Gadus of Fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety A halibut is a type of Flatfish Some dolphins have been noticed playing with dead salmon, but it is still unclear whether they consume them. Dolphins are Marine mammals that are closely related to Whales and Porpoises There are almost forty species of dolphin in seventeen genera.
Once large enough, Atlantic salmon change into the grilse phase where they become ready to return to precise fresh water tributary in which they were born. Spawning is the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water After returning to its natal stream the salmon will cease eating altogether prior to spawning. Although it is largely unknown how they return to the same spot, it has been suggested that odour — the exact chemical signature of that stream — plays an important rôle in this process. Once above around 250 g, the fish no longer become prey for birds and many fish, although seals do prey upon them. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Pinnipeds ("fin-feet" lit "winged feet" or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semi-aquatic marine Mammals comprising Seals that commonly eat Atlantic salmon are the Grey Seal and Common Seal. Survivability to this stage has been estimated at between 14 and 53%. [1]
Nomenclature
The Atlantic salmon was given its scientific binomial name by zoologist and taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It was not until later, however, that the differently coloured smolts were found to be the same species.
The name, Salmo salar, is from the Latin "Salmo", meaning salmon, and "salar", meaning "leaper". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. [3]
Physiology
The colouration of young Atlantic salmon does not resemble their adult stage. While they live in freshwater they have blue and red spots. While they mature they take on a silver blue sheen. When they are adults the easiest way of identifying them is by the black spots predominantly above the lateral line, although its caudal fin is usually unspotted. In Fish, the lateral line is a Sense organ used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water The Anatomy of Fish is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of Water, which is much denser than air holds a relatively small amount of dissolved When they reproduce males take on a slight green or red colouration. The salmon has a fusiform body, and well developed teeth. All fins, save for the adipose, are bordered with black.
Distribution and habitat
Around the North Atlantic, efforts to restore salmon to their native habitats are underway and there is some slow but steady progress. Restoration and protection of the habitat itself is key to this process but issues of excessive harvest and competition with farmed and escaped salmon are also primary considerations. In the Great Lakes, Atlantic salmon have been introduced successfully, but the actual percentage of salmon reproducing naturally is very low. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Most are stocked annually. Atlantic salmon were native to Lake Ontario but were extirpated by habitat loss and overfishing in the late 19th century. Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The state of New York has since been annually stocking its adjoining rivers and tributaries with the fish and in many cases do not allow active pursuit of the species. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous [2][4]. Wild salmon on entering rivers as adults [1]have characteristically pointed fins which help scientists distinguish from farmed or escaped salmon.
Diet
After hatching, young salmon begin a feeding response within a couple days. After the yolk sac is absorbed by the body, they begin to hunt. Juveniles start with tiny invertebrates, but as they mature they may occasionally eat small fishes. During this time they hunt both in the substrate, and also those in the current. Stream substrate ( Sediment) is the material that rests at the bottom of a Stream. Some have been known to also eat salmon eggs. The most commonly eaten foods include caddisflies, blackflies, mayflies, and stoneflies. Caddisflies, sedge-flies or rail flies (Order Trichoptera, from Greek trich, "hair" and ptera, "wings" A black fly (sometimes called a buffalo Gnat, turkey gnat or white socks) is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Mayflies are Insects which belong to the Order Ephemeroptera (from the Greek ephemeros = "short-lived" pteron Plecoptera are an order of Insects commonly known as stoneflies. [1]
In adulthood, fish feed on much larger food: Arctic squid, sand eels, amphipods, Arctic shrimp, and sometimes herring. Sand eel or sandeel is the common name used for a considerable number of species of Fish. Amphipoda (amphipods are an order of animals that includes over 7000 described Species of Shrimp -like Crustaceans ranging from 1 mm to 140 mm Herring are small Oily fish of the genus Clupea found in the shallow temperate waters of the North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the North During this feeding time the fish's size increases dramatically. [1]
Behavior
Fry and parr have been said to be territorial, but evidence showing that they guard territories is inconclusive. While they may occasionally be aggressive towards each other, the social hierarchy is still unclear. Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior Many have been found to school, especially when leaving the estuary. The SWARM Remote Weapon System (Stabilised Weapon And Reconnaissance Mount is a fully armored Remote weapon system designed and built by the Thales Group in
Adult Atlantic salmon are considered much more aggressive than other salmon and are more likely to attack other fish than others. Where they have become an invasive threat it has become a concern that they are attacking native salmon such as Chinook salmon and Coho salmon. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions The Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, (from the Russian кижуч kizhuch) is a Species of Anadromous Fish [1]
Breeding
Atlantic salmon breed in the rivers of: Western Europe from Northern Portugal north to Norway, Iceland, Greenland, and the east coast of North America from Connecticut in the United States north to northern Labrador and Arctic Canada. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Modern Labrador Just like its island neighbour Newfoundland early settlement in Labrador was tied to the sea as demonstrated by the Montagnais, Innu and Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Atlantic salmon which have escaped from the aquaculture industry have also been found breeding in rivers tributary to the Pacific Ocean in British Columbia on Canada's west coast. Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including Molluscs Crustaceans and aquatic plants British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C At sea, the species is found mainly in the waters off Greenland and in migrations to and from its natal streams. [1] Until the early 1800s, Atlantic salmon were native to the waters of central New York. When dams were constructed on the Oswego River their spawning areas were cut off and they went extinct in the area. Oswego River may refer to the following Oswego River (New Jersey, a tributary of the Wading River in New Jersey Oswego River (New York In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa.
Unlike the various Pacific salmon species, the Atlantic salmon is iteroparous, which means the fish does not automatically die after spawning, and may recondition themselves, return to the sea to repeat the migration and spawning pattern several times. Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced [5][2] Nevertheless, migration and spawning exact an enormous physiological toll on the individual fish, such that repeat spawners are the exception rather than the norm. [5]
Aquaculture
In its natal streams, Atlantic salmon are considered a prized recreational fish, pursued by avid fly anglers during its annual runs. Fly fishing is a distinct and ancient Angling method most renowned as a method for catching Trout and Salmon, but employed today for a wide variety of At one time, the species supported an important commercial fishery and a supplemental food fishery. However, the wild Atlantic salmon fishery is commercially dead; after extensive habitat damage and overfishing, wild fish make up only 0. 5% of the Atlantic salmon available in world fish markets. The rest are farmed, predominantly from aquaculture in Chile, Canada, Norway, Russia, the UK and Tasmania in Australia. Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including Molluscs Crustaceans and aquatic plants Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Sport fishing communities, mainly from Iceland and Scandinavia, have joined in the North Atlantic Salmon Fund (NASF) to buy away commercial quotas in an effort to save the wild species of Salmo salar. Recreational fishing, also called sport fishing, is Fishing for Pleasure or Competition. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well [5]
Aquaculture techniques
Adult male and female fish are anaesthetised. Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις Eggs and sperm are "stripped", after the fish are cleaned and cloth dried. Sperm and eggs are mixed, washed, and placed into fresh water. Adults recover in flowing, clean, well aerated water. Aeration is the Process by which Air is circulated through mixed with or dissolved in a Liquid or substance [6] Some researchers have even studied cryopreservation of their eggs. [7]
Fry are generally reared in large freshwater tanks for 12 to 20 months. Once the fish have reached the smolt phase, they are taken out to sea where they are held for up to two years. During this time the fish grow and mature in large cages off the coasts of Canada, the USA, or parts of Europe. [5]
Generally, cages are made of two nets. Inner nets, which wrap around the cages, hold the salmon. Outer nets, which are held by floats, keep predators out. [6]
Controversy
Many Atlantic salmon escape from cages at sea. Those salmon who further breed tend to lessen the genetic diversity of the species leading to lower survival rates, and lower catch rates. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is On the West Coast of Northern America, the non-native salmon can be an invasive threat, especially in Alaska and parts of Canada. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent This causes them to compete with native salmon for resources. Extensive efforts are underway to prevent escapes and the spread of Atlantic salmon in the Pacific and elsewhere. [4]
Human impact
Salmon decline in Lake Ontario goes back to the 1700s-1800s, due to logging, soil erosion, as well as dam and mill construction. Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. By 1896 the species was declared extirpated from the lake. [8]
In the 1950s it was discovered that salmon from rivers in the US and Canada, as well as from Europe, gathered in the sea around Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse A massive commercial fishing industry was established, taking salmon in drift nets. Drift netting is a Fishing technique where nets, called drift nets, are allowed to drift free in a sea or lake After an initial series of record annual catches, the numbers crashed: between 1979 and 1990, catches fell from four million to 700,000. [9]
Currently, overfishing, habitat loss and aquacultured salmon escapes are the greatest threats to natural Atlantic salmon populations.
In New England, many efforts are underway to restore salmon to the region by knocking down obsolete dams and updating others with fish ladders and other contraptions that have proven effective in the West with Pacific salmon. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Fishways, most commonly called fish ladders but also known as fish passes and in Australia also referred to as fish steps, are structures on or around artificial Oncorhynchus is a Genus of in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific Salmons and Pacific Trouts There is some success thus far, with populations growing in the Penobscot River and the Connecticut River. The Penobscot River is 350 mi (563 km long making it the second longest river in the U The Connecticut River is the largest River in New England, flowing south from the Connecticut Lakes in northern New Hampshire, along the border In Ontario, the Atlantic Salmon Restoration Program was started in 2006 and is one of the largest freshwater conservation programs in North America. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec It has stocked Lake Ontario with over 700,000 young Atlantic salmon. Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. In November 2007, a migrating salmon was observed in the Credit River. The Credit River is a River in southern Ontario which flows from headwaters above the Niagara Escarpment to empty into [10] There has also been some success in establishing Atlantic salmon in Fish Creek, a tributary of Oneida Lake in central New York. Oneida Lake is the largest lake entirely within New York (798 square miles
Atlantic salmon however, remains a popular fish for human consumption. [2] It is commonly sold fresh, canned, or frozen.
Legislation
The first laws regarding the Atlantic salmon were started nearly 800 years ago.
England and Wales
Edward I instated a penalty for collecting salmon during certain times of the year. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost His son Edward II continued, regulating the construction of weirs. For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. WEIR (1430 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format Enforcement was overseen by those appointed by the Justices of the Peace. A Justice of the Peace ( JP) is a Puisne Judicial officer appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace Because of confusing laws, and the fact that the appointed conservators had little power, most laws were barely enforced.
Based upon this, in 1860 a Royal Commission was appointed to thoroughly investigate the Atlantic Salmon and the laws governing the species. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The results caused the 1861 Salmon Fisheries Act. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Salmon Fisheries Act placed control of enforcing the laws under the Home Office's control. The Home Office is the United Kingdom government department responsible for security and order Control however was later taken from the Home Office, and transferred to the Board of Trade and then later to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. The Board of Trade is a committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, originating as a committee of inquiry in the 17th century and evolving gradually into a government The Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food was a UK cabinet position responsible for the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food.
Another act was later passed in 1865 that imposed charges to fish and catch limits. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year It also caused the formation of local boards that had jurisdiction over a certain river. The next significant act was passed in 1907 which allowed board to charge 'duties' to catch other freshwater fish, including trout. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
Despite legislation, board decreased until in 1948 the River Boards Act gave authority of all freshwater fish and also the prevention of pollution to one board per river. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In total it created 32 boards altogether.
In 1974, all the 32 boards were reduced to 10 regional water authorities (RWAs). Although only the Northumbrian, Welsh, north west and south west RWA's had considerable salmon population, all ten also cared for trout and freshwater eels. Anguillidae is a family of fishes that contains many of the freshwater eels.
The Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act was passed in 1975. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Among other things, it regulated fishing licences, fishing seasons, size limits, and banned obstructing the salmon's migratory paths. [1]
Scotland
Legislation in Scotland to help Atlantic salmon began in 1318 by Alexander II. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Alexander II ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Uilliam; Modern Gaelic Alasdair mac Uilleim) (24 August 1198 &ndash 6 July 1249 King of Scots It prohibited certain types of traps in rivers.
During the 15th century many laws were passed, many that regulated fishing times, and worked to ensure smolts could safely pass downstream. James III even closed a meal mill because of its history of killing fish attracted to the wheel. James III (c 1451/1452 &ndash 11 June 1488) was King of Scots from 1460 to 1488 Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability This article is about a type of structure For other locational uses see Milldam. A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load ( Mass) or performing labour in machines Because the fish was held in such high regard, poachers were severely punished. Poaching is the illegal Hunting, Fishing or Harvesting of wild plants or animals
More recent legislation has established commissioners who manage districts. Furthermore, the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act in 1951 required that the Secretary of State be given data about the catches of salmon and trout to help establish catch limits. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The Secretary of State for Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire Stàite na h-Alba) is the principal minister of Her Majesty's Government in the [1][6]
United States
Fishing in the United States is controlled by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and by NOAA Fisheries. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
The only act targeting the fish is the Atlantic Salmon Convention Act of 1982 which makes sure the Secretary of State receives reports, recommendations about laws regarding the species, and proposals from the group. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs
Several populations of Atlantic Salmon are in serious decline, and are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.
Quebec
In Quebec, the daily catch limit for Atlantic salmon is 1 fish over 63 cm, 2 fish under 63 cm or 1 fish over and 1 under 63 cm, provided that the smaller fish was the first one caught (a provision designed to prevent an angler from continuing to fish if a large fish is already in possession). The annual catch limit is 7 Atlantic salmon of any size.
NASCO
The North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO) is an international council made up of Canada, Denmark, the European Union, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, and the United States, with its headquarters in Edinburgh [2]. The North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO is an international organization established under the Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. It was established in 1983 to help protect Atlantic salmon stocks, through the cooperation between nations. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) They work to restore habitat and promote conservation of the salmon.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Shearer, W (1992). The Atlantic Salmon. Halstead Press.
- ^ a b c d e f (1983) The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fishes, Whales & Dolphins. Chanticleer Press, 395.
- ^ Barton, M: "Biology of Fishes. ", pages 198-202 Thompson Brooks/Cole 2007
- ^ a b Mills, D (1989). Ecology and Management of Atlantic Salmon. Springer-Verlag. Springer Science+Business Media or Springer (ˈʃpʁɪŋɐ is a worldwide Publishing company based in Germany, which publishes textbooks academic
- ^ a b c d Heen, K (1993). Salmon Aquaculture. Halstead Press.
- ^ a b c Sedgwick, S (1988). Salmon Farming Handbook. Fishing News Books LTD.
- ^ N. Bromage (1995). Broodstock Management and Egg and Larval Quality. Blackwell Science.
- ^ Harb, M. "Upstream Battle", Canadian Geographic Magazine, June 2008, p. 24
- ^ "Salmon campaigner lands top award", BBC News, 2007-04-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ Harb, M. "ibid", p. 24
Sources
- World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). Salmo salar. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- Salmo salar (TSN 161996). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Integrated Taxonomic Information System ( ITIS) is a partnership designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the Taxonomy of biological Species Retrieved on 30 January 2006. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- "Salmo salar". FishBase. FishBase is a comprehensive Database of information about Fish. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2005 version. N. p. : FishBase, 2005.
External links
- State of Maine, Atlantic Salmon Commission
- University of Massachusetts information regarding Atlantic salmon
- Atlantic salmon's page on World Wide Fund for Nature's website
- Alaska Fish and Game Atlantic salmon page
- Atlantic Salmon Trust, an organization working to protect the Atlantic salmon
- Atlantic Salmon Fishing, Information about Atlantic Salmon Fishing
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Information About Atlantic Salmon Restoration Program
- Atlantic Salmon Fishing Reports & Images
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