Astrophotography is a specialized type of photography that entails making photographs of astronomical objects in the sky such as the Moon, Sun, planets, stars, and deep sky objects such as star clusters and galaxies. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth Deep sky or Deep Sky Object (DSO for short which differs from Deep space, is a term used by amateur astronomers to describe mostly faint Astronomical objects outside

The Moon taken through a vintage Celestron C8 reflecting telescope with a digital SLR camera

Overview

Astrophotography ranges from simple images of bright objects to very complex exposures designed to reveal objects that are too faint to observe with the naked eye. With only a few exceptions, almost all astrophotography employs time exposures since both film and digital cameras can accumulate and sum light photons over long periods of time. In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena This is just one of many distinct aspects of astrophotography that sets it apart from conventional photography.

Astrophotography poses challenges that are distinct from normal photography, because most subjects are usually quite faint, and are often small in angular size. Effective astrophotography requires the use of many of the following techniques:

• Mounting the camera at the focal point of a large telescope
• Film emulsions with low light sensitivity or specialized CCD cameras
• Very long exposure times and/or multiple exposures (often more than 20 per image). In Photography, shutter speed is the length of time a shutter is
• Accurate tracking of the subject to compensate for the rotation of the Earth during the exposure
• Use of filters to reduce background fogging due to light pollution of the night sky.

History

The first astrophoto is attributed to John William Draper, who took a photo of the moon in 1840. John William Draper ( May 5, 1811, &ndash January 4, 1882) was an American ( English -born Scientist, Philosopher Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year His son, Henry Draper, later became the first person to photograph the Orion Nebula in 1880, which was essentially the first deep sky astrophoto. Henry Draper ( March 7, 1837 &ndash November 20 1882) was an American doctor and Astronomer. The Orion Nebula (also known as Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976) is a Diffuse nebula situated south of Orion 's Belt Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Deep sky or Deep Sky Object (DSO for short which differs from Deep space, is a term used by amateur astronomers to describe mostly faint Astronomical objects outside

Today, astrophotography is a fast growing hobby that is popular among photographers, amateur astronomers, and hobbyists of all ages. Commercial astrophotography equipment is easy to find, and modern digital cameras are increasing in popularity due to lower cost and ease of use. However, skill and technique are extremely important, and the hobby can become a life-time passion or short-term frustration.

Amateur astrophotography

Although the description above suggests that astrophotographs can be made only with expensive equipment by observatories or photographers with extensive experience, in fact, surprisingly high quality photographs of the night sky can be made by almost anyone using readily available single lens reflex 35 mm film cameras, digital cameras, inexpensive dedicated astro cameras, or off-the-shelf webcams. 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph.

It used to be that all astrophotographs had to be taken far away from the light-polluted skies of major cities or towns. Light pollution, also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is excess or obtrusive Light created mainly by Humans Among other effects This ensured that the sky is dark enough so that the photograph will not be completely washed out and ruined by bright urban light pollution. Simple wide-angle astrophotographs of constellations containing familiar star patterns (such as Ursa Major, Orion, Sagittarius and others) are still made in such a manner. In common usage a constellation is a group of celestial bodies that are connected together in some arrangement typically stars to form a visible figure or picture However, with the advent of digital cameras, special light-pollution filters and advanced techniques of computer processing, photographers are now able to capture beautiful astrophotographs even from light-polluted, suburban skies. At the same time, bright targets like the moon and planets can be acquired in a highly-light-polluted environment.

Photographs using exposures lasting several minutes or even hours will show long star trails (because of the Earth's rotation). Some astrophographers do this on purpose for the desired effect. Most astrophotographers avoid this blurring by either using a short exposures on a stationary mounted camera, or by using a motor-driven telescope mount, in order to keep the stars as points of light in the final photograph.

Difficulties

There are several unique problems with photographing very faint objects, and taking such photographs from a moving platform (Earth) adds to the complexity.

• Astro subjects can be extremely faint - much fainter than the naked eye can see. In many cases the photographer can not see the subject being photographed.
• The spectra (color) of many astro subjects are difficult to record. Some are near the infrared, or require special filters to be separated from the background light.
• The Earth is constantly rotating. When imaging through a telescope or long focal length lens, the effect of Earth's rotation will ruin an image within a fraction of a second, if nothing is done to compensate for it.
• Camera tracking platforms and/or telescope mounts are expensive, take time to set up, and can be difficult for a beginner. Special guiding techniques and error correction programs are required to ensure that the camera tracks the sky perfectly.
• Long exposure will lead to excessive noise for non-cooled digital cameras; active cooling and stacking can help to reduce this problem. For film based imaging, film will show reciprocal failure, that means the sensitivity to light of different wave lengths appears to drop off as the exposure time increases, which also leads to color shift in the image. In Photography and Holography, reciprocity refers to the inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of light that determines exposure of light-sensitive

Amateur film astrophotography

Film astrophoto of the Andromeda Galaxy. The Andromeda Galaxy (ænˈdrɒmədə also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224; often referred to as the Great Andromeda

Astrophotography using conventional film is still being done to capture the cosmos, but is becoming less popular due to the growing popularity of digital cameras, with lower on-going costs and instant feedback.

Most film astrophotography (including the photo on the right) is accomplished using a standard 35mm Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera, connected to a telescope. For wide-field astrophotography, medium format film offers exceptional quality.

Digital astrophotography

Since the early 1990s most professional observatories have switched from film to digital CCD devices for astronomical imaging. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors CCDs are more sensitive and have a linear response to light. Their principal disadvantage is a significant reduction in the field of view. The field of view (also field of vision) is the angular extent of the observable world that is seen at any given moment Professional CCDs often require specific modifications for best results in the low light conditions of astronomy, such as:

• cryogenic cooling to reduce thermal noise
• compensation for non-uniform pixel sensitivity (Flat-field correction)
• biasing

Amateurs are producing spectacular results with standard photographic CCD cameras and inexpensive dedicated astro CCD cameras. Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image Flat-field correction is a technique used to improve quality in digital imaging With the advent of consumer digital cameras featuring CCD chips more sensitive than film, much astrophotography no longer requires extremely long exposure times, tracking equipment or non-light-polluted skies. A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors Nothing more is required than a tripod, and a camera with manual exposure control and self-timer or cable release.

Digital images can be brightened and manipulated in a computer to adjust color and increase the contrast. More sophisticated techniques involve capturing multiple images to composite together in an additive process (negating tracking issues and bringing out dim objects), as well as using image processing to filter out light pollution and subtracting a “dark frame” to remove thermal noise (some digital cameras subtract the dark frames automatically). Digital image processing is the use of computer Algorithms to perform Image processing on Digital images As a subfield of Digital signal processing In Digital photography, dark frame subtraction is a way to minimize Image noise for pictures taken with long exposure times

Unlike terrestrial digital photography where instant results are displayed, digital astrophotography often requires computer post-processing before the results can be viewed (for example, for faint objects with a poor signal-to-noise ratio). Signal-to-noise ratio (often abbreviated SNR or S/N) is an Electrical engineering concept also used in other fields (such as scientific Measurements This makes it advisable to bracket exposures as is usual with film. In Photography, bracketing is the general technique of taking several shots of the same subject using different or the same camera settings

Gallery

Gibbous Moon

Lagoon and Trifid Nebulas

Orion Nebula

Pleiades Star Cluster

References

• Lodriguss, Jerry. Catching the Light: Astrophotography (English). Retrieved on 2006-08-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River
• Kennett, Peter. Classic Astrophotography (English). Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.

See also

• Astrograph
• Barn door tracker
• Digiscoping
• Digital camera astrophotography
• David Malin
• Light pollution
• National Geographic Society - Palomar Observatory Sky Survey
• Photographic plate
• Photography
• Schmidt camera
• Unconventional astrophotography
• Canon EOS 20Da

External links

• WikiHOW: How to Photograph the Night Sky (Astrophotography).
• The Sonneberg Plate Archiv
• The Early History of Astrophotography
• National Geographic Photo Gallery: Milestones in Space Photography

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